diff --git a/source/mijin/io/archive.hpp b/source/mijin/io/archive.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a522ae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/source/mijin/io/archive.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_IO_ARCHIVE_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_IO_ARCHIVE_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+#include "mijin/container/optional.hpp"
+#include "mijin/io/stream.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+enum class ArchiveMode : std::uint8_t
+{
+    READ,
+    WRITE
+};
+
+template<typename TPointer>
+class ArchiveBase
+{
+private:
+    ArchiveMode mode_ = ArchiveMode::READ;
+    StreamError error_ = StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    TPointer stream_ = nullptr;
+public:
+    ArchiveBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ArchiveBase(const ArchiveBase&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ArchiveBase(ArchiveBase&&) noexcept = default;
+    ArchiveBase(ArchiveMode mode, TPointer stream) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : mode_(mode), stream_(std::move(stream)) {}
+    
+    ArchiveBase& operator=(const ArchiveBase&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ArchiveBase& operator=(ArchiveBase&&) noexcept = default;
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    ArchiveMode getMode() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return mode_; }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    StreamError getError() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return error_; }
+    
+    void setError(StreamError value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { error_ = value; }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    Stream& getStream() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return *stream_; }
+};
+
+using Archive = ArchiveBase<Stream*>;
+using OwningArchive = ArchiveBase<std::unique_ptr<Stream>>;
+
+
+
+template<typename TPointer, typename TValue> requires (std::is_const_v<TValue>)
+Task<> c_serialize(ArchiveBase<TPointer>& archive, TValue& value) noexcept
+{
+    if (archive.getMode() != ArchiveMode::WRITE)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ERROR("Attempt to write to a const object.");
+        archive.setError(StreamError::IO_ERROR);
+        co_return;
+    }
+    co_await c_serialize(archive, const_cast<std::remove_const_t<TValue>&>(value));
+}
+
+template<typename TPointer>
+Task<> c_serialize(ArchiveBase<TPointer>& archive, std::string& value) noexcept
+{
+    if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return;
+    }
+    if (archive.getMode() == ArchiveMode::READ)
+    {
+        archive.setError(co_await archive.getStream().c_readBinaryString(value));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        archive.setError(co_await archive.getStream().c_writeBinaryString(value));
+    }
+    co_return;
+}
+
+template<typename TPointer, typename TValue> requires (!std::is_const_v<TValue> && (std::is_arithmetic_v<TValue> || std::is_enum_v<TValue>))
+Task<> c_serialize(ArchiveBase<TPointer>& archive, TValue& value) noexcept
+{
+    if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return;
+    }
+    if (archive.getMode() == ArchiveMode::READ)
+    {
+        archive.setError(co_await archive.getStream().c_read(value));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        archive.setError(co_await archive.getStream().c_write(value));
+    }
+    co_return;
+}
+
+template<typename TPointer, typename TElement, typename TAllocator>
+Task<> c_serialize(ArchiveBase<TPointer>& archive, std::vector<TElement, TAllocator>& value) noexcept
+{
+    if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return;
+    }
+    std::uint64_t size = value.size();
+    co_await c_serialize(archive, size);
+
+    if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return;
+    }
+    
+    if (archive.getMode() == ArchiveMode::READ)
+    {
+        value.resize(size);
+    }
+    
+    for (TElement& element : value)
+    {
+        co_await c_serialize(archive, element);
+        if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename TPointer, typename TContent>
+Task<> c_serialize(ArchiveBase<TPointer> archive, Optional<TContent>& value) noexcept
+{
+    if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return;
+    }
+    std::uint8_t exists = !value.empty();
+    co_await c_serialize(archive, exists);
+    if (exists)
+    {
+        if (archive.getMode() == ArchiveMode::READ)
+        {
+            TContent content;
+            co_await c_serialize(archive, content);
+            if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+            {
+                co_return;
+            }
+            value.emplace(std::move(content));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            co_await c_serialize(archive, *value);
+        }
+    }
+}
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_IO_ARCHIVE_HPP_INCLUDED)
diff --git a/source/mijin/io/stream.hpp b/source/mijin/io/stream.hpp
index f940716..5dfe7c8 100644
--- a/source/mijin/io/stream.hpp
+++ b/source/mijin/io/stream.hpp
@@ -66,13 +66,14 @@ enum class FileOpenMode
 
 enum class [[nodiscard]] StreamError
 {
-    SUCCESS           = 0,
-    IO_ERROR          = 1,
-    NOT_SUPPORTED     = 2,
-    CONNECTION_CLOSED = 3,
-    PROTOCOL_ERROR    = 4,
-    WOULD_BLOCK       = 5,
-    UNKNOWN_ERROR     = -1
+    SUCCESS            = 0,
+    IO_ERROR           = 1,
+    NOT_SUPPORTED      = 2,
+    CONNECTION_CLOSED  = 3,
+    PROTOCOL_ERROR     = 4,
+    WOULD_BLOCK        = 5,
+    CONNECTION_REFUSED = 6,
+    UNKNOWN_ERROR      = -1
 };
 
 class Stream
@@ -450,6 +451,8 @@ inline const char* errorName(StreamError error) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
             return "would block";
         case StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR:
             return "unknown error";
+        case StreamError::CONNECTION_REFUSED:
+            return "connection refused";
     }
     return "<invalid error>";
 }