Logging: added default formatter and makeLogFormatter() utility function.

Made throwOnError() throw Exception instead of std::runtime_error.

source/mijin/async/coroutine.hpp

@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@
 #define MIJIN_ASYNC_COROUTINE_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
 
-#if !defined(MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO)
-#   define MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO 0 // Capture stack each time a coroutine is started. Warning, expensive! // TODO: maybe implement a lighter version only storing the return address?
-#endif
-
 #include <any>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <coroutine>
@@ -25,7 +21,17 @@
 #include "../util/flag.hpp"
 #include "../util/iterators.hpp"
 #include "../util/misc.hpp"
+#include "../util/scope_guard.hpp"
 #include "../util/traits.hpp"
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO)
+#   define MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO 0 // Capture stack each time a coroutine is started. Warning, expensive! // TODO: maybe implement a lighter version only storing the return address?
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+#   define MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS 0
+#endif
+
 #if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO
 #include "../debug/stacktrace.hpp"
 #endif
@@ -106,6 +112,8 @@ public:
         return !state_.expired();
     }
 
+    [[nodiscard]] const void* getState() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return state_.lock().get(); }
+
     inline void cancel() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
     [[nodiscard]] inline Optional<std::source_location> getLocation() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 #if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO
@@ -185,10 +193,16 @@ struct TaskReturn<void, TPromise>
 };
 }
 
-template<typename TValue>
+template<typename TValue = void, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+using TaskFuture = Future<TValue, TAllocator, MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS>;
+
+template<typename TValue = void, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+using TaskFuturePtr = FuturePtr<TValue, TAllocator, MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS>;
+
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 struct TaskAwaitableFuture
 {
-    FuturePtr<TValue> future;
+    TaskFuturePtr<TValue, TAllocator> future;
 
     [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool await_ready() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return future->ready(); }
     constexpr void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<>) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
@@ -328,12 +342,12 @@ struct TaskPromise : impl::TaskReturn<typename TTraits::result_t, TaskPromise<TT
 
     // constexpr void unhandled_exception() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
 
-    template<typename TValue>
-    auto await_transform(FuturePtr<TValue> future, std::source_location sourceLoc = std::source_location::current()) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator2>
+    auto await_transform(TaskFuturePtr<TValue, TAllocator2> future, std::source_location sourceLoc = std::source_location::current()) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         MIJIN_ASSERT(loop_ != nullptr, "Cannot await future outside of a loop!");
         sharedState_->sourceLoc = std::move(sourceLoc);
-        TaskAwaitableFuture<TValue> awaitable{future};
+        TaskAwaitableFuture<TValue, TAllocator> awaitable{future};
         if (!awaitable.await_ready())
         {
             state_.status = TaskStatus::WAITING;
@@ -634,10 +648,10 @@ public:
     void setUncaughtExceptionHandler(exception_handler_t handler) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { uncaughtExceptionHandler_ = std::move(handler); }
 
     template<typename TResult>
-    FuturePtr<TResult> addTaskImpl(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator> task, TaskHandle* outHandle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    TaskFuturePtr<TResult, TAllocator> addTaskImpl(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator> task, TaskHandle* outHandle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
     template<typename TResult>
-    FuturePtr<TResult> addTask(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator> task, TaskHandle* outHandle = nullptr) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    TaskFuturePtr<TResult, TAllocator> addTask(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator> task, TaskHandle* outHandle = nullptr) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         static_assert(TaskAllocatorTraits<TAllocator>::default_is_valid_v, "Allocator is not valid when default constructed, use makeTask() instead.");
         return addTaskImpl(std::move(task), outHandle);
@@ -663,7 +677,7 @@ protected:
 protected:
     static inline TaskLoop*& currentLoopStorage() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
     template<typename TResult>
-    static inline void setFutureHelper(StoredTask& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    static inline void setFutureHelper(StoredTask& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(!MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS);
 };
 
 template<typename TResult = void>
@@ -779,7 +793,7 @@ void TaskHandle::cancel() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     }
 }
 
-Optional<std::source_location> TaskHandle::getLocation() const noexcept
+Optional<std::source_location> TaskHandle::getLocation() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     if (std::shared_ptr<TaskSharedState> state = state_.lock())
     {
@@ -810,12 +824,12 @@ TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator>::~TaskBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 
 template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 template<typename TResult>
-FuturePtr<TResult> TaskLoop<TAllocator>::addTaskImpl(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator> task, TaskHandle* outHandle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+TaskFuturePtr<TResult, TAllocator> TaskLoop<TAllocator>::addTaskImpl(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator> task, TaskHandle* outHandle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     MIJIN_ASSERT(!task.getLoop(), "Attempting to add task that already has a loop!");
     task.setLoop(this);
 
-    FuturePtr<TResult> future = std::allocate_shared<Future<TResult>>(TAllocator<Future<TResult>>(allocator_), allocator_);
+    TaskFuturePtr<TResult, TAllocator> future = std::allocate_shared<TaskFuture<TResult, TAllocator>>(TAllocator<Future<TResult, TAllocator>>(allocator_), allocator_);
     auto setFuture = &setFutureHelper<TResult>;
 
     if (outHandle != nullptr)
@@ -825,7 +839,7 @@ FuturePtr<TResult> TaskLoop<TAllocator>::addTaskImpl(TaskBase<TResult, TAllocato
 
     // add tasks to a seperate vector first as we might be running another task right now
     TAllocator<WrappedTask<TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator>>> allocator(allocator_);
-    addStoredTask(StoredTask(wrapTask(std::move(allocator), std::move(task)), std::move(setFuture), std::move(future)));
+    addStoredTask(StoredTask(wrapTask(std::move(allocator), std::move(task)), std::move(setFuture), future));
 
     return future;
 }
@@ -854,7 +868,7 @@ TaskStatus TaskLoop<TAllocator>::tickTask(StoredTask& task)
     while (status == TaskStatus::RUNNING);
     impl::gCurrentTaskState = nullptr;
 
-#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTION_HANDLING
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTION_HANDLING && !MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS
     if (task.task && task.task->exception())
     {
         try
@@ -882,7 +896,22 @@ TaskStatus TaskLoop<TAllocator>::tickTask(StoredTask& task)
 #endif // MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTION_HANDLING
     if (status == TaskStatus::YIELDED || status == TaskStatus::FINISHED)
     {
-        task.setFuture(task);
+        try
+        {
+            task.setFuture(task);
+        }
+        catch(TaskCancelled&) {}
+        catch(...)
+        {
+            if (uncaughtExceptionHandler_)
+            {
+                uncaughtExceptionHandler_(std::current_exception());
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
     }
     return status;
 }
@@ -909,10 +938,22 @@ template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 
 template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 template<typename TResult>
-/* static */ inline void TaskLoop<TAllocator>::setFutureHelper(StoredTask& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+/* static */ inline void TaskLoop<TAllocator>::setFutureHelper(StoredTask& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(!MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
 {
     TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator>& task = *static_cast<TaskBase<TResult, TAllocator>*>(storedTask.task->raw());
-    auto future = std::any_cast<FuturePtr<TResult>>(storedTask.resultData);
+    const auto& future = std::any_cast<TaskFuturePtr<TResult, TAllocator>&>(storedTask.resultData);
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (task.state().exception)
+    {
+        if (future.use_count() < 2)
+        {
+            // future has been discarded, but someone must handle the exception
+            std::rethrow_exception(task.state().exception);
+        }
+        future->setException(task.state().exception);
+        return;
+    }
+#endif
 
     if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<TResult, void>)
     {
@@ -925,7 +966,7 @@ template<typename TResult>
 }
 
 template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
-inline std::suspend_always switchContext(TaskLoop<TAllocator>& taskLoop)
+inline std::suspend_always c_switchContext(TaskLoop<TAllocator>& taskLoop)
 {
     TaskLoop<TAllocator>& currentTaskLoop = TaskLoop<TAllocator>::current();
     if (&currentTaskLoop == &taskLoop) {
@@ -935,6 +976,12 @@ inline std::suspend_always switchContext(TaskLoop<TAllocator>& taskLoop)
     return {};
 }
 
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+inline std::suspend_always switchContext(TaskLoop<TAllocator>& taskLoop)
+{
+    return c_switchContext(taskLoop);
+}
+
 template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 void BaseSimpleTaskLoop<TAllocator>::transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop<TAllocator>& otherLoop) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
@@ -997,6 +1044,9 @@ inline auto BaseSimpleTaskLoop<TAllocator>::tick() -> CanContinue
     // set current taskloop
     MIJIN_ASSERT(TaskLoop<TAllocator>::currentLoopStorage() == nullptr, "Trying to tick a loop from a coroutine, this is not supported.");
     TaskLoop<TAllocator>::currentLoopStorage() = this;
+    MIJIN_SCOPE_EXIT {
+        TaskLoop<TAllocator>::currentLoopStorage() = nullptr;
+    };
     threadId_ = std::this_thread::get_id();
 
     // move over all tasks from newTasks
@@ -1046,8 +1096,6 @@ inline auto BaseSimpleTaskLoop<TAllocator>::tick() -> CanContinue
             canContinue = CanContinue::YES;
         }
     }
-    // reset current loop
-    TaskLoop<TAllocator>::currentLoopStorage() = nullptr;
 
     // remove any tasks that have been transferred to another queue
     it = std::remove_if(tasks_.begin(), tasks_.end(), [](const StoredTask& task) {
@@ -1189,7 +1237,7 @@ void BaseMultiThreadedTaskLoop<TAllocator>::workerThread(std::stop_token stopTok
         // run it
         getCurrentTask() = &*task;
         impl::gCurrentTaskState = task->task->sharedState();
-        tickTask(*task);
+        base_t::tickTask(*task);
         getCurrentTask() = nullptr;
         impl::gCurrentTaskState = nullptr;
 
@@ -1247,14 +1295,14 @@ inline TaskAwaitableSuspend c_suspend() {
     return TaskAwaitableSuspend();
 }
 
-template<template<typename...> typename TCollection, typename TType, typename... TTemplateArgs>
-Task<> c_allDone(const TCollection<FuturePtr<TType>, TTemplateArgs...>& futures)
+template<template<typename...> typename TCollection, FutureType TFuture, typename... TTemplateArgs>
+Task<> c_allDone(const TCollection<TFuture, TTemplateArgs...>& futures)
 {
     bool allDone = true;
     do
     {
         allDone = true;
-        for (const FuturePtr<TType>& future : futures)
+        for (const TFuture& future : futures)
         {
             if (future && !future->ready()) {
                 allDone = false;

source/mijin/async/future.hpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_ASYNC_FUTURE_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_ASYNC_FUTURE_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#include <exception>
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -27,43 +28,113 @@ namespace mijin
 //
 // public types
 //
-template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR, bool exceptions = false>
 class Future;
 
 // TODO: add support for mutexes and waiting for futures
 namespace impl
 {
-template<typename TValue>
+template<typename TValue, bool exceptions>
 struct FutureStorage
 {
     Optional<TValue> value;
 
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool hasValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !value.empty();
+    }
+
     void setValue(TValue value_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { value = std::move(value_); }
     [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return value.get(); }
 
 };
 
-// template<typename TValue>
-// struct FutureStorage<TValue&>
-// {
-//     Optional<TValue*> value;
-//
-//     void setValue(TValue& value_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { value = &value_; }
-//     [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return *value.get(); }
-// };
+template<>
+struct FutureStorage<void, false>
+{
+    bool isSet = false;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool hasValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return isSet;
+    }
+    void setValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        isSet = true;
+    }
+    void getValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
+};
+
+#if MIJIN_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS
+template<typename TValue>
+struct FutureStorage<TValue, true>
+{
+    Optional<TValue> value;
+    std::exception_ptr exception;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool hasValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (exception) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return !value.empty();
+    }
+
+    void setException(std::exception_ptr exc) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        exception = std::move(exc);
+    }
+    void setValue(TValue value_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { value = std::move(value_); }
+    [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue()
+    {
+        if (exception) {
+            std::rethrow_exception(exception);
+        }
+        return value.get();
+    }
+
+};
 
 template<>
-struct FutureStorage<void>
+struct FutureStorage<void, true>
 {
+    bool isSet = false;
+    std::exception_ptr exception;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool hasValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (exception) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return isSet;
+    }
+    void setException(std::exception_ptr exc) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        exception = std::move(exc);
+    }
+    void setValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        isSet = true;
+    }
+    void getValue()
+    {
+        if (exception) {
+            std::rethrow_exception(exception);
+        }
+    }
 };
+#endif
 } // namespace impl
 
-template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator, bool exceptions>
 class Future
 {
 private:
-    [[no_unique_address]] impl::FutureStorage<TValue> value_;
-    bool isSet_ = false;
+    impl::FutureStorage<TValue, exceptions> value_;
 public:
     Future() = default;
     Future(const Future&) = delete;
@@ -80,10 +151,12 @@ public:
     constexpr bool operator!() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !ready(); }
 public: // access
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr decltype(auto) get() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    constexpr decltype(auto) get() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(!exceptions)
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(isSet_, "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
-        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>) {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(ready(), "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
+        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
+        {
+            value_.getValue(); // in case of exceptions
             return;
         }
         else {
@@ -91,10 +164,12 @@ public: // access
         }
     }
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr decltype(auto) get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    constexpr decltype(auto) get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(!exceptions)
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(isSet_, "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
-        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>) {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(ready(), "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
+        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
+        {
+            value_.getValue(); // in case of exceptions
             return;
         }
         else {
@@ -104,22 +179,22 @@ public: // access
     [[nodiscard]]
     constexpr bool ready() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
-        return isSet_;
+        return value_.hasValue();
     }
 public: // modification
     template<typename TArg> requires (!std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
     constexpr void set(TArg&& value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(!isSet_, "Trying to set a future twice!");
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!ready(), "Trying to set a future twice!");
         value_.setValue(std::move(value));
-        isSet_ = true;
         sigSet.emit();
     }
     constexpr void set() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT requires (std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(!isSet_, "Trying to set a future twice!");
-        isSet_ = true;
-        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TValue, void>) {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!ready(), "Trying to set a future twice!");
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
+        {
+            value_.setValue();
             sigSet.emit();
         }
         else {
@@ -127,12 +202,38 @@ public: // modification
             MIJIN_ERROR("Attempting to call set(void) on future with value.");
         }
     }
+    constexpr void setException(std::exception_ptr exception) requires (exceptions)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!ready(), "Trying to set a future twice!");
+        if constexpr (exceptions)
+        {
+            value_.setException(std::move(exception));
+        }
+    }
 public: // signals
     BaseSignal<TAllocator> sigSet;
 };
 
+template<typename TValue = void, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR, bool exceptions = false>
+using FuturePtr = std::shared_ptr<Future<TValue, TAllocator, exceptions>>;
+
 template<typename TValue = void, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
-using FuturePtr = std::shared_ptr<Future<TValue, TAllocator>>;
+using ExceptFuture = Future<TValue, TAllocator, true>;
+
+template<typename TValue = void, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+using ExceptFuturePtr = std::shared_ptr<Future<TValue, TAllocator, true>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_future : std::false_type {};
+
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator, bool exceptions>
+struct is_future<Future<TValue, TAllocator, exceptions>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template<typename T>
+inline constexpr bool is_future_t = is_future<T>::value;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept FutureType = is_future<T>::value;
 
 //
 // public functions

source/mijin/async/signal.hpp

@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ inline constexpr signal_token_t INVALID_SIGNAL_TOKEN = std::numeric_limits<signa
 //
 
 MIJIN_DEFINE_FLAG(Oneshot);
+MIJIN_DEFINE_FLAG(DisconnectSignal);
+
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
+class SignalAutoToken;
 
 template<template<typename> typename TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
 class BaseSignal
@@ -39,6 +43,7 @@ class BaseSignal
 public:
     using handler_t = std::function<void(TArgs...)>; // TODO: write a custom function wrapper with allocator support
     using token_t = signal_token_t;
+    using auto_token_t = SignalAutoToken<TAllocator, TArgs...>;
 private:
     struct RegisteredHandler
     {
@@ -75,10 +80,71 @@ public:
 template<typename... TArgs>
 using Signal = BaseSignal<MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR, TArgs...>;
 
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
+class SignalAutoToken
+{
+public:
+    using signal_t = BaseSignal<TAllocator, TArgs...>;
+private:
+    signal_t* signal_ = nullptr;
+    signal_token_t token_ = INVALID_SIGNAL_TOKEN;
+public:
+    SignalAutoToken() = default;
+    SignalAutoToken(const SignalAutoToken&) = delete;
+    SignalAutoToken(SignalAutoToken&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+        : signal_(std::exchange(other.signal_, nullptr)), token_(std::exchange(other.token_, INVALID_SIGNAL_TOKEN)) {}
+    
+    template<typename THandler>
+    SignalAutoToken(signal_t& signal, THandler&& handler, Oneshot oneshot = Oneshot::NO) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+        : signal_(&signal), token_(signal.connect(std::forward<THandler>(handler), oneshot))
+    {}
+    
+    template<typename TObject>
+    SignalAutoToken(signal_t& signal, TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)(TArgs...), Oneshot oneshot = Oneshot::NO) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+        : signal_(&signal), token_(signal.connect(object, handler, oneshot)) {}
+    
+    template<typename TObject>
+    SignalAutoToken(signal_t& signal, TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)(TArgs...) const, Oneshot oneshot = Oneshot::NO) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+        : signal_(&signal), token_(signal.connect(object, handler, oneshot)) {}
+
+    ~SignalAutoToken() noexcept
+    {
+        reset();
+    }
+
+    SignalAutoToken& operator=(const SignalAutoToken&) = delete;
+    SignalAutoToken& operator=(SignalAutoToken&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            reset();
+            signal_ = std::exchange(other.signal_, nullptr);
+            token_ = std::exchange(other.token_, INVALID_SIGNAL_TOKEN);
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+    void reset(DisconnectSignal disconnect = DisconnectSignal::YES) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+
+    friend signal_t;
+};
+
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
+void SignalAutoToken<TAllocator, TArgs...>::reset(DisconnectSignal disconnect) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (signal_ != nullptr && token_ != INVALID_SIGNAL_TOKEN)
+    {
+        if (disconnect) {
+            signal_->disconnect(token_);
+        }
+        signal_ = nullptr;
+        token_ = INVALID_SIGNAL_TOKEN;
+    }
+}
+
 template<template<typename> typename TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
 template<typename THandler, typename TWeak>
 inline auto BaseSignal<TAllocator, TArgs...>::connect(THandler handler, Oneshot oneshot, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> token_t

source/mijin/container/boxed_object.hpp

@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ private:
     bool constructed = false;
 #endif
 public:
-    BoxedObject() noexcept : placeholder_() {};
-    explicit BoxedObject(T object)
+    constexpr BoxedObject() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : placeholder_() {};
+    explicit constexpr BoxedObject(T object) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T>)
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
     : constructed(true)
 #endif
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ public:
     BoxedObject(BoxedObject&&) = delete;
 
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
-    ~BoxedObject()
+    constexpr ~BoxedObject() noexcept
     {
         MIJIN_ASSERT(!constructed, "BoxedObject::~BoxedObject(): Object has not been destroyed prior to destructor!");
     }
@@ -78,13 +78,13 @@ public:
     BoxedObject& operator=(const BoxedObject&) = delete;
     BoxedObject& operator=(BoxedObject&&) = delete;
 
-    T& operator*() noexcept { return get(); }
-    const T& operator*() const noexcept { return get(); }
-    T* operator->() noexcept { return &get(); }
-    const T* operator->() const noexcept { return &get(); }
+    constexpr T& operator*() noexcept { return get(); }
+    constexpr const T& operator*() const noexcept { return get(); }
+    constexpr T* operator->() noexcept { return &get(); }
+    constexpr const T* operator->() const noexcept { return &get(); }
 
     template<typename... TArgs>
-    void construct(TArgs&&... args)
+    constexpr void construct(TArgs&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<T, TArgs...>))
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
         MIJIN_ASSERT(!constructed, "BoxedObject::construct(): Attempt to construct an already constructed object!");
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ public:
         std::construct_at(&object_, std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
     }
 
-    void destroy()
+    constexpr void destroy() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
         MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::destroy(): Attempt to destroy a not constructed object!");
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ public:
         std::destroy_at(&object_);
     }
 
-    void copyTo(BoxedObject& other) const
+    constexpr void copyTo(BoxedObject& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<T>)
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
         MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::copy(): Attempt to copy a not constructed object!");
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public:
         other.construct(object_);
     }
 
-    void moveTo(BoxedObject& other)
+    constexpr void moveTo(BoxedObject& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T>)
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
         MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::copy(): Attempt to copy a not constructed object!");
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public:
         destroy();
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] T& get()
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr T& get() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
         MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::get(): Attempt to access a not constructed object!");
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ public:
         return object_;
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] const T& get() const
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr const T& get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
         MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::get(): Attempt to access a not constructed object!");
@@ -149,38 +149,38 @@ private:
     BoxedObject<T>* end_ = nullptr;
 #endif
 public:
-    BoxedObjectIterator() = default;
-    explicit constexpr BoxedObjectIterator(BoxedObject<T>* box, BoxedObject<T>* start, BoxedObject<T>* end)
+    BoxedObjectIterator() noexcept = default;
+    explicit constexpr BoxedObjectIterator(BoxedObject<T>* box, BoxedObject<T>* start, BoxedObject<T>* end) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
         : box_(box)
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     , start_(start), end_(end)
 #endif
     {}
-    BoxedObjectIterator(const BoxedObjectIterator&) = default;
-    BoxedObjectIterator(BoxedObjectIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator(const BoxedObjectIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator(BoxedObjectIterator&&) noexcept = default;
 
-    BoxedObjectIterator& operator=(const BoxedObjectIterator&) = default;
-    BoxedObjectIterator& operator=(BoxedObjectIterator&&) noexcept = default;
-    BoxedObjectIterator& operator+=(difference_type diff);
-    BoxedObjectIterator& operator-=(difference_type diff) { return (*this += -diff); }
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator& operator=(const BoxedObjectIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator& operator=(BoxedObjectIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator& operator+=(difference_type diff) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator& operator-=(difference_type diff) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return (*this += -diff); }
 
     constexpr auto operator<=>(const BoxedObjectIterator& other) const noexcept = default;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] T& operator*() const;
-    [[nodiscard]] T* operator->() const;
-    BoxedObjectIterator& operator++();
-    BoxedObjectIterator operator++(int);
-    BoxedObjectIterator& operator--();
-    BoxedObjectIterator operator--(int);
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr T& operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr T* operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator& operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator operator--(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] difference_type operator-(const BoxedObjectIterator& other) const { return box_ - other.box_; }
-    [[nodiscard]] BoxedObjectIterator operator+(difference_type diff) const;
-    [[nodiscard]] BoxedObjectIterator operator-(difference_type diff) const { return (*this + -diff); }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr difference_type operator-(const BoxedObjectIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return box_ - other.box_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr BoxedObjectIterator operator+(difference_type diff) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr BoxedObjectIterator operator-(difference_type diff) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return (*this + -diff); }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] T& operator[](difference_type diff) const { return *(*this + diff); }
+    [[nodiscard]] T& operator[](difference_type diff) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return *(*this + diff); }
 };
 template<typename T>
-inline BoxedObjectIterator<T> operator+(std::iter_difference_t<T> diff, const BoxedObjectIterator<T>& iter) {
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T> operator+(std::iter_difference_t<T> diff, const BoxedObjectIterator<T>& iter) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
     return iter + diff;
 }
 static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<BoxedObjectIterator<int>>);
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<BoxedObjectIterator<int>>);
 //
 
 template<typename T>
-BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator+=(difference_type diff)
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator+=(difference_type diff) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     MIJIN_ASSERT(diff <= (end_ - box_) && diff >= (box_ - start_), "BoxedObjectIterator::operator+=(): Attempt to iterate out of range.");
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator+=(difference_type diff)
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-T& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator*() const
+constexpr T& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     MIJIN_ASSERT(box_ >= start_ && box_ < end_, "BoxedObjectIterator::operator->(): Attempt to dereference out-of-range iterator.");
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ T& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator*() const
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator++()
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     MIJIN_ASSERT(box_ < end_, "BoxedObjectIterator::operator++(): Attempt to iterator past the end.");
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator++()
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator++(int)
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     MIJIN_ASSERT(box_ < end_, "BoxedObjectIterator::operator++(int): Attempt to iterator past the end.");
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator++(int)
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator--()
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     MIJIN_ASSERT(box_ > start_, "BoxedObjectIterator::operator--(): Attempt to iterator past start.");
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator--()
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator--(int)
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator--(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     MIJIN_ASSERT(box_ > start_, "BoxedObjectIterator::operator--(int): Attempt to iterator past start.");
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator--(int)
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator+(difference_type diff) const
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator+(difference_type diff) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     BoxedObjectIterator copy(*this);
     copy += diff;

source/mijin/container/memory_view.hpp

@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 #define MIJIN_CONTAINER_MEMORY_VIEW_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
 #include <bit>
-#include <cstddef>
 #include <span>
+#include <string_view>
 #include "../debug/assert.hpp"
-#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -25,60 +25,177 @@ namespace mijin
 // public types
 //
 
-template<typename TBytes>
-class MemoryViewBase
+template<typename T>
+concept MemoryViewable = requires(const T& object)
+{
+    { object.data() } -> std::convertible_to<const void*>;
+    { object.byteSize() } -> std::convertible_to<std::size_t>;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+concept RWMemoryViewable = MemoryViewable<T> && requires(T& object)
+{
+    { object.data() } -> std::convertible_to<void*>;
+};
+
+template<typename TConcrete>
+class MixinMemoryView
+{
+private:
+    MixinMemoryView() = default;
+
+public:
+    static constexpr bool WRITABLE = requires(TConcrete& object) { { object.data() } -> std::convertible_to<void*>; };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    auto makeSpan();
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    auto makeSpan() const;
+
+    template<typename TChar = char, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> makeStringView() const ;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    auto& dataAt(std::size_t offset) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    auto& dataAt(std::size_t offset) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    auto bytes() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        using return_t = mijin::copy_const_t<std::remove_pointer_t<decltype(static_cast<TConcrete*>(this)->data())>, std::byte>;
+        return static_cast<return_t*>(static_cast<TConcrete*>(this)->data());
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    auto bytes() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        using return_t = mijin::copy_const_t<std::remove_pointer_t<decltype(static_cast<const TConcrete*>(this)->data())>, std::byte>;
+        return static_cast<return_t*>(static_cast<const TConcrete*>(this)->data());
+    }
+private:
+    std::size_t byteSizeImpl() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return static_cast<const TConcrete*>(this)->byteSize();
+    }
+
+    friend TConcrete;
+};
+
+class MemoryView : public MixinMemoryView<MemoryView>
 {
 public:
     using size_type = std::size_t;
 private:
-    std::span<TBytes> bytes_;
+    void* data_ = nullptr;
+    std::size_t byteSize_ = 0;
 public:
-    MemoryViewBase() noexcept = default;
-    MemoryViewBase(const MemoryViewBase&) noexcept = default;
-    MemoryViewBase(copy_const_t<TBytes, void>* data, std::size_t size) noexcept : bytes_(static_cast<TBytes*>(data), size) {}
+    MemoryView() noexcept = default;
+    MemoryView(const MemoryView&) = default;
+    MemoryView(void* data, std::size_t byteSize) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : data_(data), byteSize_(byteSize) {}
+    template<typename T> requires(!std::is_const_v<T>)
+    MemoryView(std::span<T> span) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : data_(span.data()), byteSize_(span.size_bytes()) {}
+    template<RWMemoryViewable T>
+    MemoryView(T& memoryViewable) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : data_(memoryViewable.data()), byteSize_(memoryViewable.byteSize()) {}
 
-    MemoryViewBase& operator=(const MemoryViewBase&) noexcept = default;
+    MemoryView& operator=(const MemoryView&) = default;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] void* data() noexcept { return bytes_.data(); }
-    [[nodiscard]] const void* data() const noexcept { return bytes_.data(); }
-    [[nodiscard]] size_type byteSize() const noexcept { return bytes_.size(); }
-    [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept { return bytes_.empty(); }
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    void* data() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return data_; }
 
-    template<typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] std::span<T> makeSpan();
-
-    template<typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] std::span<const T> makeSpan() const;
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    size_type byteSize() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return byteSize_; }
+};
+
+class ConstMemoryView : public MixinMemoryView<ConstMemoryView>
+{
+public:
+    using size_type = std::size_t;
+private:
+    const void* data_;
+    std::size_t byteSize_;
+public:
+    ConstMemoryView() noexcept = default;
+    ConstMemoryView(const ConstMemoryView&) = default;
+    ConstMemoryView(void* data, std::size_t byteSize) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : data_(data), byteSize_(byteSize) {}
+    template<typename T>
+    ConstMemoryView(std::span<T> span) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : data_(span.data()), byteSize_(span.size_bytes()) {}
+    template<MemoryViewable T>
+    ConstMemoryView(const T& memoryViewable) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : data_(memoryViewable.data()), byteSize_(memoryViewable.byteSize()) {}
+
+    ConstMemoryView& operator=(const ConstMemoryView& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const void* data() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return data_; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    size_type byteSize() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return byteSize_; }
 };
-using MemoryView = MemoryViewBase<std::byte>;
-using ConstMemoryView = MemoryViewBase<const std::byte>;
 
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
-template<typename TBytes>
+template<typename TConcrete>
 template<typename T>
-std::span<T> MemoryViewBase<TBytes>::makeSpan()
+auto MixinMemoryView<TConcrete>::makeSpan()
 {
-    static_assert(!std::is_const_v<TBytes>, "Cannot create writable spans from const memory views.");
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(T) == 0, "MemoryView cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
-    return {
-        std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data()),
-        std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size())
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(byteSizeImpl() % sizeof(T) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
+    using return_t = mijin::copy_const_t<decltype(*bytes()), T>;
+    return std::span<return_t>{
+        std::bit_cast<return_t*>(bytes()),
+        std::bit_cast<return_t*>(bytes() + byteSizeImpl())
     };
 }
 
-template<typename TBytes>
+template<typename TConcrete>
 template<typename T>
-std::span<const T> MemoryViewBase<TBytes>::makeSpan() const
+auto MixinMemoryView<TConcrete>::makeSpan() const
 {
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(T) == 0, "MemoryView cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
-    return {
-        std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data()),
-        std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size())
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(byteSizeImpl() % sizeof(T) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
+    using return_t = mijin::copy_const_t<decltype(*bytes()), T>;
+    return std::span<return_t>{
+        std::bit_cast<return_t*>(bytes()),
+        std::bit_cast<return_t*>(bytes() + byteSizeImpl())
     };
 }
+
+template<typename TConcrete>
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits>
+std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> MixinMemoryView<TConcrete>::makeStringView() const
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(byteSizeImpl() % sizeof(TChar) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this char type.");
+    return {std::bit_cast<const TChar*>(bytes()), byteSizeImpl() / sizeof(TChar)};
+}
+
+template<typename TConcrete>
+template<typename T>
+auto& MixinMemoryView<TConcrete>::dataAt(std::size_t offset) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset % alignof(T) == 0, "Offset must be correctly aligned.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset + sizeof(T) < byteSizeImpl(), "Buffer access out-of-range.");
+
+    using return_t = mijin::copy_const_t<decltype(*bytes()), T>;
+    return *std::bit_cast<return_t*>(bytes().data() + offset);
+}
+
+template<typename TConcrete>
+template<typename T>
+auto& MixinMemoryView<TConcrete>::dataAt(std::size_t offset) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset % alignof(T) == 0, "Offset must be correctly aligned.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset + sizeof(T) < byteSizeImpl(), "Buffer access out-of-range.");
+
+    using return_t = mijin::copy_const_t<decltype(*bytes()), T>;
+    return *std::bit_cast<return_t*>(bytes().data() + offset);
+}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_MEMORY_VIEW_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/container/typeless_buffer.hpp

@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
 #include <span>
 #include <string_view>
 #include <vector>
+#include "./memory_view.hpp"
 #include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -27,17 +29,26 @@ namespace mijin
 // public types
 //
 
-template<typename T>
+template<typename T, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
 class BufferView;
 
-class TypelessBuffer
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+class BaseTypelessBuffer : public MixinMemoryView<BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>>
 {
 public:
     using size_type = std::size_t;
 private:
-    std::vector<std::byte> bytes_;
+    std::vector<std::byte, TAllocator<std::byte>> bytes_;
 public:
-    auto operator<=>(const TypelessBuffer&) const noexcept = default;
+    BaseTypelessBuffer() noexcept = default;
+    BaseTypelessBuffer(const BaseTypelessBuffer&) = default;
+    BaseTypelessBuffer(BaseTypelessBuffer&&) = default;
+    explicit BaseTypelessBuffer(TAllocator<std::byte> allocator) : bytes_(std::move(allocator)) {}
+
+    BaseTypelessBuffer& operator=(const BaseTypelessBuffer&) = default;
+    BaseTypelessBuffer& operator=(BaseTypelessBuffer&&) = default;
+
+    auto operator<=>(const BaseTypelessBuffer&) const noexcept = default;
     
     [[nodiscard]] void* data() noexcept { return bytes_.data(); }
     [[nodiscard]] const void* data() const noexcept { return bytes_.data(); }
@@ -50,26 +61,13 @@ public:
     template<typename T>
     [[nodiscard]] BufferView<T> makeBufferView() { return BufferView<T>(this); }
     
-    template<typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] std::span<T> makeSpan();
-
-    template<typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] std::span<const T> makeSpan() const;
-    
-    template<typename TChar = char, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
-    [[nodiscard]] std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> makeStringView() const ;
-    
     template<typename T>
     void append(std::span<const T> data);
-
-    template<typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] T& dataAt(size_type offset) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-
-    template<typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] const T& dataAt(size_type offset) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 };
 
-template<typename T>
+using TypelessBuffer = BaseTypelessBuffer<>;
+
+template<typename T, template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 class BufferView
 {
 public:
@@ -84,10 +82,10 @@ public:
     using iterator = T*;
     using const_iterator = const T*;
 private:
-    class TypelessBuffer* buffer_ = nullptr;
+    class BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>* buffer_ = nullptr;
 public:
     BufferView() = default;
-    explicit BufferView(class TypelessBuffer* buffer) : buffer_(buffer) {}
+    explicit BufferView(class BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>* buffer) : buffer_(buffer) {}
     BufferView(const BufferView&) = default;
 
     BufferView& operator=(const BufferView&) = default;
@@ -131,57 +129,13 @@ public:
 // public functions
 //
 
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 template<typename T>
-std::span<T> TypelessBuffer::makeSpan()
-{
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(T) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
-    return {
-        std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data()),
-        std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size())
-    };
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-std::span<const T> TypelessBuffer::makeSpan() const
-{
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(T) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
-    return {
-        std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data()),
-        std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size())
-    };
-}
-
-template<typename TChar, typename TTraits>
-std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> TypelessBuffer::makeStringView() const
-{
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(TChar) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this char type.");
-    return {std::bit_cast<const TChar*>(bytes_.data()), bytes_.size() / sizeof(TChar)};
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-void TypelessBuffer::append(std::span<const T> data)
+void BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>::append(std::span<const T> data)
 {
     bytes_.resize(bytes_.size() + data.size_bytes());
     std::memcpy(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size() - data.size_bytes(), data.data(), data.size_bytes());
 }
-
-template<typename T>
-T& TypelessBuffer::dataAt(size_type offset) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-{
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset % alignof(T) == 0, "Offset must be correctly aligned.");
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset + sizeof(T) < bytes_.size(), "Buffer access out-of-range.");
-
-    return *std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data() + offset);
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-const T& TypelessBuffer::dataAt(size_type offset) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-{
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset % alignof(T) == 0, "Offset must be correctly aligned.");
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset + sizeof(T) < bytes_.size(), "Buffer access out-of-range.");
-
-    return *std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data() + offset);
-}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_TYPELESS_BUFFER_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/container/vector_map.hpp

@@ -133,7 +133,8 @@ public:
     VectorMap& operator=(VectorMap&&) = default;
     auto operator<=>(const VectorMap& other) const noexcept = default;
     
-    TValue& operator[](const TKey& key)
+    template<typename TIndex>
+    TValue& operator[](const TIndex& key)
     {
         auto it = find(key);
         if (it != end())
@@ -143,7 +144,8 @@ public:
         return emplace(key, TValue()).first->second;
     }
     
-    const TValue& operator[](const TKey& key) const
+    template<typename TIndex>
+    const TValue& operator[](const TIndex& key) const
     {
         return at(key);
     }
@@ -251,8 +253,9 @@ public:
         return eraseImpl(idx, count);
     }
 
+    template<typename TSearch>
     [[nodiscard]]
-    iterator find(const TKey& key) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    iterator find(const TSearch& key) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < keys_.size(); ++idx)
         {
@@ -264,8 +267,9 @@ public:
         return end();
     }
 
+    template<typename TSearch>
     [[nodiscard]]
-    const_iterator find(const TKey& key) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    const_iterator find(const TSearch& key) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < keys_.size(); ++idx)
         {

source/mijin/debug/stacktrace.cpp

@@ -4,15 +4,24 @@
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
 #include "../detect.hpp"
+#include "../util/string.hpp"
 
-#if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG || MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_GCC
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS != MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS && (MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG || MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_GCC)
 #define MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE 1
 #else
 #define MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE 0
 #endif
 
 #if MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
-#include <backtrace.h>
+    #include <backtrace.h>
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+    #include <array>
+    #include <cstddef>
+    #include <mutex>
+    #include <Windows.h>
+    #include <DbgHelp.h>
+    #include "../util/winundef.hpp"
+    #pragma comment(lib, "dbghelp")
 #endif
 
 
@@ -32,11 +41,15 @@ namespace
 // internal types
 //
 
+#if MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
 struct BacktraceData
 {
     std::optional<std::string> error;
     std::vector<Stackframe> stackframes;
 };
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+HANDLE gProcessHandle = nullptr;
+#endif
 
 //
 // internal variables
@@ -44,6 +57,11 @@ struct BacktraceData
 
 thread_local Optional<Stacktrace> gCurrentExceptionStackTrace;
 
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+std::mutex gDbgHelpMutex;
+bool gDbgHelpInitCalled = false;
+#endif
+
 //
 // internal functions
 //
@@ -68,6 +86,49 @@ void backtraceErrorCallback(void* data, const char* msg, int /* errnum */)
 }
 
 thread_local backtrace_state* gBacktraceState = nullptr;
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+void cleanupDbgHelp() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (!SymCleanup(gProcessHandle))
+    {
+        [[maybe_unused]] const DWORD error = GetLastError();
+        MIJIN_ERROR("Error cleaning up DbgHelp.");
+    }
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+bool initDbgHelp() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (gDbgHelpInitCalled)
+    {
+        return gProcessHandle != nullptr; // if init was successful, process handle is not null
+    }
+    gDbgHelpInitCalled = true;
+
+    SymSetOptions(SYMOPT_UNDNAME | SYMOPT_DEFERRED_LOADS);
+
+    HANDLE hCurrentProcess = GetCurrentProcess();
+    HANDLE hCopy = nullptr;
+    if (!DuplicateHandle(hCurrentProcess, hCurrentProcess, hCurrentProcess, &hCopy, 0, FALSE, DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS))
+    {
+        [[maybe_unused]] const DWORD error = GetLastError();
+        MIJIN_ERROR("Error duplicating process handle.");
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!SymInitialize(hCopy, nullptr, true))
+    {
+        [[maybe_unused]] const DWORD error = GetLastError();
+        MIJIN_ERROR("Error initializing DbHelp.");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    [[maybe_unused]] const int result = std::atexit(&cleanupDbgHelp);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(result == 0, "Error registering DbgHelp cleanup handler.");
+
+    // only copy in the end so we can still figure out if initialization was successful
+    gProcessHandle = hCopy;
+    return true;
+}
 #endif // MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
 } // namespace
 
@@ -98,7 +159,85 @@ Result<Stacktrace> captureStacktrace(unsigned skipFrames) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     }
 
     return Stacktrace(std::move(btData.stackframes));
-#else // MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+    if (!initDbgHelp())
+    {
+        return ResultError("error initializing DbgHelp");
+    }
+
+    const HANDLE hThread = GetCurrentThread();
+
+    CONTEXT context;
+    RtlCaptureContext(&context);
+
+    STACKFRAME64 stackFrame = {
+        .AddrPC = {
+            .Offset = context.Rip,
+            .Mode = AddrModeFlat
+        },
+        .AddrFrame = {
+            .Offset = context.Rbp,
+            .Mode = AddrModeFlat
+        },
+        .AddrStack = {
+            .Offset = context.Rsp,
+            .Mode = AddrModeFlat
+        }
+    };
+
+    ++skipFrames; // always skip the first frame (the current function)
+
+    // for symbol info
+    DWORD64 displacement64 = 0;
+    static constexpr std::size_t SYMBOL_BUFFER_SIZE = sizeof(SYMBOL_INFO) + (MAX_SYM_NAME * sizeof(char));
+    std::array<std::byte, SYMBOL_BUFFER_SIZE> symbolBuffer alignas(SYMBOL_INFO);
+    SYMBOL_INFO& symbolInfo = *std::bit_cast<SYMBOL_INFO*>(symbolBuffer.data());
+    symbolInfo.SizeOfStruct = sizeof(SYMBOL_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    symbolInfo.MaxNameLen = MAX_SYM_NAME;
+
+    // for file and line info
+    DWORD displacement = 0;
+    IMAGEHLP_LINE64 line64;
+    line64.SizeOfStruct = sizeof(IMAGEHLP_LINE64);
+
+    std::vector<Stackframe> stackframes;
+    while (StackWalk64(
+            /* MachineType                = */ IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_AMD64,
+            /* hProcess                   = */ gProcessHandle,
+            /* hThread                    = */ hThread,
+            /* StackFrame                 = */ &stackFrame,
+            /* ContextRecord              = */ &context,
+            /* ReadMemoryRoutine          = */ nullptr,
+            /* FunctionTableAccessRoutine = */ &SymFunctionTableAccess64,
+            /* GetModuleBaseRoutine       = */ &SymGetModuleBase64,
+            /* TranslateAddress           = */ nullptr
+        ))
+    {
+        if (skipFrames > 0)
+        {
+            --skipFrames;
+            continue;
+        }
+        Stackframe& frame = stackframes.emplace_back();
+        const DWORD64 baseAddress = SymGetModuleBase64(gProcessHandle, stackFrame.AddrPC.Offset);
+        const DWORD64 relativeAddress = stackFrame.AddrPC.Offset - baseAddress;
+
+        frame.address = std::bit_cast<void*>(relativeAddress);
+
+        if (SymFromAddr(gProcessHandle, stackFrame.AddrPC.Offset, &displacement64, &symbolInfo))
+        {
+            frame.function = symbolInfo.Name;
+        }
+
+        if (SymGetLineFromAddr64(gProcessHandle, stackFrame.AddrPC.Offset, &displacement, &line64))
+        {
+            frame.filename = line64.FileName;
+            frame.lineNumber = static_cast<int>(line64.LineNumber);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return Stacktrace(std::move(stackframes));
+#else // MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE || (MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS)
 	(void) skipFrames;
 	return ResultError("not implemented");
 #endif // MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE

source/mijin/detect.hpp

@@ -61,6 +61,26 @@ namespace mijin
     #endif
 #endif
 
+#if !defined(MIJIN_RTTI)
+    #if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_GCC
+        #if defined(__GXX_RTTI)
+            #define MIJIN_RTTI 1
+        #else
+            #define MIJIN_RTTI 0
+        #endif
+    #elif MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG
+        #define MIJIN_RTTI (__has_feature(cxx_rtti))
+    #elif MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_MSVC
+        #if defined(_CPPRTTI)
+            #define MIJIN_RTTI 1
+        #else
+            #define MIJIN_RTTI 0
+        #endif
+    #else
+        #define MIJIN_RTTI 0
+    #endif
+#endif
+
 //
 // public constants
 //

source/mijin/internal/config.hpp

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_INTERNAL_CONFIG_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_INTERNAL_CONFIG_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#define MIJIN_QUOTED_ACTUAL(x) #x
+#define MIJIN_QUOTED(x) MIJIN_QUOTED_ACTUAL(x)
+
 #if defined(MIJIN_CONFIG_HEADER)
-#include MIJIN_CONFIG_HEADER
+#include MIJIN_QUOTED(MIJIN_CONFIG_HEADER)
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR)

source/mijin/io/stream.cpp

@@ -113,6 +113,42 @@ StreamError Stream::writeBinaryString(std::string_view str)
     return writeSpan(str.begin(), str.end());
 }
 
+StreamError Stream::readZString(std::string& outString)
+{
+    char chr = '\0';
+    std::string result;
+
+    while (true)
+    {
+        if (isAtEnd())
+        {
+            return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
+        }
+
+        if (StreamError error = read(chr); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        if (chr == '\0')
+        {
+            outString = std::move(result);
+            return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+        }
+        result.push_back(chr);
+    }
+}
+
+StreamError Stream::writeZString(std::string_view str)
+{
+    static const char ZERO = '\0';
+
+    if (StreamError error = writeRaw(str.data(), str.size() * sizeof(char)); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        return error;
+    }
+    return write(ZERO);
+}
+
 mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readBinaryString(std::string& outString)
 {
     std::uint32_t length; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-init-variables)
@@ -161,76 +197,6 @@ StreamError Stream::getTotalLength(std::size_t& outLength)
     return StreamError::SUCCESS;
 }
 
-StreamError Stream::readRest(TypelessBuffer& outBuffer)
-{
-    // first try to allocate everything at once
-    std::size_t length = 0;
-    if (const StreamError lengthError = getTotalLength(length); lengthError == StreamError::SUCCESS)
-    {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().tell, "How did you find the length if you cannot tell()?");
-        length -= tell();
-        outBuffer.resize(length);
-        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(outBuffer.data(), length); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
-        {
-            return error;
-        }
-        return StreamError::SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    // could not determine the size, read chunk-wise
-    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
-    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
-
-    while (!isAtEnd())
-    {
-        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
-        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
-        {
-            return error;
-        }
-
-        outBuffer.resize(outBuffer.byteSize() + bytesRead);
-        const std::span<std::byte> bufferBytes = outBuffer.makeSpan<std::byte>();
-        std::copy_n(chunk.begin(), bytesRead, bufferBytes.end() - static_cast<long>(bytesRead));
-    }
-    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
-}
-
-mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readRest(TypelessBuffer& outBuffer)
-{
-    // first try to allocate everything at once
-    std::size_t length = 0;
-    if (StreamError lengthError = getTotalLength(length); lengthError == StreamError::SUCCESS)
-    {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().tell, "How did you find the length if you cannot tell()?");
-        length -= tell();
-        outBuffer.resize(length);
-        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(outBuffer.data(), length); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
-        {
-            co_return error;
-        }
-        co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    // could not determine the size, read chunk-wise
-    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
-    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
-
-    while (!isAtEnd())
-    {
-        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
-        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
-        {
-            co_return error;
-        }
-
-        outBuffer.resize(outBuffer.byteSize() + bytesRead);
-        std::span<std::byte> bufferBytes = outBuffer.makeSpan<std::byte>();
-        std::copy_n(chunk.begin(), bytesRead, bufferBytes.end() - static_cast<long>(bytesRead));
-    }
-    co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
-}
-
 StreamError Stream::readLine(std::string& outString)
 {
     MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().readOptions.peek, "Stream needs to support peeking.");
@@ -324,6 +290,29 @@ mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readLine(std::string& outString)
     co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
 }
 
+StreamError Stream::copyTo(Stream& other)
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().read, "Stream must support reading.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(other.getFeatures().write, "Other stream must support writing.");
+
+    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
+
+    while (!isAtEnd())
+    {
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        if (const StreamError error = other.writeRaw(chunk.data(), bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
 FileStream::~FileStream()
 {
     if (handle) {
@@ -475,7 +464,7 @@ StreamFeatures FileStream::getFeatures()
     if (handle)
     {
         return {
-            .read = (mode == FileOpenMode::READ),
+            .read = (mode == FileOpenMode::READ || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE),
             .write = (mode == FileOpenMode::WRITE || mode == FileOpenMode::APPEND || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE),
             .tell = true,
             .seek = true,

source/mijin/io/stream.hpp

@@ -133,7 +133,8 @@ public:
         return readRaw(&*range.begin(), bytes, {.partial = partial}, outBytesRead);
     }
 
-    StreamError readRaw(TypelessBuffer& buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {})
+    template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+    StreamError readRaw(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {})
     {
         return readRaw(buffer.data(), buffer.byteSize(), options);
     }
@@ -145,7 +146,8 @@ public:
         return c_readRaw(&*range.begin(), bytes, options, outBytesRead);
     }
 
-    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRaw(TypelessBuffer& buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {})
+    template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRaw(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {})
     {
         return c_readRaw(buffer.data(), buffer.byteSize(), options);
     }
@@ -219,7 +221,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     template<typename T>
-    StreamError write(const T& value) requires(std::is_trivial_v<T>)
+    StreamError write(const T& value)
     {
         return writeRaw(&value, sizeof(T));
     }
@@ -259,6 +261,9 @@ public:
     StreamError readBinaryString(std::string& outString);
     StreamError writeBinaryString(std::string_view str);
 
+    StreamError readZString(std::string& outString);
+    StreamError writeZString(std::string_view str);
+
     mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readBinaryString(std::string& outString);
     mijin::Task<StreamError> c_writeBinaryString(std::string_view str);
 
@@ -269,17 +274,23 @@ public:
     inline StreamError writeString(std::string_view str) { return writeBinaryString(str); }
 
     StreamError getTotalLength(std::size_t& outLength);
-    StreamError readRest(TypelessBuffer& outBuffer);
-    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRest(TypelessBuffer& outBuffer);
+
+    StreamError copyTo(Stream& otherStream);
+
+    template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+    StreamError readRest(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& outBuffer);
+
+    template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRest(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& outBuffer);
 
     StreamError readLine(std::string& outString);
     mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readLine(std::string& outString);
 
-    template<typename TChar = char>
-    StreamError readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString);
+    template<typename TChar = char, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<char>>
+    StreamError readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>& outString);
 
-    template<typename TChar = char>
-    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString);
+    template<typename TChar = char, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<char>>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>& outString);
 
     StreamError writeText(std::string_view str)
     {
@@ -360,8 +371,80 @@ using StreamResult = ResultBase<TSuccess, StreamError>;
 // public functions
 //
 
-template<typename TChar>
-StreamError Stream::readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString)
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+StreamError Stream::readRest(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& outBuffer)
+{
+    // first try to allocate everything at once
+    std::size_t length = 0;
+    if (const StreamError lengthError = getTotalLength(length); lengthError == StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().tell, "How did you find the length if you cannot tell()?");
+        length -= tell();
+        outBuffer.resize(length);
+        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(outBuffer.data(), length); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    // could not determine the size, read chunk-wise
+    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
+
+    while (!isAtEnd())
+    {
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+
+        outBuffer.resize(outBuffer.byteSize() + bytesRead);
+        const std::span<std::byte> bufferBytes = outBuffer.template makeSpan<std::byte>();
+        std::copy_n(chunk.begin(), bytesRead, bufferBytes.end() - static_cast<long>(bytesRead));
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readRest(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& outBuffer)
+{
+    // first try to allocate everything at once
+    std::size_t length = 0;
+    if (StreamError lengthError = getTotalLength(length); lengthError == StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().tell, "How did you find the length if you cannot tell()?");
+        length -= tell();
+        outBuffer.resize(length);
+        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(outBuffer.data(), length); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return error;
+        }
+        co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    // could not determine the size, read chunk-wise
+    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
+
+    while (!isAtEnd())
+    {
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return error;
+        }
+
+        outBuffer.resize(outBuffer.byteSize() + bytesRead);
+        std::span<std::byte> bufferBytes = outBuffer.template makeSpan<std::byte>();
+        std::copy_n(chunk.begin(), bytesRead, bufferBytes.end() - static_cast<long>(bytesRead));
+    }
+    co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator>
+StreamError Stream::readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>& outString)
 {
     static_assert(sizeof(TChar) == 1, "Can only read to 8-bit character types (char, unsigned char or char8_t");
 
@@ -396,8 +479,8 @@ StreamError Stream::readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString)
     return StreamError::SUCCESS;
 }
 
-template<typename TChar>
-mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString)
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator>
+mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>& outString)
 {
     static_assert(sizeof(TChar) == 1, "Can only read to 8-bit character types (char, unsigned char or char8_t");
 
@@ -463,7 +546,7 @@ inline void throwOnError(mijin::StreamError error)
     if (error == mijin::StreamError::SUCCESS) {
         return;
     }
-    throw std::runtime_error(errorName(error));
+    throw Exception(errorName(error));
 }
 
 inline void throwOnError(mijin::StreamError error, std::string message)
@@ -471,7 +554,7 @@ inline void throwOnError(mijin::StreamError error, std::string message)
     if (error == mijin::StreamError::SUCCESS) {
         return;
     }
-    throw std::runtime_error(message + ": " + errorName(error));
+    throw Exception(message + ": " + errorName(error));
 }
 
 template<typename TSuccess>

source/mijin/logging/buffer_sink.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_BUFFER_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_BUFFER_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <span>
+#include "./logger.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+inline constexpr std::size_t BUFFER_SINK_DEFAULT_SIZE = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // default 10 MiB buffer
+
+template<std::size_t VBufferSize = BUFFER_SINK_DEFAULT_SIZE, typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+class BaseBufferSink;
+
+namespace impl
+{
+static constexpr std::uint32_t INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX = std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max();
+
+template<typename TChar>
+struct BufferedMessageHeader
+{
+    const BaseLogChannel<TChar>* channel;
+    const BaseLogLevel<TChar>* level;
+    std::source_location sourceLocation;
+    std::uint32_t nextIdx = INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX;
+    std::uint32_t prevIdx = INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX;
+    std::uint32_t numChars = 0;
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, std::size_t VBufferSize>
+struct MessageBuffer
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using message_t = BaseLogMessage<char_t, traits_t>;
+    using header_t = BufferedMessageHeader<TChar>;
+    static constexpr std::size_t BUFFER_SIZE = VBufferSize;
+
+    std::array<std::uint8_t, BUFFER_SIZE> bytes;
+    mutable std::mutex mutex;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    header_t& messageAt(std::uint32_t idx) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return *reinterpret_cast<header_t*>(bytes.data() + idx);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    std::span<char_t> messageText(header_t& header) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return {reinterpret_cast<char_t*>(reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t*>(&header)) + sizeof(header_t), header.numChars};
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const header_t& messageAt(std::uint32_t idx) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return *reinterpret_cast<const header_t*>(bytes.data() + idx);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    std::span<const char_t> messageText(const header_t& header) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return {reinterpret_cast<const char_t*>(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(&header)) + sizeof(header_t), header.numChars};
+    }
+
+    static std::uint32_t messageBytes(std::uint32_t numChars) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return static_cast<std::uint32_t>(sizeof(header_t)) + (numChars * static_cast<std::uint32_t>(sizeof(char_t)));
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, std::size_t VBufferSize>
+class BufferSinkRange;
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, std::size_t VBufferSize>
+class LockedMessageBuffer
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    
+    static constexpr std::size_t BUFFER_SIZE = VBufferSize;
+
+    using range_t = impl::BufferSinkRange<char_t, traits_t, BUFFER_SIZE>;
+private:
+    using buffer_t = MessageBuffer<char_t, traits_t, BUFFER_SIZE>;
+
+    const buffer_t* buffer_ = nullptr;
+    std::uint32_t firstIdx_ = INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX;
+    std::uint32_t lastIdx_ = INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX;
+
+    LockedMessageBuffer(const buffer_t& buffer, std::uint32_t firstIdx, std::uint32_t lastIdx) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+        : buffer_(&buffer), firstIdx_(firstIdx), lastIdx_(lastIdx) {
+        buffer_->mutex.lock();
+    }
+public:
+    LockedMessageBuffer() noexcept = default;
+    LockedMessageBuffer(const LockedMessageBuffer&) = delete;
+    LockedMessageBuffer(LockedMessageBuffer&& other) noexcept
+        : buffer_(std::exchange(other.buffer_, nullptr)), firstIdx_(other.firstIdx_), lastIdx_(other.lastIdx_) {}
+    
+        ~LockedMessageBuffer() noexcept
+    {
+        reset();
+    }
+
+    LockedMessageBuffer& operator=(const LockedMessageBuffer&) = delete;
+    LockedMessageBuffer& operator=(LockedMessageBuffer&& other) noexcept
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            reset();
+            buffer_ = std::exchange(other.buffer_, nullptr);
+            firstIdx_ = other.firstIdx_;
+            lastIdx_ = other.lastIdx_;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    range_t getMessages() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+private:
+    void reset()
+    {
+        if (buffer_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            buffer_->mutex.unlock();
+            buffer_ = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<std::size_t, typename, typename>
+    friend class mijin::BaseBufferSink;
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, std::size_t VBufferSize>
+class BufferSinkIterator
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using message_t = BaseLogMessage<char_t, traits_t>;
+    static constexpr std::size_t BUFFER_SIZE = VBufferSize;
+
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using value_type = const message_t;
+    using pointer = void;
+    using reference = value_type;
+    using iterator_category = std::bidirectional_iterator_tag;
+private:
+    using buffer_t = MessageBuffer<char_t, traits_t, BUFFER_SIZE>;
+    using header_t = BufferedMessageHeader<char_t>;
+    using string_view_t = message_t::string_view_t;
+
+    const buffer_t* buffer_ = nullptr;
+    std::uint32_t idx_ = INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX;
+    std::uint32_t prevIdx_ = INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX;
+
+    BufferSinkIterator(const buffer_t& buffer, std::uint32_t idx, std::uint32_t prevIdx) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : buffer_(&buffer), idx_(idx), prevIdx_(prevIdx) {}
+public:
+    BufferSinkIterator() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    BufferSinkIterator(const BufferSinkIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    BufferSinkIterator& operator=(const BufferSinkIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    auto operator<=>(const BufferSinkIterator&) const noexcept = default;
+
+    reference operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(idx_ != INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX, "Attempting to dereference an invalid iterator.");
+        const header_t& header = buffer_->messageAt(idx_);
+        const string_view_t text(buffer_->messageText(header));
+        return {
+            .text = text,
+            .channel = header.channel,
+            .level = header.level,
+            .sourceLocation = header.sourceLocation
+        };
+    }
+
+    BufferSinkIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(idx_ != INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX, "Attempting to increment an invalid iterator.");
+        prevIdx_ = idx_;
+        idx_ = buffer_->messageAt(idx_).nextIdx;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    BufferSinkIterator operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        BufferSinkIterator copy(*this);
+        operator++();
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    BufferSinkIterator& operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(prevIdx_ != INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX, "Attempting to decrement an invalid iterator.");
+        idx_ = prevIdx_;
+        prevIdx_ = buffer_->messageAt(idx_).prevIdx;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    BufferSinkIterator operator--(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        BufferSinkIterator copy(*this);
+        operator--();
+        return copy;
+    }
+    
+    template<typename, typename, std::size_t>
+    friend class BufferSinkRange;
+};
+static_assert(std::forward_iterator<BufferSinkIterator<char, std::char_traits<char>, BUFFER_SINK_DEFAULT_SIZE>>);
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, std::size_t VBufferSize>
+class BufferSinkRange
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    static constexpr std::size_t BUFFER_SIZE = VBufferSize;
+    
+    using iterator = BufferSinkIterator<char_t, traits_t, BUFFER_SIZE>;
+    using const_iterator = iterator;
+private:
+    using buffer_t = MessageBuffer<char_t, traits_t, BUFFER_SIZE>;
+
+    const buffer_t* buffer_ = nullptr;
+    std::uint32_t firstIdx_ = INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX;
+    std::uint32_t lastIdx_ = INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX;
+
+    BufferSinkRange(const buffer_t& buffer, std::uint32_t firstIdx, std::uint32_t lastIdx) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+        : buffer_(&buffer), firstIdx_(firstIdx), lastIdx_(lastIdx) {
+    }
+public:
+    BufferSinkRange() noexcept = default;
+    BufferSinkRange(const BufferSinkRange&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    BufferSinkRange& operator=(const BufferSinkRange&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    iterator begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return {*buffer_, firstIdx_, INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX}; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    iterator end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return {*buffer_, INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX, lastIdx_}; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const_iterator cbegin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return {*buffer_, firstIdx_, INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX}; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const_iterator cend() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return {*buffer_, INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX, lastIdx_}; }
+
+    friend class LockedMessageBuffer<char_t, traits_t, BUFFER_SIZE>;
+};
+
+static_assert(std::bidirectional_iterator<BufferSinkIterator<char, std::char_traits<char>, 100>>);
+static_assert(std::ranges::bidirectional_range<BufferSinkRange<char, std::char_traits<char>, 100>>);
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, std::size_t VBufferSize>
+auto LockedMessageBuffer<TChar, TTraits, VBufferSize>::getMessages() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> range_t
+{
+    return range_t(*buffer_, firstIdx_, lastIdx_);
+}
+}
+
+using impl::LockedMessageBuffer;
+
+template<std::size_t VBufferSize, typename TChar, typename TTraits>
+class BaseBufferSink : public BaseLogSink<TChar, TTraits>
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = BaseLogSink<TChar>;
+    using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::traits_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+
+    static constexpr std::size_t BUFFER_SIZE = VBufferSize;
+    
+    using locked_buffer_t = LockedMessageBuffer<char_t, traits_t, BUFFER_SIZE>;
+private:
+    using buffer_t = impl::MessageBuffer<char_t, traits_t, BUFFER_SIZE>;
+    using header_t = impl::BufferedMessageHeader<char_t>;
+
+    buffer_t buffer_;
+    std::uint32_t firstIdx_ = impl::INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX;
+    std::uint32_t lastIdx_ = impl::INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX;
+public:
+    void handleMessage(const message_t& message) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    {
+        const std::uint32_t numChars = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(message.text.size());
+        const std::uint32_t totalBytes = buffer_t::messageBytes(numChars);
+
+        std::scoped_lock _(buffer_.mutex); // TODO: use a message queue and try_lock here
+        if (lastIdx_ == impl::INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX)
+        {
+            // no message yet
+            insertMessageAt(0, message);
+            firstIdx_ = 0;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        header_t& lastHeader = buffer_.messageAt(lastIdx_);
+        const std::uint32_t newIdx = lastIdx_ + buffer_t::messageBytes(lastHeader.numChars);
+        if (newIdx + totalBytes < BUFFER_SIZE)
+        {
+            // enough space in the buffer, can append
+            insertMessageAt(newIdx, message);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // not enough space, put at front
+            insertMessageAt(0, message);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    locked_buffer_t lockBuffer() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return locked_buffer_t(buffer_, firstIdx_, lastIdx_); }
+private:
+    void insertMessageAt(std::uint32_t idx, const message_t& message)
+    {
+        const std::uint32_t numChars = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(message.text.size());
+        freeSpace(idx, idx + buffer_t::messageBytes(numChars));
+
+        if (lastIdx_ != impl::INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX) {
+            buffer_.messageAt(lastIdx_).nextIdx = idx;
+        }
+
+        header_t& newHeader = buffer_.messageAt(idx);
+        ::new (&newHeader) header_t({
+            .channel = message.channel,
+            .level = message.level,
+            .sourceLocation = message.sourceLocation,
+            .nextIdx = impl::INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX,
+            .prevIdx = lastIdx_,
+            .numChars = numChars
+        });
+        lastIdx_ = idx;
+        std::ranges::copy(message.text, buffer_.messageText(newHeader).begin());
+    }
+
+    void freeSpace(std::uint32_t startIdx, std::uint32_t endIdx)
+    {
+        while (firstIdx_ != impl::INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX && firstIdx_ >= startIdx && firstIdx_ < endIdx)
+        {
+            header_t& message = buffer_.messageAt(firstIdx_);
+            firstIdx_ = message.nextIdx;
+            message.~header_t();
+        }
+
+        // cleared everything?
+        if (firstIdx_ == impl::INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX) {
+            lastIdx_ = impl::INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX;
+        }
+        else {
+            buffer_.messageAt(firstIdx_).prevIdx = impl::INVALID_BUFFER_INDEX;
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+#define SINK_COMMON_ARGS(chr_type) std::size_t BUFFER_SIZE
+#define SINK_SET_ARGS(chr_type) BUFFER_SIZE, chr_type
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(BufferSink, SINK_COMMON_ARGS, SINK_SET_ARGS)
+
+#undef SINK_COMMON_ARGS
+#undef SINK_SET_ARGS
+} // namespace mijin
+
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_STDIO_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/logging/debug_output_sink.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./formatting.hpp"
+#include "../detect.hpp"
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+#pragma comment(lib, "Kernel32.lib")
+
+extern "C" void OutputDebugStringA(const char* lpOutputString);
+extern "C" void OutputDebugStringW(const wchar_t* lpOutputString);
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMPL_ARGS_INIT>
+    requires(allocator_type<TAllocator<TChar>>)
+class BaseDebugOutputSink : public BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>;
+    using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::allocator_t;
+    using typename base_t::formatter_ptr_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+    using typename base_t::string_t;
+public:
+    explicit BaseDebugOutputSink(formatter_ptr_t formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
+            : base_t(std::move(formatter), std::move(allocator)) {}
+
+    void handleMessageFormatted(const message_t&, const string_t& formatted) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<char_t, char>)
+        {
+            OutputDebugStringA(formatted.c_str());
+            OutputDebugStringA("\n");
+        }
+        else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<char_t, wchar_t>)
+        {
+            OutputDebugStringW(formatted.c_str());
+            OutputDebugStringW(L"\n");
+        }
+        else if constexpr (sizeof(char_t) == sizeof(char))
+        {
+            // char8_t etc.
+            OutputDebugStringA(std::bit_cast<const char*>(formatted.c_str()));
+            OutputDebugStringA("\n");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static_assert(always_false_v<char_t>, "Character type not supported.");
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+#define SINK_SET_ARGS(chr_type) chr_type, std::char_traits<chr_type>, TAllocator, TDeleter
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(DebugOutputSink, MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_COMMON_ARGS, SINK_SET_ARGS)
+
+#undef SINK_SET_ARGS
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/logging/filters.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_FILTERS_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_FILTERS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./logger.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+class BaseLevelFilter : public BaseLogFilter<TChar, TTraits>
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = BaseLogFilter<TChar, TTraits>;
+    using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+private:
+    int mMinLevel = 0;
+    int mMaxLevel = 0;
+public:
+    explicit BaseLevelFilter(int minLevel, int maxLevel = std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+        : mMinLevel(minLevel), mMaxLevel(maxLevel) {}
+    explicit BaseLevelFilter(const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& minLevel, const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& maxLevel = {nullptr, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+        : mMinLevel(minLevel.value), mMaxLevel(maxLevel.value) {}
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    int getMinLevel() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return mMinLevel; }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    int getMaxLevel() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return mMaxLevel; }
+
+    void setMinLevel(int level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMinLevel = level; }
+
+    void setMinLevel(const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMinLevel = level.value; }
+
+    void setMaxLevel(int level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMaxLevel = level; }
+
+    void setMaxLevel(const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMaxLevel = level.value; }
+
+    bool shouldShow(const message_t& message) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    {
+        return message.level->value >= mMinLevel && message.level->value <= mMaxLevel;
+    }
+};
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LevelFilter)
+
+} // namespace mijin
+
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_STDIO_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/logging/formatting.hpp

@@ -64,6 +64,15 @@ MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(SimpleLogFormatter, FORMATTER_COMMON_ARGS, FORMA
 #undef FORMATTER_COMMON_ARGS
 #undef FORMATTER_SET_ARGS
 
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator, typename TFormatter = BaseSimpleLogFormatter<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>>
+DynamicPointer<TFormatter> makeLogFormatter(typename TFormatter::string_t&& format)
+{
+    return makeDynamic<TFormatter>(std::move(format));
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator, typename TFormatter = BaseSimpleLogFormatter<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>>
+inline TFormatter DEFAULT_FORMATTER("[{level}] {text}");
+
 #define MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_COMMON_ARGS(chr_type)                                               \
     typename TTraits = std::char_traits<chr_type>,                                                \
     template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR,                             \
@@ -78,35 +87,36 @@ MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(SimpleLogFormatter, FORMATTER_COMMON_ARGS, FORMA
 
 template<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMPL_ARGS_INIT>
         requires(allocator_type<TAllocator<TChar>>)
-class BaseFormattingLogSink : public BaseLogSink<TChar>
+class BaseFormattingLogSink : public BaseLogSink<TChar, TTraits>
 {
 public:
-    using base_t = BaseLogSink<TChar>;
+    using base_t = BaseLogSink<TChar, TTraits>;
 
-    using char_t = TChar;
-    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+    using typename base_t::traits_t;
     using allocator_t = TAllocator<TChar>;
     using formatter_t = BaseLogFormatter<char_t, traits_t, allocator_t>;
     using formatter_deleter_t = TDeleter;
     using formatter_ptr_t = DynamicPointer<formatter_t, formatter_deleter_t>;
     using string_t = formatter_t::string_t;
-    using typename base_t::message_t;
 private:
-    not_null_t<formatter_ptr_t> mFormatter;
+    formatter_ptr_t mFormatter;
     string_t mBuffer;
 public:
-    explicit BaseFormattingLogSink(not_null_t<formatter_ptr_t> formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+    explicit BaseFormattingLogSink(formatter_ptr_t formatter = wrapDynamic(&DEFAULT_FORMATTER<char_t, traits_t, allocator_t>), allocator_t allocator = {})
         MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
         : mFormatter(std::move(formatter)), mBuffer(std::move(allocator))
-    {}
+    {
+    }
 
-    virtual void handleMessageFormatted(const message_t& message, const char_t* formatted) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
+    virtual void handleMessageFormatted(const message_t& message, const string_t& formatted) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
 
     void handleMessage(const message_t& message) noexcept override
     {
         mBuffer.clear();
         mFormatter->format(message, mBuffer);
-        handleMessageFormatted(message, mBuffer.c_str());
+        handleMessageFormatted(message, mBuffer);
     }
 };
 
@@ -162,7 +172,7 @@ void BaseSimpleLogFormatter<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>::format(const LogMessage
                     {
                         std::format_to(std::back_inserter(outFormatted), MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "{}"), value);
                     }
-                    else if constexpr (is_string_v<type_t> || is_cstring_v<type_t>)
+                    else if constexpr (is_string_v<type_t> || is_string_view_v<type_t> || is_cstring_v<type_t>)
                     {
                         convertStringType(value, outFormatted);
                     }

source/mijin/logging/logger.hpp

@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <format>
+#include <mutex>
 #include <source_location>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <vector>
 #include "../internal/common.hpp"
 #include "../util/annot.hpp"
@@ -77,12 +79,14 @@ struct BaseLogChannel
 
 MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LogChannel)
 
-template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE>
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
 struct BaseLogMessage
 {
     using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<char_t, traits_t>;
 
-    const char_t* text;
+    string_view_t text;
     const BaseLogChannel<char_t>* channel;
     const BaseLogLevel<char_t>* level;
     std::source_location sourceLocation;
@@ -90,12 +94,13 @@ struct BaseLogMessage
 
 MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LogMessage)
 
-template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE>
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
 class BaseLogSink
 {
 public:
     using char_t = TChar;
-    using message_t = BaseLogMessage<char_t>;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using message_t = BaseLogMessage<char_t, traits_t>;
 
     virtual ~BaseLogSink() noexcept = default;
 
@@ -104,6 +109,21 @@ public:
 
 MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LogSink)
 
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+class BaseLogFilter
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using message_t = BaseLogMessage<char_t, traits_t>;
+
+    virtual ~BaseLogFilter() noexcept = default;
+
+    virtual bool shouldShow(const message_t& message) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
+};
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LogFilter)
+
 #define LOGGER_COMMON_ARGS(chr_type) template<typename T> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR
 template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, LOGGER_COMMON_ARGS(TChar)>
 class BaseLogger
@@ -113,40 +133,69 @@ public:
     using traits_t = TTraits;
     using allocator_t = TAllocator<char_t>;
 
-    using sink_t = BaseLogSink<char_t>;
+    using sink_t = BaseLogSink<char_t, traits_t>;
+    using filter_t = BaseLogFilter<char_t, traits_t>;
     using level_t = BaseLogLevel<char_t>;
     using channel_t = BaseLogChannel<char_t>;
-    using message_t = BaseLogMessage<char_t>;
+    using message_t = BaseLogMessage<char_t, traits_t>;
     using string_t = std::basic_string<char_t, traits_t, allocator_t>;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<char_t, traits_t>;
 private:
-    std::vector<sink_t*, TAllocator<sink_t*>> mSinks;
+    struct SinkEntry
+    {
+        sink_t* sink;
+        filter_t* filter;
+    };
+    std::vector<SinkEntry, TAllocator<SinkEntry>> mSinks;
+    mutable std::mutex mMutex;
 public:
-    explicit BaseLogger(TAllocator<sink_t*> allocator = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TAllocator<sink_t*>>)
-        : mSinks(std::move(allocator))
+    explicit BaseLogger(TAllocator<void> allocator = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<TAllocator<SinkEntry>, TAllocator<void>&&>))
+        : mSinks(TAllocator<SinkEntry>(std::move(allocator)))
     {}
-
     BaseLogger(const BaseLogger&) = default;
-
     BaseLogger(BaseLogger&&) = default;
 
     BaseLogger& operator=(const BaseLogger&) = default;
-
     BaseLogger& operator=(BaseLogger&&) = default;
 
     void addSink(sink_t& sink)
     {
-        mSinks.push_back(&sink);
+        std::unique_lock _(mMutex);
+        mSinks.push_back({&sink, nullptr});
+    }
+
+    void addSink(sink_t& sink, filter_t& filter)
+    {
+        std::unique_lock _(mMutex);
+        mSinks.push_back({&sink, &filter});
+    }
+
+    bool removeSink(sink_t& sink)
+    {
+        std::unique_lock _(mMutex);
+        auto it = std::ranges::find_if(mSinks, [&](const SinkEntry& entry) {
+            return entry.sink == &sink;
+        });
+        if (it == mSinks.end()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        mSinks.erase(it);
+        return true;
     }
 
     void postMessage(const message_t& message) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
-        for (sink_t* sink: mSinks)
+        std::unique_lock _(mMutex);
+        for (const SinkEntry& entry : mSinks)
         {
-            sink->handleMessage(message);
+            if (entry.filter != nullptr && !entry.filter->shouldShow(message)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            entry.sink->handleMessage(message);
         }
     }
 
-    void log(const level_t& level, const channel_t& channel, std::source_location sourceLocation, const char_t* msg) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    void logUnformatted(const level_t& level, const channel_t& channel, std::source_location sourceLocation, string_view_t msg) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         postMessage({
             .text = msg,
@@ -156,6 +205,11 @@ public:
         });
     }
 
+    void log(const level_t& level, const channel_t& channel, std::source_location sourceLocation, std::basic_format_string<char_t> msg) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        logUnformatted(level, channel, sourceLocation, msg.get());
+    }
+
     template<typename... TArgs>
     void log(const level_t& level, const channel_t& channel, std::source_location sourceLocation,
              std::basic_format_string<char_t, std::type_identity_t<TArgs>...> fmt, TArgs&& ... args) const
@@ -163,7 +217,7 @@ public:
     {
         string_t buffer(allocator_t(mSinks.get_allocator()));
         std::format_to(std::back_inserter(buffer), fmt, std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
-        log(level, channel, std::move(sourceLocation), buffer.c_str());
+        logUnformatted(level, channel, std::move(sourceLocation), buffer);
     }
 };
 
@@ -221,10 +275,25 @@ MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_LEVEL(ERROR, MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_ERROR)
 #define MIJIN_LOG_ALWAYS(level, channel, ...) MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER().log(                                     \
     MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level), MIJIN_LOG_CHANNEL_OBJECT(channel), std::source_location::current(), __VA_ARGS__ \
 )
-#define MIJIN_LOG(level, channel, ...)                                                    \
+#define MIJIN_LOG_ALWAYS_RAW(level, channel, ...) MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER().logUnformatted(                      \
+    MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level), MIJIN_LOG_CHANNEL_OBJECT(channel), std::source_location::current(), __VA_ARGS__ \
+)
+#define MIJIN_LOG(level, channel, ...)                                                         \
 if constexpr (MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level).value < MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE()) {} \
 else MIJIN_LOG_ALWAYS(level, channel, __VA_ARGS__)
 
+#define MIJIN_LOG_IF(cond, level, channel, ...)                                                \
+if constexpr (MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level).value < MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE()) {} \
+else if (cond) MIJIN_LOG_ALWAYS(level, channel, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define MIJIN_LOG_RAW(level, channel, ...)                                                     \
+if constexpr (MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level).value < MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE()) {} \
+else MIJIN_LOG_ALWAYS_RAW(level, channel, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define MIJIN_LOG_IF_RAW(cond, level, channel, ...)                                            \
+if constexpr (MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level).value < MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE()) {} \
+else if (cond) MIJIN_LOG_ALWAYS_RAW(level, channel, __VA_ARGS__)
+
 #define MIJIN_SET_CLASS_LOGGER(loggerExpr)             \
 const auto& MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER() const noexcept \
 {                                                      \
@@ -235,6 +304,11 @@ auto MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER = [&]() -> const auto& \
 {                                                     \
     return loggerExpr;                                \
 };
+#define MIJIN_SET_NS_LOGGER(loggerExpr)                 \
+inline const mijin::Logger& MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER() \
+{                                                       \
+    return loggerExpr;                                  \
+}
 #define MIJIN_SET_CLASS_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE(level)      \
 int MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT \
 {                                                         \

source/mijin/logging/stdio_sink.hpp

@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@
 
 namespace mijin
 {
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator, typename TFormatter = BaseSimpleLogFormatter<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>>
+inline TFormatter DEFAULT_STDIO_FORMATTER("[{ansi:level_color}{level}{ansi:reset}] {text} <{file}:{line}>");
+
 template<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMPL_ARGS_INIT>
     requires(allocator_type<TAllocator<TChar>>)
 class BaseStdioSink : public BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>
@@ -16,13 +19,15 @@ class BaseStdioSink : public BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG
 public:
     using base_t = BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>;
     using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::traits_t;
     using typename base_t::allocator_t;
     using typename base_t::formatter_ptr_t;
     using typename base_t::message_t;
+    using typename base_t::string_t;
 private:
     int mMinStderrLevel = MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_WARNING;
 public:
-    explicit BaseStdioSink(not_null_t<formatter_ptr_t> formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+    explicit BaseStdioSink(formatter_ptr_t formatter = wrapDynamic(&DEFAULT_STDIO_FORMATTER<char_t, traits_t, allocator_t>), allocator_t allocator = {})
         MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
         : base_t(std::move(formatter), std::move(allocator)) {}
 
@@ -33,29 +38,30 @@ public:
 
     void setMinStderrLevel(const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMinStderrLevel = level.value; }
 
-    void handleMessageFormatted(const message_t& message, const char_t* formatted) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    void handleMessageFormatted(const message_t& message, const string_t& formatted) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
     {
         FILE* stream = (message.level->value >= mMinStderrLevel) ? stderr : stdout;
         if constexpr (std::is_same_v<char_t, char>)
         {
-            std::fputs(formatted, stream);
-            std::fputc('\n', stream);
+            (void) std::fputs(formatted.c_str(), stream);
+            (void) std::fputc('\n', stream);
         }
         else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<char_t, wchar_t>)
         {
-            std::fputws(formatted, stream);
-            std::fputwc(L'\n', stream);
+            (void) std::fputws(formatted.c_str(), stream);
+            (void) std::fputwc(L'\n', stream);
         }
         else if constexpr (sizeof(char_t) == sizeof(char))
         {
             // char8_t etc.
-            std::fputs(std::bit_cast<const char*>(formatted), stream);
-            std::fputc('\n', stream);
+            (void) std::fputs(std::bit_cast<const char*>(formatted.c_str()), stream);
+            (void) std::fputc('\n', stream);
         }
         else
         {
             static_assert(always_false_v<char_t>, "Character type not supported.");
         }
+        (void) std::fflush(stream);
     }
 };
 

source/mijin/logging/stream_sink.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_STREAM_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_STREAM_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./formatting.hpp"
+#include "../io/stream.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMPL_ARGS_INIT>
+    requires(allocator_type<TAllocator<TChar>>)
+class BaseStreamSink : public BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>;
+    using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::allocator_t;
+    using typename base_t::formatter_ptr_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+    using typename base_t::string_t;
+    using stream_ptr_t = DynamicPointer<Stream>;
+private:
+    stream_ptr_t mStream;
+    int mMinStderrLevel = MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_WARNING;
+public:
+    explicit BaseStreamSink(not_null_t<formatter_ptr_t> formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
+        : base_t(std::move(formatter), std::move(allocator)) {}
+    explicit BaseStreamSink(not_null_t<stream_ptr_t> stream, not_null_t<formatter_ptr_t> formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
+        : base_t(std::move(formatter), std::move(allocator)), mStream(std::move(stream)) {}
+
+    void setStream(not_null_t<stream_ptr_t> stream) {
+        mStream = std::move(stream).release();
+    }
+
+    void handleMessageFormatted(const message_t& /* message */, const string_t& formatted) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    {
+        if (!mStream) {
+            return;
+        }
+        (void) mStream->writeSpan(formatted);
+        (void) mStream->write('\n');
+        mStream->flush();
+    }
+};
+
+#define SINK_SET_ARGS(chr_type) chr_type, std::char_traits<chr_type>, TAllocator, TDeleter
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(StreamSink, MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_COMMON_ARGS, SINK_SET_ARGS)
+
+#undef SINK_SET_ARGS
+} // namespace mijin
+
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_STREAM_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/memory/dynamic_pointer.hpp

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace mijin
 {
 MIJIN_DEFINE_FLAG(Owning);
 
-template<typename T, deleter_type<T> TDeleter = std::default_delete<T>>
+template<typename T, deleter_type<T> TDeleter = AllocatorDeleter<MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<T>>>
 class DynamicPointer
 {
 public:
@@ -35,10 +35,11 @@ public:
     {
         MIJIN_ASSERT((std::bit_cast<std::uintptr_t>(ptr) & 1) == 0, "Invalid address, DynamicPointer requires addresses to be divisible by two.");
     }
-    template<typename TOther, typename TOtherDeleter> requires (std::is_constructible_v<TDeleter, TOtherDeleter&&>)
+    template<typename TOther, typename TOtherDeleter> requires (std::is_assignable_v<T*&, TOther*> && std::is_constructible_v<TDeleter, TOtherDeleter&&>)
     constexpr DynamicPointer(DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_convertible_v<TOtherDeleter, TDeleter>))
-        : mData(std::exchange(other.mData, 0)), mDeleter(std::move(other.mDeleter)) {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(other.mData == 0, "");
+        : DynamicPointer(other.get(), other.isOwning() ? Owning::YES : Owning::NO, TDeleter(std::move(other.mDeleter)))
+    {
+        other.mData = 0;
     }
     constexpr ~DynamicPointer() noexcept
     {
@@ -64,6 +65,15 @@ public:
         return *this;
     }
 
+    // template<typename TOther, typename TOtherDeleter> requires (std::is_base_of_v<TOther, T>)
+    // constexpr operator DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>() && // MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TDeleter>>)
+    // {
+    //     const Owning owning = isOwning() ? Owning::YES : Owning::NO;
+    //     T* const ptr = release();
+    // 
+    //     return DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>(static_cast<TOther*>(ptr), owning, TOtherDeleter(std::move(mDeleter)));
+    // }
+
     template<typename TOther, typename TOtherDeleter> requires(std::equality_comparable_with<T, TOther>)
     auto operator<=>(const DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
@@ -155,9 +165,9 @@ bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t, const DynamicPointer<T, TDeleter>& pointer) MIJI
 }
 
 template<typename T, typename... TArgs>
-DynamicPointer<T, std::default_delete<T>> makeDynamic(TArgs&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<T, TArgs...>))
+DynamicPointer<T> makeDynamic(TArgs&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<T, TArgs...>))
 {
-    return DynamicPointer<T, std::default_delete<T>>(new T(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...), Owning::YES);
+    return DynamicPointer<T>(new T(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...), Owning::YES);
 }
 
 template<typename T, allocator_type_for<T> TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
@@ -171,6 +181,12 @@ DynamicPointer<T, AllocatorDeleter<TAllocator>> makeDynamicWithAllocator(TAlloca
     }
     return DynamicPointer<T, AllocatorDeleter<TAllocator>>(obj, Owning::YES, AllocatorDeleter<TAllocator>(std::move(allocator)));
 }
+
+template<typename T>
+DynamicPointer<T> wrapDynamic(T* raw)
+{
+    return DynamicPointer<T>(raw, Owning::NO);
+}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_MEMORY_DYNAMIC_POINTER_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/memory/stack_allocator.hpp

@@ -326,6 +326,7 @@ public:
             // couldn't allocate the snapshot
             return {};
         }
+        ::new (snapshotData) StackAllocatorSnapshotData;
         StackAllocatorSnapshot snapshot;
         snapshot.data = snapshotData;
         if (firstChunk_ != prevFirst)
@@ -442,6 +443,7 @@ public:
         Chunk* snapshotChunk = findChunk(snapshot.data);
         MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(snapshotChunk != nullptr, "Snapshot not in chunks?");
         snapshotChunk->allocated -= calcSnapshotSize(snapshot->numChunks); // note: this might miss the alignment bytes of the snapshot, but that should be fine
+        snapshot.data->~StackAllocatorSnapshotData();
     }
 private:
     void initAndAddChunk(Chunk* newChunk) noexcept

source/mijin/net/http.hpp

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ struct HTTPRequestOptions
 {
     std::string method = "GET";
     std::multimap<std::string, std::string> headers;
-    TypelessBuffer body;
+    BaseTypelessBuffer<std::allocator> body;
 };
 
 struct HTTPResponse
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ struct HTTPResponse
     unsigned status;
     std::string statusMessage;
     std::multimap<std::string, std::string> headers;
-    TypelessBuffer body;
+    BaseTypelessBuffer<std::allocator> body;
 };
 
 class HTTPStream

source/mijin/types/result.hpp

@@ -60,6 +60,32 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] const TError& getError() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::get<TError>(state_); }
 };
 
+namespace impl
+{
+struct ResultSuccess {};
+}
+
+template<typename TError>
+class ResultBase<void, TError> : public ResultBase<impl::ResultSuccess, TError>
+{
+public:
+    ResultBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : ResultBase<impl::ResultSuccess, TError>(impl::ResultSuccess{}) {}
+    ResultBase(const ResultBase&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ResultBase(ResultBase&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ResultBase(TError errorValue) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : ResultBase<impl::ResultSuccess, TError>(std::move(errorValue)) {}
+
+    ResultBase& operator=(const ResultBase&) = default;
+    ResultBase& operator=(ResultBase&&) = default;
+    
+    impl::ResultSuccess& operator*() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+    const impl::ResultSuccess& operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+    impl::ResultSuccess* operator->() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+    const impl::ResultSuccess* operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] impl::ResultSuccess& getValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+    [[nodiscard]] const impl::ResultSuccess& getValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+};
+
 struct ResultError
 {
     std::string message;
@@ -73,7 +99,7 @@ struct ResultError
     ResultError& operator=(ResultError&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 };
 
-template<typename TSuccess>
+template<typename TSuccess = void>
 using Result = ResultBase<TSuccess, ResultError>;
 
 //

source/mijin/util/annot.hpp

@@ -160,6 +160,9 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]]
     constexpr const T& get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_; }
 
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    constexpr T release() && MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::exchange(base_, nullptr); }
+
     template<nullable_type TOther>
     friend class NotNullable;
 };

source/mijin/util/bitarray.hpp

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cstddef>
 
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+
 namespace mijin
 {
 

source/mijin/util/exception.hpp

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@
 #ifndef MIJIN_UTIL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED
 #define MIJIN_UTIL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#include <format>
 #include <stdexcept>
+#include <typeinfo>
 
+#include "../detect.hpp"
 #include "../debug/stacktrace.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
@@ -73,5 +76,76 @@ void walkExceptionCause(const std::exception_ptr& cause, TFunc func)
         }
     }
 }
+
+template<typename TFunc>
+void walkException(const std::exception& exc, TFunc func)
+{
+    func(exc);
+}
+
+template<typename TFunc>
+void walkException(const mijin::Exception& exc, TFunc func)
+{
+    func(exc);
+    walkExceptionCause(exc.getCause(), func);
+}
 } // namespace mijin
+
+template<typename TChar>
+struct std::formatter<mijin::Exception, TChar>
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+
+    template<class TContext>
+    constexpr TContext::iterator parse(TContext& ctx)
+    {
+        auto it = ctx.begin();
+        auto end = ctx.end();
+
+        if (it != end && *it != MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, '}'))
+        {
+            throw std::format_error("invalid format");
+        }
+
+        return it;
+    }
+
+    template<typename TContext>
+    TContext::iterator format(const mijin::Exception& exception, TContext& ctx) const
+    {
+        using namespace std::literals;
+
+        auto it = ctx.out();
+        bool first = true;
+        mijin::walkException(exception, [&]<typename T>(const T& exc)
+        {
+            if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<T, std::nullptr_t>)
+            {
+                if (!first) {
+                    it = std::ranges::copy(MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "\nCaused by:\n"sv), it).out;
+                }
+                first = false;
+#if MIJIN_RTTI
+                it = std::ranges::copy(std::basic_string_view(typeid(exc).name()), it).out;
+                it = std::ranges::copy(MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, ": "sv), it).out;
+#endif
+                it = std::ranges::copy(std::basic_string_view(exc.what()), it).out;
+                if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, mijin::Exception>)
+                {
+                    if (const mijin::Result<mijin::Stacktrace>& trace = exc.getStacktrace(); trace.isSuccess())
+                    {
+                        *it = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, '\n');
+                        ++it;
+                        it = std::format_to(it, MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "{}"), trace.getValue());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                it = std::ranges::copy(MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "<unknown exception>"sv), it).out;
+            }
+        });
+        return it;
+    }
+};
 #endif // MIJIN_UTIL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/util/hash.hpp

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 #define MIJIN_UTIL_HASH_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
 #include <functional>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <utility>
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -16,4 +18,21 @@ inline void hashCombine(std::size_t& seed, const T& value, const THasher& hasher
 }
 }
 
+template<typename... T>
+struct std::hash<std::tuple<T...>>
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple) const noexcept
+    {
+        return hashImpl(tuple, std::index_sequence_for<T...>());
+    }
+
+    template<std::size_t... indices>
+    std::size_t hashImpl(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple, std::index_sequence<indices...>) const noexcept
+    {
+        std::size_t result = 0;
+        (mijin::hashCombine(result, std::get<indices>(tuple)), ...);
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+
 #endif // MIJIN_UTIL_HASH_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/util/string.hpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
 #include <charconv>
+#include <climits>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <iterator>
@@ -32,6 +33,16 @@ namespace mijin
 // public constants
 //
 
+namespace detail
+{
+template<typename TChar>
+static constexpr std::array DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA = {TChar(' '), TChar('\t'), TChar('\r'), TChar('\n')};
+}
+
+template<typename TChar>
+static const std::basic_string_view<TChar, std::char_traits<TChar>> DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS
+    = {detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.begin(), detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.end()};
+
 //
 // public traits
 //
@@ -97,6 +108,361 @@ struct SplitOptions
     bool ignoreEmpty = true;
 };
 
+struct [[nodiscard]] ConvertCharTypeResult
+{
+    unsigned numRead = 0;
+    unsigned numWritten = 0;
+
+    constexpr operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return numRead != 0 || numWritten != 0;
+    }
+    constexpr bool operator !() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !static_cast<bool>(*this);
+    }
+};
+
+struct SplitViewOptions
+{
+    bool ignoreEmpty = true;
+    bool trim = false;
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, TChar splitAt, SplitViewOptions options = SplitViewOptions(), typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+struct SplitStringTraitsCT
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>;
+
+    static constexpr char_t getSplitAt() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return splitAt; }
+    static constexpr bool getIgnoreEmpty() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return options.ignoreEmpty; }
+    static constexpr bool getTrim() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return options.trim; }
+    static constexpr auto getTrimChars() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<char_t>; }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+struct SplitStringTraitsRT
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>;
+
+    char_t splitAt;
+    bool ignoreEmpty;
+    string_view_t trimChars = {};
+
+    constexpr char_t getSplitAt() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return splitAt; }
+    constexpr bool getIgnoreEmpty() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return ignoreEmpty; }
+    constexpr bool getTrim() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !trimChars.empty(); }
+    constexpr string_view_t getTrimChars() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return trimChars; }
+};
+
+template<typename T, typename TChar>
+concept SplitStringTraitsType = std::is_copy_constructible_v<T> && requires(const T& object)
+{
+    typename T::char_t;
+    typename T::string_view_t;
+    { object.getSplitAt() } -> std::convertible_to<TChar>;
+    { object.getIgnoreEmpty() } -> std::convertible_to<bool>;
+    { object.getTrim() } -> std::convertible_to<bool>;
+    { object.getTrimChars() } -> std::convertible_to<typename T::string_view_t>;
+};
+static_assert(SplitStringTraitsType<SplitStringTraitsCT<char, ' '>, char>);
+static_assert(SplitStringTraitsType<SplitStringTraitsRT<char>, char>);
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TLine, SplitViewOptions options = SplitViewOptions(), typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+struct SplitLineTraitsCT : SplitStringTraitsCT<TChar, '\n', options, TCharTraits>
+{
+    using base_t = SplitStringTraitsCT<TChar, '\n', options, TCharTraits>;
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using line_t = TLine;
+
+    line_t line = 1;
+
+    using base_t::getSplitAt;
+    using base_t::getIgnoreEmpty;
+    using base_t::getTrim;
+    using base_t::getTrimChars;
+    constexpr void onNext() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
+        ++line;
+    }
+    constexpr line_t getLine() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return line; }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TLine, typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+struct SplitLineTraitsRT
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using line_t = TLine;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>;
+    
+    line_t line = 1;
+    bool ignoreEmpty;
+    string_view_t trimChars = {};
+
+    constexpr char_t getSplitAt() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return '\n'; }
+    constexpr bool getIgnoreEmpty() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return ignoreEmpty; }
+    constexpr bool getTrim() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !trimChars.empty(); }
+    constexpr string_view_t getTrimChars() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return trimChars; }
+    constexpr line_t getLine() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return line; }
+    constexpr void onNext() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
+        ++line;
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename T, typename TChar, typename TLine>
+concept SplitLineTraitsType = SplitStringTraitsType<T, TChar> && requires (const T& object)
+{
+    { object.getLine() } -> std::convertible_to<TLine>;
+};
+static_assert(SplitLineTraitsType<SplitLineTraitsCT<char, unsigned>, char, unsigned>);
+static_assert(SplitLineTraitsType<SplitLineTraitsRT<char, unsigned>, char, unsigned>);
+
+template<typename TString, typename TChars>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto trim(TString&& string, TChars&& chars);
+
+template<typename TChar, SplitStringTraitsType<TChar> TTraits>
+class SplitStringIterator
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using string_view_t = traits_t::string_view_t;
+    using base_t = string_view_t::iterator;
+    using value_type = string_view_t;
+private:
+    [[no_unique_address]] traits_t traits_;
+
+    string_view_t full_;
+    string_view_t::iterator pos_;
+    string_view_t::iterator next_;
+    
+public:
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator(string_view_t full, base_t pos, traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+            : full_(full), pos_(pos), traits_(std::move(traits))
+    {
+        findNext();
+    }
+    constexpr explicit SplitStringIterator(traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : traits_(std::move(traits)) {}
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator(const SplitStringIterator&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator(SplitStringIterator&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator& operator=(const SplitStringIterator&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator& operator=(SplitStringIterator&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+
+    constexpr bool operator==(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ == other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator!=(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ != other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator<(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ < other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator<=(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ <= other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator>(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ > other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator>=(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ >= other.pos_; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    traits_t& getTraits() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return traits_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const traits_t& getTraits() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return traits_;
+    }
+
+    constexpr value_type operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(pos_ != full_.end(), "Dereferencing an invalid iterator.");
+        string_view_t result{pos_, next_};
+        if (traits_.getTrim())
+        {
+            result = trim(result, traits_.getTrimChars());
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(pos_ != full_.end(), "Iterating past end.");
+        if (next_ == full_.end()) {
+            pos_ = full_.end();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            pos_ = std::next(next_);
+            findNext();
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator operator++(int) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        SplitStringIterator copy(*this);
+        ++copy;
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    // TODO
+    // SplitStringIterator& operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    // {
+    //     MIJIN_ASSERT(pos_ != full_.begin(), "Iterating past begin.");
+    //     next_ = std::prev(pos_);
+    //     pos_ = std::find(std::reverse_iterator(next_), std::reverse_iterator(full_.begin()), separator).base();
+    // }
+private:
+    constexpr void findNext()
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if constexpr (requires{{ traits_.onNext() };}) {
+                traits_.onNext();
+            }
+            next_ = std::find(pos_, full_.end(), traits_.getSplitAt());
+
+            if (!traits_.getIgnoreEmpty() || pos_ == full_.end()) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if (traits_.getTrim())
+            {
+                const string_view_t trimChars = traits_.getTrimChars();
+                typename string_view_t::iterator trimmedPos = std::find_if(pos_, next_, [&](char_t chr)
+                {
+                    return !trimChars.contains(chr);
+                });
+                if (trimmedPos == next_)
+                {
+                    pos_ = next_; // skip this part
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (pos_ != next_) {
+                break;
+            }
+            pos_ = std::next(pos_);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, SplitStringTraitsType<TChar> TTraits>
+class SplitStringRange
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using string_view_t = traits_t::string_view_t;
+    using iterator = SplitStringIterator<char_t, traits_t>;
+private:
+    [[no_unique_address]] traits_t traits_;
+    string_view_t stringView_;
+public:
+    constexpr explicit SplitStringRange(string_view_t stringView, traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : stringView_(stringView), traits_(std::move(traits)) {}
+    constexpr SplitStringRange(const SplitStringRange&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringRange(SplitStringRange&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringRange& operator=(const SplitStringRange&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringRange& operator=(SplitStringRange&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr auto operator<=>(const SplitStringRange&) const noexcept = default;
+
+    constexpr iterator begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+    {
+        return iterator(stringView_, stringView_.begin(), traits_);
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+    {
+        return iterator(stringView_, stringView_.end(), traits_);
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TLine = unsigned, SplitLineTraitsType<TChar, TLine> TTraits = SplitLineTraitsCT<TChar, TLine>>
+class LineIterator
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using line_t = TLine;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using base_t = SplitStringIterator<TChar, traits_t>;
+    using string_view_t = base_t::string_view_t;
+    using value_type = std::pair<string_view_t, line_t>;
+private:
+    base_t base_ = {};
+public:
+    constexpr LineIterator(string_view_t full, string_view_t::iterator pos, traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : base_(full, pos, std::move(traits)) {}
+    constexpr explicit LineIterator(traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : base_(std::move(traits)) {}
+    LineIterator(const LineIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    LineIterator(LineIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+
+    LineIterator& operator=(const LineIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    LineIterator& operator=(LineIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    
+    bool operator==(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ == other.base_; }
+    bool operator!=(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ != other.base_; }
+    bool operator<(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ < other.base_; }
+    bool operator>(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ > other.base_; }
+    bool operator<=(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ <= other.base_; }
+    bool operator>=(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ >= other.base_; }
+    
+    constexpr value_type operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        string_view_t stringView = *base_;
+        if (!base_.getTraits().getTrim())
+        {
+            // always split \r, even if not trimming other whitespace
+            if (stringView.ends_with('\r')) {
+                stringView = stringView.substr(0, stringView.size() - 1);
+            }
+        }
+        return {stringView, base_.getTraits().line};
+    }
+
+    constexpr LineIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ++base_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr LineIterator operator++(int) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        SplitStringIterator copy(*this);
+        ++copy;
+        return copy;
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TLine = unsigned, SplitLineTraitsType<TChar, TLine> TTraits = SplitLineTraitsCT<TChar, TLine>>
+class LineRange
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using line_t = TLine;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using iterator = LineIterator<char_t, line_t, traits_t>;
+    using string_view_t = iterator::string_view_t;
+private:
+    [[no_unique_address]] traits_t traits_;
+    string_view_t stringView_;
+public:
+    constexpr explicit LineRange(string_view_t stringView, traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : traits_(std::move(traits)), stringView_(stringView) {}
+    constexpr LineRange(const LineRange&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr LineRange(LineRange&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr LineRange& operator=(const LineRange&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr LineRange& operator=(LineRange&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr auto operator<=>(const LineRange&) const noexcept = default;
+
+    constexpr iterator begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return iterator(stringView_, stringView_.begin(), traits_);
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return iterator(stringView_, stringView_.end(), traits_);
+    }
+};
+
 //
 // public functions
 //
@@ -272,13 +638,6 @@ std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> trimImpl(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TT
 {
     return trimPrefixImpl(trimSuffixImpl(stringView, charsToTrim), charsToTrim);
 }
-
-template<typename TChar>
-static const std::array DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA = {TChar(' '), TChar('\t'), TChar('\r'), TChar('\n')};
-
-template<typename TChar>
-static const std::basic_string_view<TChar, std::char_traits<TChar>> DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS
-    = {DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.begin(), DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.end()};
 }
 
 template<typename TLeft, typename TRight>
@@ -295,6 +654,61 @@ template<std::size_t count, typename TLeft, typename TRight>
                                          std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TRight>(separator)), options, outNumResults);
 }
 
+template<typename TTraits, typename TChar> requires (SplitStringTraitsType<TTraits, TChar>)
+[[nodiscard]] SplitStringRange<TChar, TTraits> splitView(typename TTraits::string_view_t stringView, TTraits traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TTraits>)
+{
+    return SplitStringRange<TChar, TTraits>(stringView, std::move(traits));
+}
+
+template<auto splitAt, SplitViewOptions options = SplitViewOptions(), typename TStringView, typename TChar = decltype(splitAt), typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+[[nodiscard]] SplitStringRange<TChar, SplitStringTraitsCT<TChar, splitAt, options, TCharTraits>> splitView(TStringView&& stringView) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return splitView<SplitStringTraitsCT<TChar, splitAt, options, TCharTraits>>(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>(std::forward<TStringView>(stringView)));
+}
+
+template<typename TStringView, typename TChar, typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, typename TTrimChars = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>>
+[[nodiscard]] auto splitView(TStringView&& stringView, TChar splitAt, bool ignoreEmpty = true, TTrimChars trimChars = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return splitView(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>(std::forward<TStringView>(stringView)), SplitStringTraitsRT<TChar, TCharTraits>{
+        .splitAt = splitAt,
+        .ignoreEmpty = ignoreEmpty,
+        .trimChars = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>(std::forward<TTrimChars>(trimChars))
+    });
+}
+
+template<typename TTraits, typename TChar, typename TLine = unsigned> requires(SplitLineTraitsType<TTraits, TChar, TLine>)
+[[nodiscard]] LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits> splitLines(typename TTraits::string_view_t stringView, TTraits traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TTraits>)
+{
+    return LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>(stringView, std::move(traits));
+}
+
+template<typename TLine = unsigned, SplitViewOptions options = SplitViewOptions{.ignoreEmpty=false},
+    typename TParam,
+    typename TStringView = decltype(std::basic_string_view(std::declval<TParam&&>())),
+    typename TChar = typename TStringView::value_type,
+    typename TCharTraits = typename TStringView::traits_type,
+    typename TTraits = SplitLineTraitsCT<TChar, TLine, options, TCharTraits>>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto splitLines(TParam&& stringView) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>
+{
+    return LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>(std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TParam>(stringView)));
+}
+
+template<typename TParam, typename TLine = unsigned,
+         typename TStringView = decltype(std::basic_string_view(std::declval<TParam&&>())),
+         typename TChar = typename TStringView::value_type,
+         typename TCharTraits = typename TStringView::traits_type,
+         typename TTraits = SplitLineTraitsRT<TChar, TLine, TCharTraits>,
+         typename TTrimChars = TStringView>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto splitLines(TParam&& stringView, bool ignoreEmpty, TTrimChars&& trimChars = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>
+{
+    return LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>(std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TParam>(stringView)), TTraits{
+        .ignoreEmpty = ignoreEmpty,
+        .trimChars = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>(std::forward<TTrimChars>(trimChars))
+    });
+}
+
 template<typename TString, typename TChars>
 [[nodiscard]]
 auto trimPrefix(TString&& string, TChars&& chars)
@@ -306,7 +720,7 @@ template<typename TString>
 [[nodiscard]]
 auto trimPrefix(TString&& string)
 {
-    return trimPrefix(string, detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
+    return trimPrefix(string, DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
 }
 
 template<typename TString, typename TChars>
@@ -320,7 +734,7 @@ template<typename TString>
 [[nodiscard]]
 auto trimSuffix(TString&& string)
 {
-    return trimSuffix(string, detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
+    return trimSuffix(string, DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
 }
 
 template<typename TString, typename TChars>
@@ -334,7 +748,7 @@ template<typename TString>
 [[nodiscard]]
 auto trim(TString&& string)
 {
-    return trim(string, detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
+    return trim(string, DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
 }
 
 template<typename TLeft, typename TRight>
@@ -450,6 +864,12 @@ inline auto findIgnoreCase(std::string_view haystack, std::string_view needle)
     return std::ranges::search(haystack, needle, &compareIgnoreCase<char>);
 }
 
+[[nodiscard]]
+inline bool containsIgnoreCase(std::string_view haystack, std::string_view needle)
+{
+    return findIgnoreCase(haystack, needle).begin() != haystack.end();
+}
+
 [[nodiscard]]
 inline bool startsWithIgnoreCase(std::string_view string, std::string_view part)
 {
@@ -486,21 +906,6 @@ auto operator|(TIterable&& iterable, const Join& joiner)
 }
 } // namespace pipe
 
-struct [[nodiscard]] ConvertCharTypeResult
-{
-    unsigned numRead = 0;
-    unsigned numWritten = 0;
-
-    constexpr operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-    {
-        return numRead != 0 || numWritten != 0;
-    }
-    constexpr bool operator !() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-    {
-        return !static_cast<bool>(*this);
-    }
-};
-
 template<typename TFrom, typename TTo>
 ConvertCharTypeResult convertCharType(const TFrom* chrFrom, std::size_t numFrom, TTo* outTo, std::size_t numTo, std::mbstate_t& mbstate) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
@@ -530,7 +935,7 @@ ConvertCharTypeResult convertCharType(const TFrom* chrFrom, std::size_t numFrom,
             if (numTo < MB_CUR_MAX)
             {
                 char tmpBuf[MB_LEN_MAX];
-                const ConvertCharTypeResult result = convertCharType(chrFrom, tmpBuf, mbstate);
+                const ConvertCharTypeResult result = convertCharType(chrFrom, numFrom, tmpBuf, MB_LEN_MAX, mbstate);
                 if (result && result.numWritten <= numTo)
                 {
                     std::memcpy(outTo, tmpBuf, result.numWritten);
@@ -621,6 +1026,54 @@ bool convertStringType(const TFrom* strFrom, std::basic_string<TTo, TToTraits, T
 {
     return convertStringType(std::basic_string_view<TFrom>(strFrom), outString);
 }
+
+struct StringQuoteOptions
+{
+    bool replaceNewlines = false;
+};
+
+template<StringQuoteOptions options = {}, typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAlloc = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<TChar>>
+std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAlloc> quoted(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> input)
+{
+    std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits> result;
+    result.reserve(input.size() + 2);
+    result.push_back(TChar('"'));
+    for (const TChar chr : input)
+    {
+        switch (chr)
+        {
+        case TChar('"'):
+        case TChar('\\'):
+            result.push_back(TChar('\\'));
+            break;
+        case TChar('\n'):
+            if constexpr (options.replaceNewlines)
+            {
+                result.push_back(TChar('\\'));
+                result.push_back(TChar('n'));
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
+        case TChar('\r'):
+            if constexpr (options.replaceNewlines)
+            {
+                result.push_back(TChar('\\'));
+                result.push_back(TChar('r'));
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        result.push_back(chr);
+    }
+    result.push_back(TChar('"'));
+    return result;
+}
+
+template<StringQuoteOptions options = {}, typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAlloc>
+std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAlloc> quoted(const std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAlloc>& input)
+{
+    return quoted<options, TChar, TTraits, TAlloc>(std::basic_string_view(input));
+}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_STRING_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/traits.hpp

@@ -192,6 +192,18 @@ struct is_type_member<TElement, TCollection<Ts...>>
 template<typename TElement, typename TCollection>
 constexpr bool is_type_member_v = is_type_member<TElement, TCollection>::value;
 
+template<typename T, typename TObject>
+struct is_member_object_pointer_of : std::false_type {};
+
+template<typename TMember, typename TObject>
+struct is_member_object_pointer_of<TMember (TObject::*), TObject> : std::true_type {};
+
+template<typename T, typename TObject>
+inline constexpr bool is_member_object_pointer_of_v = is_member_object_pointer_of<T, TObject>::value;
+
+template<typename T, typename TObject>
+concept member_object_pointer_of = is_member_object_pointer_of_v<T, TObject>;
+
 template<typename TFrom, typename TTo>
 using copy_const_t = std::conditional_t<std::is_const_v<TFrom>, std::add_const_t<TTo>, std::remove_const_t<TTo>>;
 
@@ -288,6 +300,19 @@ static_assert(union_type<MyTemplate<int, int>, MyTemplate<double, double>, MyTem
 static_assert(!union_type<int*, int>);
 static_assert(union_type<int*, std::is_pointer<Type_>>);
 static_assert(!union_type<int, std::is_pointer<Type_>>);
+
+struct DetectNo {};
+struct DetectYes {
+    using some_type = double;
+};
+template<typename T>
+using detect_some_type = typename T::some_type;
+
+template<typename T>
+using some_type = detect_or_t<int, detect_some_type, T>;
+
+static_assert(std::is_same_v<some_type<DetectNo>, int>);
+static_assert(std::is_same_v<some_type<DetectYes>, double>);
 }
 #endif
 

source/mijin/util/winundef.hpp

@@ -22,3 +22,7 @@
 #if defined(RELATIVE)
 #undef RELATIVE
 #endif
+
+#if defined(DEBUG)
+#undef DEBUG
+#endif

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/filesystem.hpp

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class FileSystemAdapter
 public:
     virtual ~FileSystemAdapter() = default;
 
-    [[deprecated("Will be removed ASAP")]]
+    [[deprecated("Will be removed ASAP, use getKnownFolder(KnownFolder::USER_HOME) from platform/folders.hpp instead.")]]
     [[nodiscard]] virtual fs::path getHomeFolder() { return {}; } // TODO: get rid of this ...
     [[nodiscard]] virtual std::vector<FileInfo> listFiles(const fs::path& folder) = 0;
     [[nodiscard]] virtual FileInfo getFileInfo(const fs::path& file) = 0;

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/memory.hpp

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ struct MemoryFile
 };
 struct MemoryFolder
 {
-    VectorMap<std::string, MemoryFile> files;
-    VectorMap<std::string, MemoryFolder> folders;
+    VectorMap<std::string, MemoryFile, std::allocator<std::string>, std::allocator<MemoryFile>> files; // TODO: make the FS library allocator aware
+    VectorMap<std::string, MemoryFolder, std::allocator<std::string>, std::allocator<MemoryFolder>> folders;
 };
 }
 

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/relative.hpp

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fs::path RelativeFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::appendPath(const fs::path& other)
     else {
         combinedPath /= other;
     }
-    return combinedPath;
+    return combinedPath.lexically_normal();
 }
 
 namespace vfs_pipe