Something about heap and memory maps and such. Also fixed C++ global constructors.

SConstruct

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ env['LD'] = 'i686-elf-g++'
 env.Append(CXXFLAGS = ['-ffreestanding', '-fno-exceptions', '-fno-rtti', '-std=c++20'])
 env.Append(LINKFLAGS = ['-T', 'linker.ld', '-ffreestanding', '-nostdlib'])
 env.Append(CPPPATH = ['#include'])
+env.Append(CCFLAGS = ['-g', '-O0'])
 
 def get_crt_object(name: str) -> str:
     cmd = [env['CXX']]
@@ -27,9 +28,12 @@ os_sources = Split('''
     src/kernel/boot.s
     src/kernel/startup.cpp
 
+    src/os/panic.cpp
     src/os/tty.cpp
 
     src/stdlib/assert.cpp
+    src/stdlib/exception.cpp
+    src/stdlib/new.cpp
     src/stdlib/stdio.cpp
     src/stdlib/stdlib.cpp
     src/stdlib/string.cpp

include/cstdarg

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+
+
+#if !defined(BAD_APPLE_OS_CSTDARG_INCLUDED)
+#define BAD_APPLE_OS_CSTDARG_INCLUDED
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+namespace std
+{
+using ::va_list;
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(BAD_APPLE_OS_CSTDARG_INCLUDED)

include/cstdio

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ namespace std
 using ::putchar;
 using ::puts;
 using ::printf;
+using ::vprintf;
 }
 
 #endif // !defined(BAD_APPLE_OS_CSTDIO_INCLUDED)

include/cstdlib

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 namespace std
 {
 using ::abort;
+using ::malloc;
+using ::free;
 }
 
 #endif // !defined(BAD_APPLE_OS_CSTDLIB_INCLUDED)

include/exception

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+
+#if !defined(BAD_APPLE_OS_EXCEPTION_INCLUDED)
+#define BAD_APPLE_OS_EXCEPTION_INCLUDED
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include "os/panic.hpp"
+
+#if defined(__cpp_exceptions)
+#define __ba_throw throw
+#else
+#define __ba_throw ba::impl::gAbortHelper(__FILE__, __LINE__) =
+#endif
+
+namespace std
+{
+class exception
+{
+public:
+    virtual ~exception() noexcept = default;
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
+};
+}
+
+#if !defined(__cpp_exceptions)
+namespace ba::impl
+{
+struct ExceptionAbortHelper
+{
+private:
+    const char* mFile = "<unknown>";
+    int mLine = -1;
+public:
+    [[noreturn]] ExceptionAbortHelper& operator=(const std::exception& ex) noexcept
+    {
+        panicf("Uncaught exception with message \"%s\" at %s:%d.", ex.what(), mFile, mLine);
+    }
+
+    ExceptionAbortHelper& operator()(const char* file, int line) noexcept
+    {
+        mFile = file;
+        mLine = line;
+        return *this;
+    }
+};
+
+extern ExceptionAbortHelper gAbortHelper;
+}
+#endif // !defined(__cpp_exceptions)
+
+#endif // !defined(BAD_APPLE_OS_EXCEPTION_INCLUDED)

include/new

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+#if !defined(BAD_APPLE_OS_NEW_INCLUDED)
+#define BAD_APPLE_OS_NEW_INCLUDED
+
+#include <exception>
+
+namespace std
+{
+class bad_alloc : public std::exception
+{
+public:
+    bad_alloc() noexcept = default;
+    bad_alloc(const bad_alloc&) noexcept = default;
+
+    const char * what() const noexcept override;
+};
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(BAD_APPLE_OS_NEW_INCLUDED)

include/os/panic.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(BAD_APPLE_OS_PANIC_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define BAD_APPLE_OS_PANIC_HPP_INCLUDED
+
+[[noreturn]] void panic(const char* message) noexcept;
+[[noreturn]] void panicf(const char* format, ...) noexcept;
+
+#endif // !defined(BAD_APPLE_OS_PANIC_HPP_INCLUDED)

include/stdio.h

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #if !defined(BAD_APPLE_OS_STDIO_H_INCLUDED)
 #define BAD_APPLE_OS_STDIO_H_INCLUDED
 
+#include <cstdarg>
 #include "./detail/common.h"
 
 BA_EXTERN_C_BEGIN
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ BA_EXTERN_C_BEGIN
 int putchar(int chr) BA_CXX_NOEXCEPT;
 int puts(const char* str) BA_CXX_NOEXCEPT;
 int printf(const char* format, ...) BA_CXX_NOEXCEPT;
+int vprintf(const char* format, std::va_list vlist) BA_CXX_NOEXCEPT;
 
 BA_EXTERN_C_END
 

include/stdlib.h

@@ -4,11 +4,14 @@
 #if !defined(BAD_APPLE_OS_STDLIB_H_INCLUDED)
 #define BAD_APPLE_OS_STDLIB_H_INCLUDED
 
+#include <stddef.h>
 #include "./detail/common.h"
 
 BA_EXTERN_C_BEGIN
 
 BA_CXX_NORETURN void abort();
+BA_CXX_NODISCARD void* malloc(size_t size) BA_CXX_NOEXCEPT;
+void free(void* ptr) BA_CXX_NOEXCEPT;
 
 BA_EXTERN_C_END
 

linker.ld

@@ -31,6 +31,14 @@ SECTIONS
 	/* Read-only data. */
 	.rodata BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
 	{
+        start_ctors = .;
+        *(SORT(.ctors*))  /* Note the "SORT" */
+        end_ctors = .;
+
+        start_dtors = .;
+        *(SORT(.dtors*))
+        end_dtors = .;
+
 		*(.rodata)
 	}
  

src/app/main.cpp

@@ -1,17 +1,6 @@
 
 #include <cstdio>
 
-#include <cassert>
-
 extern "C" void main()
 {
-    std::puts("Hello, kernel World!");
-
-    while (true)
-    {
-        for (char chr = 'A'; chr <= 'Z'; ++chr)
-        {
-            std::printf("char: %c", chr);
-        }
-    }
 }

src/kernel/boot.s

@@ -1,46 +1,25 @@
-/* Declare constants for the multiboot header. */
+// constants for the multiboot header
 .set ALIGN,    1<<0             /* align loaded modules on page boundaries */
 .set MEMINFO,  1<<1             /* provide memory map */
 .set FLAGS,    ALIGN | MEMINFO  /* this is the Multiboot 'flag' field */
 .set MAGIC,    0x1BADB002       /* 'magic number' lets bootloader find the header */
 .set CHECKSUM, -(MAGIC + FLAGS) /* checksum of above, to prove we are multiboot */
 
-/* 
+// the actual multiboot header
-Declare a multiboot header that marks the program as a kernel. These are magic
-values that are documented in the multiboot standard. The bootloader will
-search for this signature in the first 8 KiB of the kernel file, aligned at a
-32-bit boundary. The signature is in its own section so the header can be
-forced to be within the first 8 KiB of the kernel file.
-*/
 .section .multiboot
 .align 4
 .long MAGIC
 .long FLAGS
 .long CHECKSUM
 
-/*
+// stack section
-The multiboot standard does not define the value of the stack pointer register
-(esp) and it is up to the kernel to provide a stack. This allocates room for a
-small stack by creating a symbol at the bottom of it, then allocating 16384
-bytes for it, and finally creating a symbol at the top. The stack grows
-downwards on x86. The stack is in its own section so it can be marked nobits,
-which means the kernel file is smaller because it does not contain an
-uninitialized stack. The stack on x86 must be 16-byte aligned according to the
-System V ABI standard and de-facto extensions. The compiler will assume the
-stack is properly aligned and failure to align the stack will result in
-undefined behavior.
-*/
 .section .bss
 .align 16
 stack_bottom:
 .skip 16384 # 16 KiB
 stack_top:
 
-/*
+// kernel entry point
-The linker script specifies _start as the entry point to the kernel and the
-bootloader will jump to this position once the kernel has been loaded. It
-doesn't make sense to return from this function as the bootloader is gone.
-*/
 .section .text
 .global _start
 .type _start, @function
@@ -58,49 +37,40 @@ _start:
 	machine.
 	*/
 
-	/*
+    // store the multiboot info
-	To set up a stack, we set the esp register to point to the top of the
+    mov %ebx, (gMultibootHeader)
-	stack (as it grows downwards on x86 systems). This is necessarily done
+
-	in assembly as languages such as C cannot function without a stack.
+	// setup stack
-	*/
 	mov $stack_top, %esp
 
-	/*
+    // call the constructors
-	This is a good place to initialize crucial processor state before the
+    mov  $start_ctors, %ebx
-	high-level kernel is entered. It's best to minimize the early
+    jmp  .ctors_loop_end
-	environment where crucial features are offline. Note that the
+.ctors_loop_start:
-	processor is not fully initialized yet: Features such as floating
+    call *(%ebx)
-	point instructions and instruction set extensions are not initialized
+    add  4, %ebx
-	yet. The GDT should be loaded here. Paging should be enabled here.
+.ctors_loop_end:
-	C++ features such as global constructors and exceptions will require
+    cmp  $end_ctors, %ebx
-	runtime support to work as well.
+    jb   .ctors_loop_start
-	*/
 
-	/*
+	// enter high-level kernel
-	Enter the high-level kernel. The ABI requires the stack is 16-byte
-	aligned at the time of the call instruction (which afterwards pushes
-	the return pointer of size 4 bytes). The stack was originally 16-byte
-	aligned above and we've pushed a multiple of 16 bytes to the
-	stack since (pushed 0 bytes so far), so the alignment has thus been
-	preserved and the call is well defined.
-	*/
 	call kernel_main
 
-	/*
+//	// call the destructors
-	If the system has nothing more to do, put the computer into an
+//	mov $start_dtors, %ebx
-	infinite loop. To do that:
+//	jmp .dtors_loop_end
-	1) Disable interrupts with cli (clear interrupt enable in eflags).
+//.dtors_loop_start:
-	   They are already disabled by the bootloader, so this is not needed.
+//    call *(%ebx)
-	   Mind that you might later enable interrupts and return from
+//    add 4, %ebx
-	   kernel_main (which is sort of nonsensical to do).
+//.dtors_loop_end:
-	2) Wait for the next interrupt to arrive with hlt (halt instruction).
+//    cmp $end_dtors, %ebx
-	   Since they are disabled, this will lock up the computer.
+//    jb .dtors_loop_start
-	3) Jump to the hlt instruction if it ever wakes up due to a
+
-	   non-maskable interrupt occurring or due to system management mode.
+	// We are done. Clear interrupts and halt.
-	*/
 	cli
-1:	hlt
+.kernel_end:
-	jmp 1b
+	hlt
+	jmp .kernel_end
 
 /*
 Set the size of the _start symbol to the current location '.' minus its start.

src/kernel/multiboot.h

@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+/* multiboot.h - Multiboot header file. */
+/* Copyright (C) 1999,2003,2007,2008,2009,2010  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ *
+ *  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ *  of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ *  deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ *  rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ *  sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ *  furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ *  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ *  all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ *  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ *  IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ *  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY
+ *  DEVELOPER OR DISTRIBUTOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ *  WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+ *  IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MULTIBOOT_HEADER
+#define MULTIBOOT_HEADER 1
+
+/* How many bytes from the start of the file we search for the header. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_SEARCH                        8192
+#define MULTIBOOT_HEADER_ALIGN                  4
+
+/* The magic field should contain this. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_HEADER_MAGIC                  0x1BADB002
+
+/* This should be in %eax. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_BOOTLOADER_MAGIC              0x2BADB002
+
+/* Alignment of multiboot modules. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_MOD_ALIGN                     0x00001000
+
+/* Alignment of the multiboot info structure. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_ALIGN                    0x00000004
+
+/* Flags set in the ’flags’ member of the multiboot header. */
+
+/* Align all boot modules on i386 page (4KB) boundaries. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_PAGE_ALIGN                    0x00000001
+
+/* Must pass memory information to OS. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_INFO                   0x00000002
+
+/* Must pass video information to OS. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_VIDEO_MODE                    0x00000004
+
+/* This flag indicates the use of the address fields in the header. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_AOUT_KLUDGE                   0x00010000
+
+/* Flags to be set in the ’flags’ member of the multiboot info structure. */
+
+/* is there basic lower/upper memory information? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_MEMORY                   0x00000001
+/* is there a boot device set? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_BOOTDEV                  0x00000002
+/* is the command-line defined? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_CMDLINE                  0x00000004
+/* are there modules to do something with? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_MODS                     0x00000008
+
+/* These next two are mutually exclusive */
+
+/* is there a symbol table loaded? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_AOUT_SYMS                0x00000010
+/* is there an ELF section header table? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_ELF_SHDR                 0X00000020
+
+/* is there a full memory map? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_MEM_MAP                  0x00000040
+
+/* Is there drive info? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_DRIVE_INFO               0x00000080
+
+/* Is there a config table? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_CONFIG_TABLE             0x00000100
+
+/* Is there a boot loader name? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_BOOT_LOADER_NAME         0x00000200
+
+/* Is there a APM table? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_APM_TABLE                0x00000400
+
+/* Is there video information? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_VBE_INFO                 0x00000800
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_FRAMEBUFFER_INFO         0x00001000
+
+#ifndef ASM_FILE
+
+typedef unsigned char           multiboot_uint8_t;
+typedef unsigned short          multiboot_uint16_t;
+typedef unsigned int            multiboot_uint32_t;
+typedef unsigned long long      multiboot_uint64_t;
+
+struct multiboot_header
+{
+    /* Must be MULTIBOOT_MAGIC - see above. */
+    multiboot_uint32_t magic;
+
+    /* Feature flags. */
+    multiboot_uint32_t flags;
+
+    /* The above fields plus this one must equal 0 mod 2^32. */
+    multiboot_uint32_t checksum;
+
+    /* These are only valid if MULTIBOOT_AOUT_KLUDGE is set. */
+    multiboot_uint32_t header_addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t load_addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t load_end_addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t bss_end_addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t entry_addr;
+
+    /* These are only valid if MULTIBOOT_VIDEO_MODE is set. */
+    multiboot_uint32_t mode_type;
+    multiboot_uint32_t width;
+    multiboot_uint32_t height;
+    multiboot_uint32_t depth;
+};
+
+/* The symbol table for a.out. */
+struct multiboot_aout_symbol_table
+{
+    multiboot_uint32_t tabsize;
+    multiboot_uint32_t strsize;
+    multiboot_uint32_t addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t reserved;
+};
+typedef struct multiboot_aout_symbol_table multiboot_aout_symbol_table_t;
+
+/* The section header table for ELF. */
+struct multiboot_elf_section_header_table
+{
+    multiboot_uint32_t num;
+    multiboot_uint32_t size;
+    multiboot_uint32_t addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t shndx;
+};
+typedef struct multiboot_elf_section_header_table multiboot_elf_section_header_table_t;
+
+struct multiboot_info
+{
+    /* Multiboot info version number */
+    multiboot_uint32_t flags;
+
+    /* Available memory from BIOS */
+    multiboot_uint32_t mem_lower;
+    multiboot_uint32_t mem_upper;
+
+    /* "root" partition */
+    multiboot_uint32_t boot_device;
+
+    /* Kernel command line */
+    multiboot_uint32_t cmdline;
+
+    /* Boot-Module list */
+    multiboot_uint32_t mods_count;
+    multiboot_uint32_t mods_addr;
+
+    union
+    {
+        multiboot_aout_symbol_table_t aout_sym;
+        multiboot_elf_section_header_table_t elf_sec;
+    } u;
+
+    /* Memory Mapping buffer */
+    multiboot_uint32_t mmap_length;
+    multiboot_uint32_t mmap_addr;
+
+    /* Drive Info buffer */
+    multiboot_uint32_t drives_length;
+    multiboot_uint32_t drives_addr;
+
+    /* ROM configuration table */
+    multiboot_uint32_t config_table;
+
+    /* Boot Loader Name */
+    multiboot_uint32_t boot_loader_name;
+
+    /* APM table */
+    multiboot_uint32_t apm_table;
+
+    /* Video */
+    multiboot_uint32_t vbe_control_info;
+    multiboot_uint32_t vbe_mode_info;
+    multiboot_uint16_t vbe_mode;
+    multiboot_uint16_t vbe_interface_seg;
+    multiboot_uint16_t vbe_interface_off;
+    multiboot_uint16_t vbe_interface_len;
+
+    multiboot_uint64_t framebuffer_addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t framebuffer_pitch;
+    multiboot_uint32_t framebuffer_width;
+    multiboot_uint32_t framebuffer_height;
+    multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_bpp;
+#define MULTIBOOT_FRAMEBUFFER_TYPE_INDEXED 0
+#define MULTIBOOT_FRAMEBUFFER_TYPE_RGB     1
+#define MULTIBOOT_FRAMEBUFFER_TYPE_EGA_TEXT     2
+    multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_type;
+    union
+    {
+        struct
+        {
+            multiboot_uint32_t framebuffer_palette_addr;
+            multiboot_uint16_t framebuffer_palette_num_colors;
+        };
+        struct
+        {
+            multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_red_field_position;
+            multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_red_mask_size;
+            multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_green_field_position;
+            multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_green_mask_size;
+            multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_blue_field_position;
+            multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_blue_mask_size;
+        };
+    };
+};
+typedef struct multiboot_info multiboot_info_t;
+
+struct multiboot_color
+{
+    multiboot_uint8_t red;
+    multiboot_uint8_t green;
+    multiboot_uint8_t blue;
+};
+
+struct multiboot_mmap_entry
+{
+    multiboot_uint32_t size;
+    multiboot_uint64_t addr;
+    multiboot_uint64_t len;
+#define MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_AVAILABLE              1
+#define MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_RESERVED               2
+#define MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_ACPI_RECLAIMABLE       3
+#define MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_NVS                    4
+#define MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_BADRAM                 5
+    multiboot_uint32_t type;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+typedef struct multiboot_mmap_entry multiboot_memory_map_t;
+
+struct multiboot_mod_list
+{
+    /* the memory used goes from bytes ’mod_start’ to ’mod_end-1’ inclusive */
+    multiboot_uint32_t mod_start;
+    multiboot_uint32_t mod_end;
+
+    /* Module command line */
+    multiboot_uint32_t cmdline;
+
+    /* padding to take it to 16 bytes (must be zero) */
+    multiboot_uint32_t pad;
+};
+typedef struct multiboot_mod_list multiboot_module_t;
+
+/* APM BIOS info. */
+struct multiboot_apm_info
+{
+    multiboot_uint16_t version;
+    multiboot_uint16_t cseg;
+    multiboot_uint32_t offset;
+    multiboot_uint16_t cseg_16;
+    multiboot_uint16_t dseg;
+    multiboot_uint16_t flags;
+    multiboot_uint16_t cseg_len;
+    multiboot_uint16_t cseg_16_len;
+    multiboot_uint16_t dseg_len;
+};
+
+#endif /* ! ASM_FILE */
+
+#endif /* ! MULTIBOOT_HEADER */

src/kernel/startup.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,50 @@
 
 #include "os/tty.hpp"
 
-extern "C" void main();
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include "./multiboot.h"
 
-extern "C" void kernel_main(void) 
+namespace
 {
+void initHeapFromMultibootHeader(const uint32_t firstEntryAddr, const size_t bufferLength) noexcept
+{
+    for (uint32_t addr = firstEntryAddr; addr < firstEntryAddr + bufferLength;)
+    {
+        const multiboot_memory_map_t& entry = *reinterpret_cast<multiboot_memory_map_t*>(addr);
+
+        if(entry.type == MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_AVAILABLE)
+        {
+            std::printf("Start Addr: %d | Length: %d | Size: %d | Type: %d\n",
+                        static_cast<int>(entry.addr), static_cast<int>(entry.len),
+                        static_cast<int>(entry.size), static_cast<int>(entry.type));
+        }
+        addr += sizeof(entry.size) + entry.size;
+    }
+}
+}
+
+extern "C"
+{
+multiboot_info_t* gMultibootHeader;
+
+void _init();
+void _fini();
+void main();
+
+void kernel_main()
+{
+    _init();
+
 	/* Initialize terminal interface */
 	tty::initialize();
 
+    /* Initialize the heap */
+    assert(gMultibootHeader->flags & MULTIBOOT_INFO_MEM_MAP);
+    initHeapFromMultibootHeader(gMultibootHeader->mmap_addr, gMultibootHeader->mmap_length);
+
     main();
+
+    _fini();
 }
+} // extern "C"

src/os/panic.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+
+#include "os/panic.hpp"
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include "os/tty.hpp"
+
+void panic(const char* message) noexcept
+{
+    tty::write("Kernel panic!\n");
+    tty::write(message);
+    tty::putChar('\n');
+    std::abort();
+}
+
+void panicf(const char* format, ...) noexcept
+{
+    tty::write("Kernel panic!\n");
+    va_list parameters;
+    va_start(parameters, format);
+    std::vprintf(format, parameters);
+    va_end(parameters);
+    tty::putChar('\n');
+    std::abort();
+}

src/stdlib/assert.cpp

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ void __ba__assert_fail(const char* filename, int line, const char* condition) no
 Assertion failed:
 File:      %s
 Line:      %d
-Condition: %s)", filename, line, condition);
+Condition: %s)" "\n", filename, line, condition);
     std::abort();
 }
 #endif

src/stdlib/exception.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+#include <exception>
+
+namespace std
+{
+const char* exception::what() const noexcept
+{
+    return "";
+}
+}
+
+#if !defined(__cpp_exceptions)
+namespace ba::impl
+{
+ExceptionAbortHelper gAbortHelper;
+}
+#endif

src/stdlib/new.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+
+#include <new>
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+namespace std
+{
+const char* bad_alloc::what() const noexcept
+{
+    return "bad_alloc";
+}
+}
+
+void* operator new(size_t count)
+{
+    if (void* ptr = malloc(count); ptr != nullptr)
+    {
+        return ptr;
+    }
+    __ba_throw std::bad_alloc();
+}
+
+void operator delete(void* data) noexcept
+{
+    std::free(data);
+}
+
+void* operator new[](size_t count)
+{
+    if (void* ptr = malloc(count); ptr != nullptr)
+    {
+        return ptr;
+    }
+    __ba_throw std::bad_alloc();
+}
+
+void operator delete[](void* data) noexcept
+{
+    std::free(data);
+}
+
+void operator delete(void* data, size_t /* size */) noexcept
+{
+    std::free(data);
+}
+
+void operator delete[](void* data, size_t /* size */) noexcept
+{
+    std::free(data);
+}

src/stdlib/stdio.cpp

@@ -57,7 +57,13 @@ int printf(const char* format, ...) noexcept
 {
     va_list parameters;
     va_start(parameters, format);
+    const int result = vprintf(format, parameters);
+    va_end(parameters);
+    return result;
+}
 
+int vprintf(const char* format, std::va_list vlist) BA_CXX_NOEXCEPT
+{
     int result = 0;
     const char* pos = format;
     while (*pos != '\0')
@@ -74,18 +80,17 @@ int printf(const char* format, ...) noexcept
                 case '\0':
                     // TODO: invalid format string, do something
                     assert(!"Invalid format string, ends with %.");
-                    va_end(parameters);
                     return -1;
                 case 'c':
                 {
-                    const char chr = static_cast<char>(va_arg(parameters, int));
+                    const char chr = static_cast<char>(va_arg(vlist, int));
                     putchar(chr);
                     ++result;
                     break;
                 }
                 case 's':
                 {
-                    const char* str = va_arg(parameters, const char*);
+                    const char* str = va_arg(vlist, const char*);
                     const size_t len = std::strlen(str);
 
                     for (size_t idx = 0; idx < len; ++idx)
@@ -96,11 +101,10 @@ int printf(const char* format, ...) noexcept
                     break;
                 }
                 case 'd':
-                    result += printInt(va_arg(parameters, int));
+                    result += printInt(va_arg(vlist, int));
                     break;
                 default:
                     assert(!"Invalid format string, unknown format identifier.");
-                    va_end(parameters);
                     return -1;
             }
         } else
@@ -109,8 +113,6 @@ int printf(const char* format, ...) noexcept
         }
         ++pos;
     }
-    va_end(parameters);
-    putchar('\n');
     ++result;
     return result;
 }

src/stdlib/stdlib.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,93 @@
 
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "os/tty.hpp"
+
+namespace
+{
+inline const size_t INIT_MALLOC_SPACE_ELEMENTS = 1024;
+inline const size_t INIT_MALLOC_SPACE_BYTES = INIT_MALLOC_SPACE_ELEMENTS * sizeof(max_align_t);
+
+max_align_t gInitMallocSpace[INIT_MALLOC_SPACE_ELEMENTS];
+
+struct MallocBlock
+{
+    size_t elements;
+    MallocBlock* nextBlock;
+};
+struct AllocInfo
+{
+    size_t elements;
+};
+static_assert(sizeof(MallocBlock) <= sizeof(max_align_t));
+static_assert(sizeof(AllocInfo) <= sizeof(max_align_t));
+
+MallocBlock* gNextBlock = []()
+{
+    MallocBlock* initialBlock = reinterpret_cast<MallocBlock*>(gInitMallocSpace);
+    initialBlock->elements = INIT_MALLOC_SPACE_ELEMENTS;
+    initialBlock->nextBlock = nullptr;
+    return initialBlock;
+}();
+}
+
 extern "C"
 {
 void abort()
 {
+    tty::write("Abort called!");
     __asm__ volatile("hlt");
     while(true) {};
     __builtin_unreachable();
 }
-} // extern "C"
+
+void* malloc(size_t size) noexcept
+{
+    if (size == 0)
+    {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    const size_t requiredElements = (size + sizeof(max_align_t) - 1) / sizeof(max_align_t) + 1;
+    MallocBlock* prevBlock = nullptr;
+    for (MallocBlock* block = gNextBlock; block != nullptr; block = block->nextBlock)
+    {
+        if (block->elements >= requiredElements)
+        {
+            MallocBlock* newBlock = nullptr;
+            if (block->elements > requiredElements)
+            {
+                newBlock = reinterpret_cast<MallocBlock*>(reinterpret_cast<max_align_t*>(block) + requiredElements);
+                newBlock->nextBlock = block->nextBlock;
+                newBlock->elements = block->elements - requiredElements;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                newBlock = block->nextBlock;
+            }
+            if (prevBlock != nullptr)
+            {
+                prevBlock->nextBlock = newBlock;
+            }
+            AllocInfo* allocInfo = reinterpret_cast<AllocInfo*>(block);
+            allocInfo->elements = requiredElements;
+            return reinterpret_cast<max_align_t*>(block) + 1;
+        }
+        prevBlock = block;
+    }
+
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+void free(void* memory) noexcept
+{
+    if (memory == nullptr)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    MallocBlock* block = reinterpret_cast<MallocBlock*>(static_cast<max_align_t*>(memory) - 1);
+    block->nextBlock = gNextBlock;
+    gNextBlock = block;
+}
+} // extern "C"