(WIP) Process stream reimplementation.

Made throwOnError() throw Exception instead of std::runtime_error.

source/mijin/async/coroutine.hpp

@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@
 #define MIJIN_ASYNC_COROUTINE_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
 
-#if !defined(MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO)
-#   define MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO 0 // Capture stack each time a coroutine is started. Warning, expensive! // TODO: maybe implement a lighter version only storing the return address?
-#endif
-
 #include <any>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <coroutine>
@@ -25,7 +21,17 @@
 #include "../util/flag.hpp"
 #include "../util/iterators.hpp"
 #include "../util/misc.hpp"
+#include "../util/scope_guard.hpp"
 #include "../util/traits.hpp"
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO)
+#   define MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO 0 // Capture stack each time a coroutine is started. Warning, expensive! // TODO: maybe implement a lighter version only storing the return address?
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+#   define MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS 0
+#endif
+
 #if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO
 #include "../debug/stacktrace.hpp"
 #endif
@@ -185,10 +191,16 @@ struct TaskReturn<void, TPromise>
 };
 }
 
-template<typename TValue>
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+using TaskFuture = Future<TValue, TAllocator, MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS>;
+
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+using TaskFuturePtr = FuturePtr<TValue, TAllocator, MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS>;
+
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 struct TaskAwaitableFuture
 {
-    FuturePtr<TValue> future;
+    TaskFuturePtr<TValue, TAllocator> future;
 
     [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool await_ready() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return future->ready(); }
     constexpr void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<>) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
@@ -328,12 +340,12 @@ struct TaskPromise : impl::TaskReturn<typename TTraits::result_t, TaskPromise<TT
 
     // constexpr void unhandled_exception() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
 
-    template<typename TValue>
-    auto await_transform(FuturePtr<TValue> future, std::source_location sourceLoc = std::source_location::current()) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator2>
+    auto await_transform(TaskFuturePtr<TValue, TAllocator2> future, std::source_location sourceLoc = std::source_location::current()) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         MIJIN_ASSERT(loop_ != nullptr, "Cannot await future outside of a loop!");
         sharedState_->sourceLoc = std::move(sourceLoc);
-        TaskAwaitableFuture<TValue> awaitable{future};
+        TaskAwaitableFuture<TValue, TAllocator> awaitable{future};
         if (!awaitable.await_ready())
         {
             state_.status = TaskStatus::WAITING;
@@ -634,10 +646,10 @@ public:
     void setUncaughtExceptionHandler(exception_handler_t handler) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { uncaughtExceptionHandler_ = std::move(handler); }
 
     template<typename TResult>
-    FuturePtr<TResult> addTaskImpl(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator> task, TaskHandle* outHandle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    TaskFuturePtr<TResult, TAllocator> addTaskImpl(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator> task, TaskHandle* outHandle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
     template<typename TResult>
-    FuturePtr<TResult> addTask(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator> task, TaskHandle* outHandle = nullptr) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    TaskFuturePtr<TResult, TAllocator> addTask(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator> task, TaskHandle* outHandle = nullptr) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         static_assert(TaskAllocatorTraits<TAllocator>::default_is_valid_v, "Allocator is not valid when default constructed, use makeTask() instead.");
         return addTaskImpl(std::move(task), outHandle);
@@ -663,7 +675,7 @@ protected:
 protected:
     static inline TaskLoop*& currentLoopStorage() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
     template<typename TResult>
-    static inline void setFutureHelper(StoredTask& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    static inline void setFutureHelper(StoredTask& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(!MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS);
 };
 
 template<typename TResult = void>
@@ -810,12 +822,12 @@ TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator>::~TaskBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 
 template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 template<typename TResult>
-FuturePtr<TResult> TaskLoop<TAllocator>::addTaskImpl(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator> task, TaskHandle* outHandle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+TaskFuturePtr<TResult, TAllocator> TaskLoop<TAllocator>::addTaskImpl(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator> task, TaskHandle* outHandle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     MIJIN_ASSERT(!task.getLoop(), "Attempting to add task that already has a loop!");
     task.setLoop(this);
 
-    FuturePtr<TResult> future = std::allocate_shared<Future<TResult>>(TAllocator<Future<TResult>>(allocator_), allocator_);
+    TaskFuturePtr<TResult, TAllocator> future = std::allocate_shared<TaskFuture<TResult, TAllocator>>(TAllocator<Future<TResult, TAllocator>>(allocator_), allocator_);
     auto setFuture = &setFutureHelper<TResult>;
 
     if (outHandle != nullptr)
@@ -854,7 +866,7 @@ TaskStatus TaskLoop<TAllocator>::tickTask(StoredTask& task)
     while (status == TaskStatus::RUNNING);
     impl::gCurrentTaskState = nullptr;
 
-#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTION_HANDLING
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTION_HANDLING && !MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS
     if (task.task && task.task->exception())
     {
         try
@@ -881,9 +893,24 @@ TaskStatus TaskLoop<TAllocator>::tickTask(StoredTask& task)
     }
 #endif // MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTION_HANDLING
     if (status == TaskStatus::YIELDED || status == TaskStatus::FINISHED)
+    {
+        try
         {
             task.setFuture(task);
         }
+        catch(TaskCancelled&) {}
+        catch(...)
+        {
+            if (uncaughtExceptionHandler_)
+            {
+                uncaughtExceptionHandler_(std::current_exception());
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+    }
     return status;
 }
 
@@ -909,10 +936,22 @@ template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 
 template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 template<typename TResult>
-/* static */ inline void TaskLoop<TAllocator>::setFutureHelper(StoredTask& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+/* static */ inline void TaskLoop<TAllocator>::setFutureHelper(StoredTask& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(!MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
 {
     TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator>& task = *static_cast<TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator>*>(storedTask.task->raw());
-    auto future = std::any_cast<FuturePtr<TResult>>(storedTask.resultData);
+    const auto& future = std::any_cast<TaskFuturePtr<TResult, TAllocator>&>(storedTask.resultData);
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (task.state().exception)
+    {
+        if (future.use_count() < 2)
+        {
+            // future has been discarded, but someone must handle the exception
+            std::rethrow_exception(task.state().exception);
+        }
+        future->setException(task.state().exception);
+        return;
+    }
+#endif
 
     if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<TResult, void>)
     {
@@ -997,6 +1036,9 @@ inline auto BaseSimpleTaskLoop<TAllocator>::tick() -> CanContinue
     // set current taskloop
     MIJIN_ASSERT(TaskLoop<TAllocator>::currentLoopStorage() == nullptr, "Trying to tick a loop from a coroutine, this is not supported.");
     TaskLoop<TAllocator>::currentLoopStorage() = this;
+    MIJIN_SCOPE_EXIT {
+        TaskLoop<TAllocator>::currentLoopStorage() = nullptr;
+    };
     threadId_ = std::this_thread::get_id();
 
     // move over all tasks from newTasks
@@ -1046,8 +1088,6 @@ inline auto BaseSimpleTaskLoop<TAllocator>::tick() -> CanContinue
             canContinue = CanContinue::YES;
         }
     }
-    // reset current loop
-    TaskLoop<TAllocator>::currentLoopStorage() = nullptr;
 
     // remove any tasks that have been transferred to another queue
     it = std::remove_if(tasks_.begin(), tasks_.end(), [](const StoredTask& task) {
@@ -1247,14 +1287,14 @@ inline TaskAwaitableSuspend c_suspend() {
     return TaskAwaitableSuspend();
 }
 
-template<template<typename...> typename TCollection, typename TType, typename... TTemplateArgs>
-Task<> c_allDone(const TCollection<FuturePtr<TType>, TTemplateArgs...>& futures)
+template<template<typename...> typename TCollection, FutureType TFuture, typename... TTemplateArgs>
+Task<> c_allDone(const TCollection<TFuture, TTemplateArgs...>& futures)
 {
     bool allDone = true;
     do
     {
         allDone = true;
-        for (const FuturePtr<TType>& future : futures)
+        for (const TFuture& future : futures)
         {
             if (future && !future->ready()) {
                 allDone = false;

source/mijin/async/future.hpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_ASYNC_FUTURE_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_ASYNC_FUTURE_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#include <exception>
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -27,43 +28,113 @@ namespace mijin
 //
 // public types
 //
-template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR, bool exceptions = false>
 class Future;
 
 // TODO: add support for mutexes and waiting for futures
 namespace impl
 {
-template<typename TValue>
+template<typename TValue, bool exceptions>
 struct FutureStorage
 {
     Optional<TValue> value;
 
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool hasValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !value.empty();
+    }
+
     void setValue(TValue value_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { value = std::move(value_); }
     [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return value.get(); }
 
 };
 
-// template<typename TValue>
-// struct FutureStorage<TValue&>
-// {
-//     Optional<TValue*> value;
-//
-//     void setValue(TValue& value_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { value = &value_; }
-//     [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return *value.get(); }
-// };
+template<>
+struct FutureStorage<void, false>
+{
+    bool isSet = false;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool hasValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return isSet;
+    }
+    void setValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        isSet = true;
+    }
+    void getValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
+};
+
+#if MIJIN_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS
+template<typename TValue>
+struct FutureStorage<TValue, true>
+{
+    Optional<TValue> value;
+    std::exception_ptr exception;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool hasValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (exception) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return !value.empty();
+    }
+
+    void setException(std::exception_ptr exc) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        exception = std::move(exc);
+    }
+    void setValue(TValue value_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { value = std::move(value_); }
+    [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue()
+    {
+        if (exception) {
+            std::rethrow_exception(exception);
+        }
+        return value.get();
+    }
+
+};
 
 template<>
-struct FutureStorage<void>
+struct FutureStorage<void, true>
 {
+    bool isSet = false;
+    std::exception_ptr exception;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool hasValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (exception) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return isSet;
+    }
+    void setException(std::exception_ptr exc) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        exception = std::move(exc);
+    }
+    void setValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        isSet = true;
+    }
+    void getValue()
+    {
+        if (exception) {
+            std::rethrow_exception(exception);
+        }
+    }
 };
+#endif
 } // namespace impl
 
-template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator, bool exceptions>
 class Future
 {
 private:
-    [[no_unique_address]] impl::FutureStorage<TValue> value_;
-    bool isSet_ = false;
+    impl::FutureStorage<TValue, exceptions> value_;
 public:
     Future() = default;
     Future(const Future&) = delete;
@@ -80,10 +151,12 @@ public:
     constexpr bool operator!() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !ready(); }
 public: // access
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr decltype(auto) get() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    constexpr decltype(auto) get() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(!exceptions)
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(isSet_, "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
-        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>) {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(ready(), "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
+        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
+        {
+            value_.getValue(); // in case of exceptions
             return;
         }
         else {
@@ -91,10 +164,12 @@ public: // access
         }
     }
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr decltype(auto) get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    constexpr decltype(auto) get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(!exceptions)
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(isSet_, "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
-        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>) {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(ready(), "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
+        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
+        {
+            value_.getValue(); // in case of exceptions
             return;
         }
         else {
@@ -104,22 +179,22 @@ public: // access
     [[nodiscard]]
     constexpr bool ready() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
-        return isSet_;
+        return value_.hasValue();
     }
 public: // modification
     template<typename TArg> requires (!std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
     constexpr void set(TArg&& value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(!isSet_, "Trying to set a future twice!");
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!ready(), "Trying to set a future twice!");
         value_.setValue(std::move(value));
-        isSet_ = true;
         sigSet.emit();
     }
     constexpr void set() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT requires (std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(!isSet_, "Trying to set a future twice!");
-        isSet_ = true;
-        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TValue, void>) {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!ready(), "Trying to set a future twice!");
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
+        {
+            value_.setValue();
             sigSet.emit();
         }
         else {
@@ -127,12 +202,38 @@ public: // modification
             MIJIN_ERROR("Attempting to call set(void) on future with value.");
         }
     }
+    constexpr void setException(std::exception_ptr exception) requires (exceptions)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!ready(), "Trying to set a future twice!");
+        if constexpr (exceptions)
+        {
+            value_.setException(std::move(exception));
+        }
+    }
 public: // signals
     BaseSignal<TAllocator> sigSet;
 };
 
+template<typename TValue = void, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR, bool exceptions = false>
+using FuturePtr = std::shared_ptr<Future<TValue, TAllocator, exceptions>>;
+
 template<typename TValue = void, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
-using FuturePtr = std::shared_ptr<Future<TValue, TAllocator>>;
+using ExceptFuture = Future<TValue, TAllocator, true>;
+
+template<typename TValue = void, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+using ExceptFuturePtr = std::shared_ptr<Future<TValue, TAllocator, true>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_future : std::false_type {};
+
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator, bool exceptions>
+struct is_future<Future<TValue, TAllocator, exceptions>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template<typename T>
+inline constexpr bool is_future_t = is_future<T>::value;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept FutureType = is_future<T>::value;
 
 //
 // public functions

source/mijin/container/vector_map.hpp

@@ -133,7 +133,8 @@ public:
     VectorMap& operator=(VectorMap&&) = default;
     auto operator<=>(const VectorMap& other) const noexcept = default;
     
-    TValue& operator[](const TKey& key)
+    template<typename TIndex>
+    TValue& operator[](const TIndex& key)
     {
         auto it = find(key);
         if (it != end())
@@ -143,7 +144,8 @@ public:
         return emplace(key, TValue()).first->second;
     }
     
-    const TValue& operator[](const TKey& key) const
+    template<typename TIndex>
+    const TValue& operator[](const TIndex& key) const
     {
         return at(key);
     }
@@ -251,8 +253,9 @@ public:
         return eraseImpl(idx, count);
     }
 
+    template<typename TSearch>
     [[nodiscard]]
-    iterator find(const TKey& key) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    iterator find(const TSearch& key) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < keys_.size(); ++idx)
         {
@@ -264,8 +267,9 @@ public:
         return end();
     }
 
+    template<typename TSearch>
     [[nodiscard]]
-    const_iterator find(const TKey& key) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    const_iterator find(const TSearch& key) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < keys_.size(); ++idx)
         {

source/mijin/debug/stacktrace.cpp

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ bool initDbgHelp() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
         return false;
     }
 
-    const int result = std::atexit(&cleanupDbgHelp);
+    [[maybe_unused]] const int result = std::atexit(&cleanupDbgHelp);
     MIJIN_ASSERT(result == 0, "Error registering DbgHelp cleanup handler.");
 
     // only copy in the end so we can still figure out if initialization was successful

source/mijin/detect.hpp

@@ -61,6 +61,26 @@ namespace mijin
     #endif
 #endif
 
+#if !defined(MIJIN_RTTI)
+    #if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_GCC
+        #if defined(__GXX_RTTI)
+            #define MIJIN_RTTI 1
+        #else
+            #define MIJIN_RTTI 0
+        #endif
+    #elif MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG
+        #define MIJIN_RTTI (__has_feature(cxx_rtti))
+    #elif MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_MSVC
+        #if defined(_CPPRTTI)
+            #define MIJIN_RTTI 1
+        #else
+            #define MIJIN_RTTI 0
+        #endif
+    #else
+        #define MIJIN_RTTI 0
+    #endif
+#endif
+
 //
 // public constants
 //

source/mijin/io/process.cpp

@@ -168,12 +168,17 @@ std::string shellEscape(const std::string& arg) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     return oss.str();
 }
 
-std::string makeShellCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+std::string makeShellCommand(std::span<std::string_view> args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
+    (void) args;
+    MIJIN_ERROR("TBD");
+    return {};
+#if 0
     using namespace mijin::pipe;
     return args
         | Map(&shellEscape)
         | Join(" ");
+#endif
 }
 } // namespace mijin
 #endif // MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX || MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_OSX

source/mijin/io/process.hpp

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_IO_PROCESS_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_IO_PROCESS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
-#include <vector>
+#include <span>
 #include "./stream.hpp"
 #include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ public:
     inline StreamError open(const std::string& command, FileOpenMode mode_) {
         return open(command.c_str(), mode_);
     }
-    inline StreamError open(const std::vector<std::string>& args, FileOpenMode mode_);
+    inline StreamError open(std::span<std::string_view> args, FileOpenMode mode_);
     int close();
     [[nodiscard]] inline bool isOpen() const { return handle != nullptr; }
 
@@ -36,13 +36,19 @@ public:
     StreamFeatures getFeatures() override;
 };
 
-[[nodiscard]] std::string shellEscape(const std::string& arg) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-[[nodiscard]] std::string makeShellCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+[[nodiscard]] std::string shellEscape(std::string_view arg) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+[[nodiscard]] std::string makeShellCommand(std::span<std::string_view> args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
-StreamError ProcessStream::open(const std::vector<std::string>& args, FileOpenMode mode_)
+StreamError ProcessStream::open(std::span<std::string_view> args, FileOpenMode mode_)
 {
     return open(makeShellCommand(args), mode_);
 }
+
+template<typename... TTypes>
+std::array<std::string_view, sizeof...(TTypes)> makeSVList(TTypes&&... args)
+{
+    return std::array{std::string_view(std::forward<TTypes>(args))...};
+}
 }
 
 #endif // MIJIN_IO_PROCESS_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/io/stream.cpp

@@ -113,6 +113,42 @@ StreamError Stream::writeBinaryString(std::string_view str)
     return writeSpan(str.begin(), str.end());
 }
 
+StreamError Stream::readZString(std::string& outString)
+{
+    char chr = '\0';
+    std::string result;
+
+    while (true)
+    {
+        if (isAtEnd())
+        {
+            return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
+        }
+
+        if (StreamError error = read(chr); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        if (chr == '\0')
+        {
+            outString = std::move(result);
+            return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+        }
+        result.push_back(chr);
+    }
+}
+
+StreamError Stream::writeZString(std::string_view str)
+{
+    static const char ZERO = '\0';
+
+    if (StreamError error = writeRaw(str.data(), str.size() * sizeof(char)); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        return error;
+    }
+    return write(ZERO);
+}
+
 mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readBinaryString(std::string& outString)
 {
     std::uint32_t length; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-init-variables)
@@ -254,6 +290,29 @@ mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readLine(std::string& outString)
     co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
 }
 
+StreamError Stream::copyTo(Stream& other)
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().read, "Stream must support reading.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(other.getFeatures().write, "Other stream must support writing.");
+
+    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
+
+    while (!isAtEnd())
+    {
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        if (const StreamError error = other.writeRaw(chunk.data(), bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
 FileStream::~FileStream()
 {
     if (handle) {
@@ -405,7 +464,7 @@ StreamFeatures FileStream::getFeatures()
     if (handle)
     {
         return {
-            .read = (mode == FileOpenMode::READ),
+            .read = (mode == FileOpenMode::READ || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE),
             .write = (mode == FileOpenMode::WRITE || mode == FileOpenMode::APPEND || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE),
             .tell = true,
             .seek = true,

source/mijin/io/stream.hpp

@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     template<typename T>
-    StreamError write(const T& value) requires(std::is_trivial_v<T>)
+    StreamError write(const T& value)
     {
         return writeRaw(&value, sizeof(T));
     }
@@ -261,6 +261,9 @@ public:
     StreamError readBinaryString(std::string& outString);
     StreamError writeBinaryString(std::string_view str);
 
+    StreamError readZString(std::string& outString);
+    StreamError writeZString(std::string_view str);
+
     mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readBinaryString(std::string& outString);
     mijin::Task<StreamError> c_writeBinaryString(std::string_view str);
 
@@ -272,6 +275,8 @@ public:
 
     StreamError getTotalLength(std::size_t& outLength);
 
+    StreamError copyTo(Stream& otherStream);
+
     template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
     StreamError readRest(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& outBuffer);
 
@@ -541,7 +546,7 @@ inline void throwOnError(mijin::StreamError error)
     if (error == mijin::StreamError::SUCCESS) {
         return;
     }
-    throw std::runtime_error(errorName(error));
+    throw Exception(errorName(error));
 }
 
 inline void throwOnError(mijin::StreamError error, std::string message)
@@ -549,7 +554,7 @@ inline void throwOnError(mijin::StreamError error, std::string message)
     if (error == mijin::StreamError::SUCCESS) {
         return;
     }
-    throw std::runtime_error(message + ": " + errorName(error));
+    throw Exception(message + ": " + errorName(error));
 }
 
 template<typename TSuccess>

source/mijin/logging/debug_output_sink.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./formatting.hpp"
+#include "../detect.hpp"
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+#pragma comment(lib, "Kernel32.lib")
+
+extern "C" void OutputDebugStringA(const char* lpOutputString);
+extern "C" void OutputDebugStringW(const wchar_t* lpOutputString);
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMPL_ARGS_INIT>
+    requires(allocator_type<TAllocator<TChar>>)
+class BaseDebugOutputSink : public BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>;
+    using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::allocator_t;
+    using typename base_t::formatter_ptr_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+public:
+    explicit BaseDebugOutputSink(formatter_ptr_t formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
+            : base_t(std::move(formatter), std::move(allocator)) {}
+
+    void handleMessageFormatted(const message_t&, const char_t* formatted) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<char_t, char>)
+        {
+            OutputDebugStringA(formatted);
+            OutputDebugStringA("\n");
+        }
+        else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<char_t, wchar_t>)
+        {
+            OutputDebugStringW(formatted);
+            OutputDebugStringW(L"\n");
+        }
+        else if constexpr (sizeof(char_t) == sizeof(char))
+        {
+            // char8_t etc.
+            OutputDebugStringA(std::bit_cast<const char*>(formatted));
+            OutputDebugStringA("\n");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static_assert(always_false_v<char_t>, "Character type not supported.");
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+#define SINK_SET_ARGS(chr_type) chr_type, std::char_traits<chr_type>, TAllocator, TDeleter
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(DebugOutputSink, MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_COMMON_ARGS, SINK_SET_ARGS)
+
+#undef SINK_SET_ARGS
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/logging/filters.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_FILTERS_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_FILTERS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./logger.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE>
+class BaseLevelFilter : public BaseLogFilter<TChar>
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = BaseLogFilter<TChar>;
+    using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+private:
+    int mMinLevel = 0;
+    int mMaxLevel = 0;
+public:
+    explicit BaseLevelFilter(int minLevel, int maxLevel = std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+        : mMinLevel(minLevel), mMaxLevel(maxLevel) {}
+    explicit BaseLevelFilter(const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& minLevel, const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& maxLevel = {nullptr, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+        : mMinLevel(minLevel.value), mMaxLevel(maxLevel.value) {}
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    int getMinLevel() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return mMinLevel; }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    int getMaxLevel() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return mMaxLevel; }
+
+    void setMinLevel(int level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMinLevel = level; }
+
+    void setMinLevel(const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMinLevel = level.value; }
+
+    void setMaxLevel(int level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMaxLevel = level; }
+
+    void setMaxLevel(const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMaxLevel = level.value; }
+
+    bool shouldShow(const message_t& message) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    {
+        return message.level->value >= mMinLevel && message.level->value <= mMaxLevel;
+    }
+};
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LevelFilter)
+
+} // namespace mijin
+
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_STDIO_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/logging/formatting.hpp

@@ -92,10 +92,10 @@ public:
     using string_t = formatter_t::string_t;
     using typename base_t::message_t;
 private:
-    not_null_t<formatter_ptr_t> mFormatter;
+    formatter_ptr_t mFormatter;
     string_t mBuffer;
 public:
-    explicit BaseFormattingLogSink(not_null_t<formatter_ptr_t> formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+    explicit BaseFormattingLogSink(formatter_ptr_t formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
         MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
         : mFormatter(std::move(formatter)), mBuffer(std::move(allocator))
     {}

source/mijin/logging/logger.hpp

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <format>
+#include <mutex>
 #include <source_location>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
@@ -104,6 +105,20 @@ public:
 
 MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LogSink)
 
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE>
+class BaseLogFilter
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using message_t = BaseLogMessage<char_t>;
+
+    virtual ~BaseLogFilter() noexcept = default;
+
+    virtual bool shouldShow(const message_t& message) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
+};
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LogFilter)
+
 #define LOGGER_COMMON_ARGS(chr_type) template<typename T> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR
 template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, LOGGER_COMMON_ARGS(TChar)>
 class BaseLogger
@@ -114,15 +129,22 @@ public:
     using allocator_t = TAllocator<char_t>;
 
     using sink_t = BaseLogSink<char_t>;
+    using filter_t = BaseLogFilter<char_t>;
     using level_t = BaseLogLevel<char_t>;
     using channel_t = BaseLogChannel<char_t>;
     using message_t = BaseLogMessage<char_t>;
     using string_t = std::basic_string<char_t, traits_t, allocator_t>;
 private:
-    std::vector<sink_t*, TAllocator<sink_t*>> mSinks;
+    struct SinkEntry
+    {
+        sink_t* sink;
+        filter_t* filter;
+    };
+    std::vector<SinkEntry, TAllocator<SinkEntry>> mSinks;
+    mutable std::mutex mMutex;
 public:
-    explicit BaseLogger(TAllocator<sink_t*> allocator = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TAllocator<sink_t*>>)
-        : mSinks(std::move(allocator))
+    explicit BaseLogger(TAllocator<void> allocator = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<TAllocator<SinkEntry>, TAllocator<void>&&>))
+        : mSinks(TAllocator<SinkEntry>(std::move(allocator)))
     {}
 
     BaseLogger(const BaseLogger&) = default;
@@ -135,14 +157,25 @@ public:
 
     void addSink(sink_t& sink)
     {
-        mSinks.push_back(&sink);
+        std::unique_lock _(mMutex);
+        mSinks.push_back({&sink, nullptr});
+    }
+
+    void addSink(sink_t& sink, filter_t& filter)
+    {
+        std::unique_lock _(mMutex);
+        mSinks.push_back({&sink, &filter});
     }
 
     void postMessage(const message_t& message) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
-        for (sink_t* sink: mSinks)
+        std::unique_lock _(mMutex);
+        for (const SinkEntry& entry : mSinks)
         {
-            sink->handleMessage(message);
+            if (entry.filter != nullptr && !entry.filter->shouldShow(message)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            entry.sink->handleMessage(message);
         }
     }
 
@@ -225,6 +258,10 @@ MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_LEVEL(ERROR, MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_ERROR)
 if constexpr (MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level).value < MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE()) {} \
 else MIJIN_LOG_ALWAYS(level, channel, __VA_ARGS__)
 
+#define MIJIN_LOG_IF(cond, level, channel, ...)                                                \
+if constexpr (MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level).value < MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE()) {} \
+else if (cond) MIJIN_LOG_ALWAYS(level, channel, __VA_ARGS__)
+
 #define MIJIN_SET_CLASS_LOGGER(loggerExpr)             \
 const auto& MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER() const noexcept \
 {                                                      \
@@ -235,6 +272,11 @@ auto MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER = [&]() -> const auto& \
 {                                                     \
     return loggerExpr;                                \
 };
+#define MIJIN_SET_NS_LOGGER(loggerExpr)                 \
+inline const mijin::Logger& MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER() \
+{                                                       \
+    return loggerExpr;                                  \
+}
 #define MIJIN_SET_CLASS_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE(level)      \
 int MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT \
 {                                                         \

source/mijin/logging/stdio_sink.hpp

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ public:
 private:
     int mMinStderrLevel = MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_WARNING;
 public:
-    explicit BaseStdioSink(not_null_t<formatter_ptr_t> formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+    explicit BaseStdioSink(formatter_ptr_t formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
         MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
         : base_t(std::move(formatter), std::move(allocator)) {}
 

source/mijin/logging/stream_sink.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_STREAM_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_STREAM_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./formatting.hpp"
+#include "../io/stream.hpp"
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMPL_ARGS_INIT>
+    requires(allocator_type<TAllocator<TChar>>)
+class BaseStreamSink : public BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>;
+    using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::allocator_t;
+    using typename base_t::formatter_ptr_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+    using stream_ptr_t = DynamicPointer<Stream>;
+private:
+    stream_ptr_t mStream;
+    int mMinStderrLevel = MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_WARNING;
+public:
+    explicit BaseStreamSink(not_null_t<formatter_ptr_t> formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
+        : base_t(std::move(formatter), std::move(allocator)) {}
+    explicit BaseStreamSink(not_null_t<stream_ptr_t> stream, not_null_t<formatter_ptr_t> formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
+        : base_t(std::move(formatter), std::move(allocator)), mStream(std::move(stream)) {}
+
+    void setStream(not_null_t<stream_ptr_t> stream) {
+        mStream = std::move(stream).release();
+    }
+
+    void handleMessageFormatted(const message_t& /* message */, const char_t* formatted) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    {
+        if (!mStream) {
+            return;
+        }
+        (void) mStream->writeSpan(std::basic_string_view(formatted));
+        (void) mStream->write('\n');
+        mStream->flush();
+    }
+};
+
+#define SINK_SET_ARGS(chr_type) chr_type, std::char_traits<chr_type>, TAllocator, TDeleter
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(StreamSink, MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_COMMON_ARGS, SINK_SET_ARGS)
+
+#undef SINK_SET_ARGS
+} // namespace mijin
+
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_STREAM_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/memory/dynamic_pointer.hpp

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace mijin
 {
 MIJIN_DEFINE_FLAG(Owning);
 
-template<typename T, deleter_type<T> TDeleter = std::default_delete<T>>
+template<typename T, deleter_type<T> TDeleter = AllocatorDeleter<MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<T>>>
 class DynamicPointer
 {
 public:
@@ -35,10 +35,11 @@ public:
     {
         MIJIN_ASSERT((std::bit_cast<std::uintptr_t>(ptr) & 1) == 0, "Invalid address, DynamicPointer requires addresses to be divisible by two.");
     }
-    template<typename TOther, typename TOtherDeleter> requires (std::is_constructible_v<TDeleter, TOtherDeleter&&>)
+    template<typename TOther, typename TOtherDeleter> requires (std::is_assignable_v<T*&, TOther*> && std::is_constructible_v<TDeleter, TOtherDeleter&&>)
     constexpr DynamicPointer(DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_convertible_v<TOtherDeleter, TDeleter>))
-        : mData(std::exchange(other.mData, 0)), mDeleter(std::move(other.mDeleter)) {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(other.mData == 0, "");
+        : DynamicPointer(other.get(), other.isOwning() ? Owning::YES : Owning::NO, TDeleter(std::move(other.mDeleter)))
+    {
+        other.mData = 0;
     }
     constexpr ~DynamicPointer() noexcept
     {
@@ -64,6 +65,15 @@ public:
         return *this;
     }
 
+    // template<typename TOther, typename TOtherDeleter> requires (std::is_base_of_v<TOther, T>)
+    // constexpr operator DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>() && // MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TDeleter>>)
+    // {
+    //     const Owning owning = isOwning() ? Owning::YES : Owning::NO;
+    //     T* const ptr = release();
+    // 
+    //     return DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>(static_cast<TOther*>(ptr), owning, TOtherDeleter(std::move(mDeleter)));
+    // }
+
     template<typename TOther, typename TOtherDeleter> requires(std::equality_comparable_with<T, TOther>)
     auto operator<=>(const DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
@@ -155,9 +165,9 @@ bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t, const DynamicPointer<T, TDeleter>& pointer) MIJI
 }
 
 template<typename T, typename... TArgs>
-DynamicPointer<T, std::default_delete<T>> makeDynamic(TArgs&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<T, TArgs...>))
+DynamicPointer<T> makeDynamic(TArgs&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<T, TArgs...>))
 {
-    return DynamicPointer<T, std::default_delete<T>>(new T(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...), Owning::YES);
+    return DynamicPointer<T>(new T(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...), Owning::YES);
 }
 
 template<typename T, allocator_type_for<T> TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
@@ -171,6 +181,12 @@ DynamicPointer<T, AllocatorDeleter<TAllocator>> makeDynamicWithAllocator(TAlloca
     }
     return DynamicPointer<T, AllocatorDeleter<TAllocator>>(obj, Owning::YES, AllocatorDeleter<TAllocator>(std::move(allocator)));
 }
+
+template<typename T>
+DynamicPointer<T> wrapDynamic(T* raw)
+{
+    return DynamicPointer<T>(raw, Owning::NO);
+}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_MEMORY_DYNAMIC_POINTER_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/types/result.hpp

@@ -60,6 +60,32 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] const TError& getError() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::get<TError>(state_); }
 };
 
+namespace impl
+{
+struct ResultSuccess {};
+}
+
+template<typename TError>
+class ResultBase<void, TError> : public ResultBase<impl::ResultSuccess, TError>
+{
+public:
+    ResultBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : ResultBase<impl::ResultSuccess, TError>(impl::ResultSuccess{}) {}
+    ResultBase(const ResultBase&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ResultBase(ResultBase&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ResultBase(TError errorValue) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : ResultBase<impl::ResultSuccess, TError>(std::move(errorValue)) {}
+
+    ResultBase& operator=(const ResultBase&) = default;
+    ResultBase& operator=(ResultBase&&) = default;
+    
+    impl::ResultSuccess& operator*() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+    const impl::ResultSuccess& operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+    impl::ResultSuccess* operator->() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+    const impl::ResultSuccess* operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] impl::ResultSuccess& getValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+    [[nodiscard]] const impl::ResultSuccess& getValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+};
+
 struct ResultError
 {
     std::string message;
@@ -73,7 +99,7 @@ struct ResultError
     ResultError& operator=(ResultError&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 };
 
-template<typename TSuccess>
+template<typename TSuccess = void>
 using Result = ResultBase<TSuccess, ResultError>;
 
 //

source/mijin/util/annot.hpp

@@ -160,6 +160,9 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]]
     constexpr const T& get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_; }
 
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    constexpr T release() && MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::exchange(base_, nullptr); }
+
     template<nullable_type TOther>
     friend class NotNullable;
 };

source/mijin/util/bitarray.hpp

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cstddef>
 
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+
 namespace mijin
 {
 

source/mijin/util/exception.hpp

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@
 #ifndef MIJIN_UTIL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED
 #define MIJIN_UTIL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#include <format>
 #include <stdexcept>
+#include <typeinfo>
 
+#include "../detect.hpp"
 #include "../debug/stacktrace.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
@@ -73,5 +76,76 @@ void walkExceptionCause(const std::exception_ptr& cause, TFunc func)
         }
     }
 }
+
+template<typename TFunc>
+void walkException(const std::exception& exc, TFunc func)
+{
+    func(exc);
+}
+
+template<typename TFunc>
+void walkException(const mijin::Exception& exc, TFunc func)
+{
+    func(exc);
+    walkExceptionCause(exc.getCause(), func);
+}
 } // namespace mijin
+
+template<typename TChar>
+struct std::formatter<mijin::Exception, TChar>
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+
+    template<class TContext>
+    constexpr TContext::iterator parse(TContext& ctx)
+    {
+        auto it = ctx.begin();
+        auto end = ctx.end();
+
+        if (it != end && *it != MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, '}'))
+        {
+            throw std::format_error("invalid format");
+        }
+
+        return it;
+    }
+
+    template<typename TContext>
+    TContext::iterator format(const mijin::Exception& exception, TContext& ctx) const
+    {
+        using namespace std::literals;
+
+        auto it = ctx.out();
+        bool first = true;
+        mijin::walkException(exception, [&]<typename T>(const T& exc)
+        {
+            if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<T, std::nullptr_t>)
+            {
+                if (!first) {
+                    it = std::ranges::copy(MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "\nCaused by:\n"sv), it).out;
+                }
+                first = false;
+#if MIJIN_RTTI
+                it = std::ranges::copy(std::basic_string_view(typeid(exc).name()), it).out;
+                it = std::ranges::copy(MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, ": "sv), it).out;
+#endif
+                it = std::ranges::copy(std::basic_string_view(exc.what()), it).out;
+                if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, mijin::Exception>)
+                {
+                    if (const mijin::Result<mijin::Stacktrace>& trace = exc.getStacktrace(); trace.isSuccess())
+                    {
+                        *it = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, '\n');
+                        ++it;
+                        it = std::format_to(it, MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "{}"), trace.getValue());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                it = std::ranges::copy(MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "<unknown exception>"sv), it).out;
+            }
+        });
+        return it;
+    }
+};
 #endif // MIJIN_UTIL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/util/string.hpp

@@ -33,6 +33,16 @@ namespace mijin
 // public constants
 //
 
+namespace detail
+{
+template<typename TChar>
+static constexpr std::array DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA = {TChar(' '), TChar('\t'), TChar('\r'), TChar('\n')};
+}
+
+template<typename TChar>
+static const std::basic_string_view<TChar, std::char_traits<TChar>> DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS
+    = {detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.begin(), detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.end()};
+
 //
 // public traits
 //
@@ -98,6 +108,361 @@ struct SplitOptions
     bool ignoreEmpty = true;
 };
 
+struct [[nodiscard]] ConvertCharTypeResult
+{
+    unsigned numRead = 0;
+    unsigned numWritten = 0;
+
+    constexpr operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return numRead != 0 || numWritten != 0;
+    }
+    constexpr bool operator !() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !static_cast<bool>(*this);
+    }
+};
+
+struct SplitViewOptions
+{
+    bool ignoreEmpty = true;
+    bool trim = false;
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, TChar splitAt, SplitViewOptions options = SplitViewOptions(), typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+struct SplitStringTraitsCT
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>;
+
+    static constexpr char_t getSplitAt() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return splitAt; }
+    static constexpr bool getIgnoreEmpty() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return options.ignoreEmpty; }
+    static constexpr bool getTrim() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return options.trim; }
+    static constexpr auto getTrimChars() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<char_t>; }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+struct SplitStringTraitsRT
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>;
+
+    char_t splitAt;
+    bool ignoreEmpty;
+    string_view_t trimChars = {};
+
+    constexpr char_t getSplitAt() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return splitAt; }
+    constexpr bool getIgnoreEmpty() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return ignoreEmpty; }
+    constexpr bool getTrim() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !trimChars.empty(); }
+    constexpr string_view_t getTrimChars() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return trimChars; }
+};
+
+template<typename T, typename TChar>
+concept SplitStringTraitsType = std::is_copy_constructible_v<T> && requires(const T& object)
+{
+    typename T::char_t;
+    typename T::string_view_t;
+    { object.getSplitAt() } -> std::convertible_to<TChar>;
+    { object.getIgnoreEmpty() } -> std::convertible_to<bool>;
+    { object.getTrim() } -> std::convertible_to<bool>;
+    { object.getTrimChars() } -> std::convertible_to<typename T::string_view_t>;
+};
+static_assert(SplitStringTraitsType<SplitStringTraitsCT<char, ' '>, char>);
+static_assert(SplitStringTraitsType<SplitStringTraitsRT<char>, char>);
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TLine, SplitViewOptions options = SplitViewOptions(), typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+struct SplitLineTraitsCT : SplitStringTraitsCT<TChar, '\n', options, TCharTraits>
+{
+    using base_t = SplitStringTraitsCT<TChar, '\n', options, TCharTraits>;
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using line_t = TLine;
+
+    line_t line = 1;
+
+    using base_t::getSplitAt;
+    using base_t::getIgnoreEmpty;
+    using base_t::getTrim;
+    using base_t::getTrimChars;
+    constexpr void onNext() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
+        ++line;
+    }
+    constexpr line_t getLine() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return line; }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TLine, typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+struct SplitLineTraitsRT
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using line_t = TLine;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>;
+    
+    line_t line = 1;
+    bool ignoreEmpty;
+    string_view_t trimChars = {};
+
+    constexpr char_t getSplitAt() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return '\n'; }
+    constexpr bool getIgnoreEmpty() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return ignoreEmpty; }
+    constexpr bool getTrim() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !trimChars.empty(); }
+    constexpr string_view_t getTrimChars() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return trimChars; }
+    constexpr line_t getLine() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return line; }
+    constexpr void onNext() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
+        ++line;
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename T, typename TChar, typename TLine>
+concept SplitLineTraitsType = SplitStringTraitsType<T, TChar> && requires (const T& object)
+{
+    { object.getLine() } -> std::convertible_to<TLine>;
+};
+static_assert(SplitLineTraitsType<SplitLineTraitsCT<char, unsigned>, char, unsigned>);
+static_assert(SplitLineTraitsType<SplitLineTraitsRT<char, unsigned>, char, unsigned>);
+
+template<typename TString, typename TChars>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto trim(TString&& string, TChars&& chars);
+
+template<typename TChar, SplitStringTraitsType<TChar> TTraits>
+class SplitStringIterator
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using string_view_t = traits_t::string_view_t;
+    using base_t = string_view_t::iterator;
+    using value_type = string_view_t;
+private:
+    [[no_unique_address]] traits_t traits_;
+
+    string_view_t full_;
+    string_view_t::iterator pos_;
+    string_view_t::iterator next_;
+    
+public:
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator(string_view_t full, base_t pos, traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+            : full_(full), pos_(pos), traits_(std::move(traits))
+    {
+        findNext();
+    }
+    constexpr explicit SplitStringIterator(traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : traits_(std::move(traits)) {}
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator(const SplitStringIterator&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator(SplitStringIterator&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator& operator=(const SplitStringIterator&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator& operator=(SplitStringIterator&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+
+    constexpr bool operator==(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ == other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator!=(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ != other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator<(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ < other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator<=(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ <= other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator>(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ > other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator>=(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ >= other.pos_; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    traits_t& getTraits() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return traits_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const traits_t& getTraits() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return traits_;
+    }
+
+    constexpr value_type operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(pos_ != full_.end(), "Dereferencing an invalid iterator.");
+        string_view_t result{pos_, next_};
+        if (traits_.getTrim())
+        {
+            result = trim(result, traits_.getTrimChars());
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(pos_ != full_.end(), "Iterating past end.");
+        if (next_ == full_.end()) {
+            pos_ = full_.end();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            pos_ = std::next(next_);
+            findNext();
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator operator++(int) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        SplitStringIterator copy(*this);
+        ++copy;
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    // TODO
+    // SplitStringIterator& operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    // {
+    //     MIJIN_ASSERT(pos_ != full_.begin(), "Iterating past begin.");
+    //     next_ = std::prev(pos_);
+    //     pos_ = std::find(std::reverse_iterator(next_), std::reverse_iterator(full_.begin()), separator).base();
+    // }
+private:
+    constexpr void findNext()
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if constexpr (requires{{ traits_.onNext() };}) {
+                traits_.onNext();
+            }
+            next_ = std::find(pos_, full_.end(), traits_.getSplitAt());
+
+            if (!traits_.getIgnoreEmpty() || pos_ == full_.end()) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if (traits_.getTrim())
+            {
+                const string_view_t trimChars = traits_.getTrimChars();
+                typename string_view_t::iterator trimmedPos = std::find_if(pos_, next_, [&](char_t chr)
+                {
+                    return !trimChars.contains(chr);
+                });
+                if (trimmedPos == next_)
+                {
+                    pos_ = next_; // skip this part
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (pos_ != next_) {
+                break;
+            }
+            pos_ = std::next(pos_);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, SplitStringTraitsType<TChar> TTraits>
+class SplitStringRange
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using string_view_t = traits_t::string_view_t;
+    using iterator = SplitStringIterator<char_t, traits_t>;
+private:
+    [[no_unique_address]] traits_t traits_;
+    string_view_t stringView_;
+public:
+    constexpr explicit SplitStringRange(string_view_t stringView, traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : stringView_(stringView), traits_(std::move(traits)) {}
+    constexpr SplitStringRange(const SplitStringRange&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringRange(SplitStringRange&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringRange& operator=(const SplitStringRange&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringRange& operator=(SplitStringRange&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr auto operator<=>(const SplitStringRange&) const noexcept = default;
+
+    constexpr iterator begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+    {
+        return iterator(stringView_, stringView_.begin(), traits_);
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+    {
+        return iterator(stringView_, stringView_.end(), traits_);
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TLine = unsigned, SplitLineTraitsType<TChar, TLine> TTraits = SplitLineTraitsCT<TChar, TLine>>
+class LineIterator
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using line_t = TLine;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using base_t = SplitStringIterator<TChar, traits_t>;
+    using string_view_t = base_t::string_view_t;
+    using value_type = std::pair<string_view_t, line_t>;
+private:
+    base_t base_ = {};
+public:
+    constexpr LineIterator(string_view_t full, string_view_t::iterator pos, traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : base_(full, pos, std::move(traits)) {}
+    constexpr explicit LineIterator(traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : base_(std::move(traits)) {}
+    LineIterator(const LineIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    LineIterator(LineIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+
+    LineIterator& operator=(const LineIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    LineIterator& operator=(LineIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    
+    bool operator==(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ == other.base_; }
+    bool operator!=(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ != other.base_; }
+    bool operator<(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ < other.base_; }
+    bool operator>(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ > other.base_; }
+    bool operator<=(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ <= other.base_; }
+    bool operator>=(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ >= other.base_; }
+    
+    constexpr value_type operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        string_view_t stringView = *base_;
+        if (!base_.getTraits().getTrim())
+        {
+            // always split \r, even if not trimming other whitespace
+            if (stringView.ends_with('\r')) {
+                stringView = stringView.substr(0, stringView.size() - 1);
+            }
+        }
+        return {stringView, base_.getTraits().line};
+    }
+
+    constexpr LineIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ++base_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr LineIterator operator++(int) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        SplitStringIterator copy(*this);
+        ++copy;
+        return copy;
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TLine = unsigned, SplitLineTraitsType<TChar, TLine> TTraits = SplitLineTraitsCT<TChar, TLine>>
+class LineRange
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using line_t = TLine;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using iterator = LineIterator<char_t, line_t, traits_t>;
+    using string_view_t = iterator::string_view_t;
+private:
+    [[no_unique_address]] traits_t traits_;
+    string_view_t stringView_;
+public:
+    constexpr explicit LineRange(string_view_t stringView, traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : traits_(std::move(traits)), stringView_(stringView) {}
+    constexpr LineRange(const LineRange&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr LineRange(LineRange&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr LineRange& operator=(const LineRange&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr LineRange& operator=(LineRange&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr auto operator<=>(const LineRange&) const noexcept = default;
+
+    constexpr iterator begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return iterator(stringView_, stringView_.begin(), traits_);
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return iterator(stringView_, stringView_.end(), traits_);
+    }
+};
+
 //
 // public functions
 //
@@ -273,13 +638,6 @@ std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> trimImpl(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TT
 {
     return trimPrefixImpl(trimSuffixImpl(stringView, charsToTrim), charsToTrim);
 }
-
-template<typename TChar>
-static const std::array DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA = {TChar(' '), TChar('\t'), TChar('\r'), TChar('\n')};
-
-template<typename TChar>
-static const std::basic_string_view<TChar, std::char_traits<TChar>> DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS
-    = {DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.begin(), DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.end()};
 }
 
 template<typename TLeft, typename TRight>
@@ -296,6 +654,61 @@ template<std::size_t count, typename TLeft, typename TRight>
                                          std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TRight>(separator)), options, outNumResults);
 }
 
+template<typename TTraits, typename TChar> requires (SplitStringTraitsType<TTraits, TChar>)
+[[nodiscard]] SplitStringRange<TChar, TTraits> splitView(typename TTraits::string_view_t stringView, TTraits traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TTraits>)
+{
+    return SplitStringRange<TChar, TTraits>(stringView, std::move(traits));
+}
+
+template<auto splitAt, SplitViewOptions options = SplitViewOptions(), typename TStringView, typename TChar = decltype(splitAt), typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+[[nodiscard]] SplitStringRange<TChar, SplitStringTraitsCT<TChar, splitAt, options, TCharTraits>> splitView(TStringView&& stringView) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return splitView<SplitStringTraitsCT<TChar, splitAt, options, TCharTraits>>(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>(std::forward<TStringView>(stringView)));
+}
+
+template<typename TStringView, typename TChar, typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, typename TTrimChars = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>>
+[[nodiscard]] auto splitView(TStringView&& stringView, TChar splitAt, bool ignoreEmpty = true, TTrimChars trimChars = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return splitView(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>(std::forward<TStringView>(stringView)), SplitStringTraitsRT<TChar, TCharTraits>{
+        .splitAt = splitAt,
+        .ignoreEmpty = ignoreEmpty,
+        .trimChars = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>(std::forward<TTrimChars>(trimChars))
+    });
+}
+
+template<typename TTraits, typename TChar, typename TLine = unsigned> requires(SplitLineTraitsType<TTraits, TChar, TLine>)
+[[nodiscard]] LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits> splitLines(typename TTraits::string_view_t stringView, TTraits traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TTraits>)
+{
+    return LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>(stringView, std::move(traits));
+}
+
+template<typename TLine = unsigned, SplitViewOptions options = SplitViewOptions{.ignoreEmpty=false},
+    typename TParam,
+    typename TStringView = decltype(std::basic_string_view(std::declval<TParam&&>())),
+    typename TChar = typename TStringView::value_type,
+    typename TCharTraits = typename TStringView::traits_type,
+    typename TTraits = SplitLineTraitsCT<TChar, TLine, options, TCharTraits>>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto splitLines(TParam&& stringView) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>
+{
+    return LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>(std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TParam>(stringView)));
+}
+
+template<typename TParam, typename TLine = unsigned,
+         typename TStringView = decltype(std::basic_string_view(std::declval<TParam&&>())),
+         typename TChar = typename TStringView::value_type,
+         typename TCharTraits = typename TStringView::traits_type,
+         typename TTraits = SplitLineTraitsRT<TChar, TLine, TCharTraits>,
+         typename TTrimChars = TStringView>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto splitLines(TParam&& stringView, bool ignoreEmpty, TTrimChars&& trimChars = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>
+{
+    return LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>(std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TParam>(stringView)), TTraits{
+        .ignoreEmpty = ignoreEmpty,
+        .trimChars = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>(std::forward<TTrimChars>(trimChars))
+    });
+}
+
 template<typename TString, typename TChars>
 [[nodiscard]]
 auto trimPrefix(TString&& string, TChars&& chars)
@@ -307,7 +720,7 @@ template<typename TString>
 [[nodiscard]]
 auto trimPrefix(TString&& string)
 {
-    return trimPrefix(string, detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
+    return trimPrefix(string, DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
 }
 
 template<typename TString, typename TChars>
@@ -321,7 +734,7 @@ template<typename TString>
 [[nodiscard]]
 auto trimSuffix(TString&& string)
 {
-    return trimSuffix(string, detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
+    return trimSuffix(string, DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
 }
 
 template<typename TString, typename TChars>
@@ -335,7 +748,7 @@ template<typename TString>
 [[nodiscard]]
 auto trim(TString&& string)
 {
-    return trim(string, detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
+    return trim(string, DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
 }
 
 template<typename TLeft, typename TRight>
@@ -487,21 +900,6 @@ auto operator|(TIterable&& iterable, const Join& joiner)
 }
 } // namespace pipe
 
-struct [[nodiscard]] ConvertCharTypeResult
-{
-    unsigned numRead = 0;
-    unsigned numWritten = 0;
-
-    constexpr operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-    {
-        return numRead != 0 || numWritten != 0;
-    }
-    constexpr bool operator !() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-    {
-        return !static_cast<bool>(*this);
-    }
-};
-
 template<typename TFrom, typename TTo>
 ConvertCharTypeResult convertCharType(const TFrom* chrFrom, std::size_t numFrom, TTo* outTo, std::size_t numTo, std::mbstate_t& mbstate) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
@@ -622,6 +1020,54 @@ bool convertStringType(const TFrom* strFrom, std::basic_string<TTo, TToTraits, T
 {
     return convertStringType(std::basic_string_view<TFrom>(strFrom), outString);
 }
+
+struct StringQuoteOptions
+{
+    bool replaceNewlines = false;
+};
+
+template<StringQuoteOptions options = {}, typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAlloc = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<TChar>>
+std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAlloc> quoted(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> input)
+{
+    std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits> result;
+    result.reserve(input.size() + 2);
+    result.push_back(TChar('"'));
+    for (const TChar chr : input)
+    {
+        switch (chr)
+        {
+        case TChar('"'):
+        case TChar('\\'):
+            result.push_back(TChar('\\'));
+            break;
+        case TChar('\n'):
+            if constexpr (options.replaceNewlines)
+            {
+                result.push_back(TChar('\\'));
+                result.push_back(TChar('n'));
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
+        case TChar('\r'):
+            if constexpr (options.replaceNewlines)
+            {
+                result.push_back(TChar('\\'));
+                result.push_back(TChar('r'));
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        result.push_back(chr);
+    }
+    result.push_back(TChar('"'));
+    return result;
+}
+
+template<StringQuoteOptions options = {}, typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAlloc>
+std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAlloc> quoted(const std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAlloc>& input)
+{
+    return quoted<options, TChar, TTraits, TAlloc>(std::basic_string_view(input));
+}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_STRING_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/traits.hpp

@@ -192,6 +192,18 @@ struct is_type_member<TElement, TCollection<Ts...>>
 template<typename TElement, typename TCollection>
 constexpr bool is_type_member_v = is_type_member<TElement, TCollection>::value;
 
+template<typename T, typename TObject>
+struct is_member_object_pointer_of : std::false_type {};
+
+template<typename TMember, typename TObject>
+struct is_member_object_pointer_of<TMember (TObject::*), TObject> : std::true_type {};
+
+template<typename T, typename TObject>
+inline constexpr bool is_member_object_pointer_of_v = is_member_object_pointer_of<T, TObject>::value;
+
+template<typename T, typename TObject>
+concept member_object_pointer_of = is_member_object_pointer_of_v<T, TObject>;
+
 template<typename TFrom, typename TTo>
 using copy_const_t = std::conditional_t<std::is_const_v<TFrom>, std::add_const_t<TTo>, std::remove_const_t<TTo>>;
 

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/filesystem.hpp

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class FileSystemAdapter
 public:
     virtual ~FileSystemAdapter() = default;
 
-    [[deprecated("Will be removed ASAP")]]
+    [[deprecated("Will be removed ASAP, use getKnownFolder(KnownFolder::USER_HOME) from platform/folders.hpp instead.")]]
     [[nodiscard]] virtual fs::path getHomeFolder() { return {}; } // TODO: get rid of this ...
     [[nodiscard]] virtual std::vector<FileInfo> listFiles(const fs::path& folder) = 0;
     [[nodiscard]] virtual FileInfo getFileInfo(const fs::path& file) = 0;

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/relative.hpp

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fs::path RelativeFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::appendPath(const fs::path& other)
     else {
         combinedPath /= other;
     }
-    return combinedPath;
+    return combinedPath.lexically_normal();
 }
 
 namespace vfs_pipe