Added bitFlagsToInt() and bitFlagsFromInt() methods for converting bit flags to and from integer types.

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Generated from CLion C/C++ Code Style settings
+BasedOnStyle: LLVM
+AccessModifierOffset: -4
+AlignAfterOpenBracket: Align
+AlignConsecutiveAssignments: None
+AlignOperands: Align
+AllowAllArgumentsOnNextLine: false
+AllowAllConstructorInitializersOnNextLine: false
+AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: false
+AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Always
+AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: All
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: Always
+AllowShortLambdasOnASingleLine: All
+AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: true
+AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: Yes
+BreakBeforeBraces: Custom
+BraceWrapping:
+  AfterCaseLabel: false
+  AfterClass: true
+  AfterControlStatement: Always
+  AfterEnum: true
+  AfterFunction: true
+  AfterNamespace: true
+  AfterUnion: true
+  BeforeCatch: false
+  BeforeElse: false
+  IndentBraces: false
+  SplitEmptyFunction: false
+  SplitEmptyRecord: true
+BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: None
+BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: true
+BreakConstructorInitializers: BeforeColon
+BreakInheritanceList: BeforeColon
+ColumnLimit: 0
+CompactNamespaces: false
+ContinuationIndentWidth: 8
+IndentCaseLabels: true
+IndentPPDirectives: None
+IndentWidth: 4
+KeepEmptyLinesAtTheStartOfBlocks: true
+MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: 2
+NamespaceIndentation: None
+ObjCSpaceAfterProperty: false
+ObjCSpaceBeforeProtocolList: true
+PointerAlignment: Left
+ReflowComments: false
+SpaceAfterCStyleCast: true
+SpaceAfterLogicalNot: false
+SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: false
+SpaceBeforeAssignmentOperators: true
+SpaceBeforeCpp11BracedList: false
+SpaceBeforeCtorInitializerColon: true
+SpaceBeforeInheritanceColon: true
+SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatements
+SpaceBeforeRangeBasedForLoopColon: false
+SpaceInEmptyParentheses: false
+SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 0
+SpacesInAngles: false
+SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false
+SpacesInContainerLiterals: false
+SpacesInParentheses: false
+SpacesInSquareBrackets: false
+TabWidth: 4
+UseTab: Never

.clang-tidy

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+Checks: '*,
+         -abseil-*,
+         -altera-*,
+         -android-*,
+         -boost-*,
+         -darwin-*,
+         -fuchsia-*,
+         -google-*,
+         -hicpp-*,
+         -linuxkernel-*,
+         -llvm-*,
+         -llvmlibc-*,
+         -mpi-*,
+         -objc-*,
+         -zircon-*,
+         
+         -bugprone-easily-swappable-parameters,
+         -bugprone-exception-escape,
+         -bugprone-unhandled-exception-at-new,
+         -cert-dcl21-cpp,
+         -cert-err58-cpp,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-avoid-capturing-lambda-coroutines,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-avoid-const-or-ref-data-members,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-avoid-do-while,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-avoid-reference-coroutine-parameters,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-non-private-member-variables-in-classes,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-pointer-arithmetic,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-member-init,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-static-cast-downcast,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-union-access,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,
+         -cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions,
+         -modernize-macro-to-enum,
+         -misc-include-cleaner,
+         -misc-no-recursion,
+         -misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes,
+         -misc-use-anonymous-namespace,
+         -modernize-return-braced-init-list,
+         -modernize-use-auto,
+         -modernize-use-trailing-return-type,
+         -portability-simd-intrinsics,
+         -readability-avoid-unconditional-preprocessor-if,
+         -readability-container-data-pointer,
+         -readability-convert-member-functions-to-static,
+         -readability-implicit-bool-conversion,
+         -readability-isolate-declaration,
+         -readability-magic-numbers,
+         -readability-named-parameter,
+         -readability-redundant-access-specifiers,
+         -readability-uppercase-literal-suffix,
+         -readability-use-anyofallof'
+
+CheckOptions:
+  - key: readability-identifier-length.IgnoredParameterNames
+    value: '^[xyz]$'
+  - key: readability-identifier-length.IgnoredLoopCounterNames
+    value: '^[xyz]$'
+  - key: readability-identifier-length.IgnoredVariableNames
+    value: '(it|NO)'
+  - key: readability-function-cognitive-complexity.Threshold
+    value: 50
+
+WarningsAsErrors: '*'
+
+HeaderFilterRegex: 'source/*.hpp$'
+
+UseColor: false

LibConf

@@ -7,27 +7,36 @@ mijin_sources = Split("""
     source/mijin/debug/symbol_info.cpp
     source/mijin/io/process.cpp
     source/mijin/io/stream.cpp
+    source/mijin/net/http.cpp
+    source/mijin/net/ip.cpp
+    source/mijin/net/socket.cpp
     source/mijin/util/os.cpp
     source/mijin/types/name.cpp
     source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/filesystem.cpp
     source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/stacked.cpp
 """)
 
-lib_libbacktrace = env.Cook('libbacktrace')
+dependencies = []
+if env['COMPILER_FAMILY'] in ('gcc', 'clang'):
+	lib_libbacktrace = env.Cook('libbacktrace')
+	dependencies.append(lib_libbacktrace)
+
+cppdefines = []
+if env['BUILD_TYPE'] == 'debug':
+    cppdefines += ['MIJIN_DEBUG=1', 'MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS=1']
+
 
 lib_mijin = env.UnityStaticLibrary(
     target = env['LIB_DIR']  + '/mijin',
     source = mijin_sources,
-    dependencies = [lib_libbacktrace]
+    dependencies = dependencies,
+    CPPDEFINES = list(env['CPPDEFINES']) + cppdefines
 )
 
 LIB_CONFIG = {
     'CPPPATH': [env.Dir('source')],
-    'CPPDEFINES': [],
+    'CPPDEFINES': cppdefines,
     'DEPENDENCIES': [lib_mijin]
 }
 
-if env['BUILD_TYPE'] == 'debug':
-    LIB_CONFIG['CPPDEFINES'].extend(['MIJIN_DEBUG=1', 'MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS=1'])
-
 Return('LIB_CONFIG')

SModule

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+
+import json
+
+
+Import('env')
+
+mijin_sources = Split("""
+    source/mijin/async/coroutine.cpp
+    source/mijin/debug/stacktrace.cpp
+    source/mijin/debug/symbol_info.cpp
+    source/mijin/io/process.cpp
+    source/mijin/io/stream.cpp
+    source/mijin/net/http.cpp
+    source/mijin/net/ip.cpp
+    source/mijin/net/socket.cpp
+    source/mijin/platform/folders.cpp
+    source/mijin/util/os.cpp
+    source/mijin/types/name.cpp
+    source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/filesystem.cpp
+    source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/stacked.cpp
+""")
+
+with open('dependencies.json', 'r') as f:
+  dependencies = env.DepsFromJson(json.load(f))
+
+cppdefines = []
+if env['BUILD_TYPE'] == 'debug':
+    cppdefines += ['MIJIN_DEBUG=1', 'MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS=1']
+
+
+# SSL libs
+if env.get('MIJIN_ENABLE_OPENSSL'):
+    cppdefines.append('MIJIN_ENABLE_OPENSSL=1')
+    mijin_sources.extend(Split("""
+        source/mijin/net/ssl.cpp
+    """))
+
+# CURL libs
+if env.get('MIJIN_ENABLE_CURL'):
+    cppdefines.append('MIJIN_ENABLE_CURL=1')
+    mijin_sources.extend(Split("""
+        source/mijin/net/request.cpp
+    """))
+
+lib_mijin = env.UnityStaticLibrary(
+    target = env['LIB_DIR'] + '/mijin',
+    source = mijin_sources,
+    dependencies = dependencies,
+    CPPDEFINES = list(env['CPPDEFINES']) + cppdefines
+)
+
+LIB_CONFIG = {
+    'CPPPATH': [env.Dir('source')],
+    'CPPDEFINES': cppdefines,
+    'LIBS': [lib_mijin]
+}
+
+Return('LIB_CONFIG')

dependencies.json

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "libbacktrace":
+  {
+    "condition": "compiler_family == 'gcc' or compiler_family == 'clang'"
+  },
+  "winsock2":
+  {
+	"condition": "target_os == 'nt'"
+  },
+  "openssl":
+  {
+    "condition": "getenv('MIJIN_ENABLE_OPENSSL')"
+  },
+  "curl":
+  {
+    "condition": "getenv('MIJIN_ENABLE_CURL')",
+    "max": [8, 9, 1]
+  }
+}

source/mijin/async/coroutine.cpp

@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::managerThread(std::stop_token stopToken) // NOLINT(p
     while (!stopToken.stop_requested())
     {
         // first clear out any parked tasks that are actually finished
-        auto it = std::remove_if(parkedTasks_.begin(), parkedTasks_.end(), [](StoredTask& task) {
+        auto itRem = std::remove_if(parkedTasks_.begin(), parkedTasks_.end(), [](StoredTask& task) {
             return !task.task || task.task->status() == TaskStatus::FINISHED;
         });
-        parkedTasks_.erase(it, parkedTasks_.end());
+        parkedTasks_.erase(itRem, parkedTasks_.end());
 
         // then try to push any task from the buffer into the queue, if possible
         for (auto it = parkedTasks_.begin(); it != parkedTasks_.end();)
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::workerThread(std::stop_token stopToken, std::size_t
 // public functions
 //
 
-void SimpleTaskLoop::transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) noexcept
+void SimpleTaskLoop::transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     assertCorrectThread();
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ void SimpleTaskLoop::transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) noexcept
     otherLoop.addStoredTask(std::move(storedTask));
 }
 
-void SimpleTaskLoop::addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) noexcept
+void SimpleTaskLoop::addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     storedTask.task->setLoop(this);
     if (threadId_ == std::thread::id() || threadId_ == std::this_thread::get_id())
@@ -174,13 +174,27 @@ void SimpleTaskLoop::addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) noexcept
     }
 }
 
-void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) noexcept
+std::size_t SimpleTaskLoop::getActiveTasks() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    std::size_t sum = 0;
+    for (const StoredTask& task : mijin::chain(tasks_, newTasks_))
+    {
+        const TaskStatus status = task.task ? task.task->status() : TaskStatus::FINISHED;
+        if (status == TaskStatus::SUSPENDED || status == TaskStatus::RUNNING)
+        {
+            ++sum;
+        }
+    }
+    return sum;
+}
+
+void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     if (&otherLoop == this) {
         return;
     }
 
-    MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(currentTask_ != nullptr, "Trying to call transferCurrentTask() while not running a task!");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(impl::gCurrentTask != nullptr, "Trying to call transferCurrentTask() while not running a task!");
 
     // now start the transfer, first disown the task
     StoredTask storedTask = std::move(*impl::gCurrentTask);
@@ -190,7 +204,7 @@ void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) noexcept
     otherLoop.addStoredTask(std::move(storedTask));
 }
 
-void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) noexcept
+void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     storedTask.task->setLoop(this);
     

source/mijin/async/coroutine.hpp

@@ -4,8 +4,14 @@
 #ifndef MIJIN_ASYNC_COROUTINE_HPP_INCLUDED
 #define MIJIN_ASYNC_COROUTINE_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO)
+#   define MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO 0 // Capture stack each time a coroutine is started. Warning, expensive! // TODO: maybe implement a lighter version only storing the return address?
+#endif
+
 #include <any>
 #include <coroutine>
+#include <exception>
 #include <memory>
 #include <thread>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -13,8 +19,25 @@
 #include "./future.hpp"
 #include "./message_queue.hpp"
 #include "../container/optional.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 #include "../util/flag.hpp"
+#include "../util/iterators.hpp"
 #include "../util/traits.hpp"
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO
+#include "../debug/stacktrace.hpp"
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTION_HANDLING)
+#   define MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTION_HANDLING MIJIN_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS
+#elif !__cpp_exceptions
+#   error "Coroutine exception handling enabled, but exceptions are disabled."
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_CANCEL)
+#   define MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_CANCEL MIJIN_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS
+#elif !__cpp_exceptions
+#   error "Cancelling tasks requires exceptions to be anbled."
+#endif
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -23,10 +46,6 @@ namespace mijin
 // public defines
 //
 
-#if !defined(MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO)
-#define MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO 0
-#endif
-
 //
 // public types
 //
@@ -49,13 +68,54 @@ class TaskLoop;
 template<typename TResult = void>
 class TaskBase;
 
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_CANCEL
 struct TaskCancelled : std::exception {};
+#endif
 
 namespace impl
 {
 inline void throwIfCancelled();
 } // namespace impl
 
+class TaskHandle
+{
+private:
+    std::weak_ptr<struct TaskSharedState> state_;
+public:
+    TaskHandle() = default;
+    explicit TaskHandle(std::weak_ptr<TaskSharedState> state) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : state_(std::move(state)) {}
+    TaskHandle(const TaskHandle&) = default;
+    TaskHandle(TaskHandle&&) = default;
+
+    TaskHandle& operator=(const TaskHandle&) = default;
+    TaskHandle& operator=(TaskHandle&&) = default;
+
+    bool operator==(const TaskHandle& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
+        return !state_.owner_before(other.state_) && !other.state_.owner_before(state_);
+    }
+    bool operator!=(const TaskHandle& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
+        return !(*this == other);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] bool isValid() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !state_.expired();
+    }
+
+    inline void cancel() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO
+    inline Optional<Stacktrace> getCreationStack() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+};
+struct TaskSharedState
+{
+    std::atomic_bool cancelled_ = false;
+    TaskHandle subTask;
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO
+    Stacktrace creationStack_;
+#endif
+};
+
 template<typename T>
 struct TaskState
 {
@@ -65,11 +125,11 @@ struct TaskState
 
     TaskState() = default;
     TaskState(const TaskState&) = default;
-    TaskState(TaskState&&) noexcept = default;
+    TaskState(TaskState&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    inline TaskState(T _value, TaskStatus _status) noexcept : value(std::move(_value)), status(_status) {}
+    inline TaskState(T _value, TaskStatus _status) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : value(std::move(_value)), status(_status) {}
-    inline TaskState(std::exception_ptr _exception) noexcept : exception(std::move(_exception)), status(TaskStatus::FINISHED) {}
+    inline TaskState(std::exception_ptr _exception) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : exception(std::move(_exception)), status(TaskStatus::FINISHED) {}
     TaskState& operator=(const TaskState&) = default;
-    TaskState& operator=(TaskState&&) noexcept = default;
+    TaskState& operator=(TaskState&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 };
 
 template<>
@@ -80,11 +140,11 @@ struct TaskState<void>
 
     TaskState() = default;
     TaskState(const TaskState&) = default;
-    TaskState(TaskState&&) noexcept = default;
+    TaskState(TaskState&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    inline TaskState(TaskStatus _status) noexcept : status(_status) {}
+    inline TaskState(TaskStatus _status) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : status(_status) {}
-    inline TaskState(std::exception_ptr _exception) noexcept : exception(std::move(_exception)), status(TaskStatus::FINISHED) {}
+    inline TaskState(std::exception_ptr _exception) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : exception(std::move(_exception)), status(TaskStatus::FINISHED) {}
     TaskState& operator=(const TaskState&) = default;
-    TaskState& operator=(TaskState&&) noexcept = default;
+    TaskState& operator=(TaskState&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 };
 
 namespace impl
@@ -93,15 +153,15 @@ template<typename TReturn, typename TPromise>
 struct TaskReturn
 {
     template<typename... TArgs>
-    constexpr void return_value(TArgs&&... args) noexcept {
+    constexpr void return_value(TArgs&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
         (static_cast<TPromise&>(*this).state_) = TaskState<TReturn>(TReturn(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...), TaskStatus::FINISHED);
     }
 
-    constexpr void return_value(TReturn value) noexcept {
+    constexpr void return_value(TReturn value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
         (static_cast<TPromise&>(*this).state_) = TaskState<TReturn>(TReturn(std::move(value)), TaskStatus::FINISHED);
     }
 
-    constexpr void unhandled_exception() noexcept {
+    constexpr void unhandled_exception() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
         (static_cast<TPromise&>(*this).state_) = TaskState<TReturn>(std::current_exception());
     }
 };
@@ -109,11 +169,11 @@ struct TaskReturn
 template<typename TPromise>
 struct TaskReturn<void, TPromise>
 {
-    constexpr void return_void() noexcept {
+    constexpr void return_void() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
         static_cast<TPromise&>(*this).state_.status = TaskStatus::FINISHED;
     }
 
-    constexpr void unhandled_exception() noexcept {
+    constexpr void unhandled_exception() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
         (static_cast<TPromise&>(*this).state_) = TaskState<void>(std::current_exception());
     }
 };
@@ -124,8 +184,8 @@ struct TaskAwaitableFuture
 {
     FuturePtr<TValue> future;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool await_ready() const noexcept { return future->ready(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool await_ready() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return future->ready(); }
-    constexpr void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<>) const noexcept {}
+    constexpr void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<>) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
     constexpr TValue await_resume() const
     {
         impl::throwIfCancelled();
@@ -143,8 +203,8 @@ struct TaskAwaitableSignal
 {
     std::shared_ptr<std::tuple<TArgs...>> data;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool await_ready() const noexcept { return false; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool await_ready() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return false; }
-    constexpr void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<>) const noexcept {}
+    constexpr void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<>) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
     inline auto& await_resume() const
     {
         impl::throwIfCancelled();
@@ -157,8 +217,8 @@ struct TaskAwaitableSignal<TSingleArg>
 {
     std::shared_ptr<TSingleArg> data;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool await_ready() const noexcept { return false; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool await_ready() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return false; }
-    constexpr void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<>) const noexcept {}
+    constexpr void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<>) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
     constexpr auto& await_resume() const
     {
         impl::throwIfCancelled();
@@ -169,8 +229,8 @@ struct TaskAwaitableSignal<TSingleArg>
 template<>
 struct TaskAwaitableSignal<>
 {
-    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool await_ready() const noexcept { return false; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool await_ready() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return false; }
-    constexpr void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<>) const noexcept {}
+    constexpr void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<>) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
     inline void await_resume() const {
         impl::throwIfCancelled();
     }
@@ -178,8 +238,8 @@ struct TaskAwaitableSignal<>
 
 struct TaskAwaitableSuspend
 {
-    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool await_ready() const noexcept { return false; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool await_ready() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return false; }
-    constexpr void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<>) const noexcept {}
+    constexpr void await_suspend(std::coroutine_handle<>) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
     inline void await_resume() const {
         impl::throwIfCancelled();
     }
@@ -193,24 +253,25 @@ struct TaskPromise : impl::TaskReturn<typename TTraits::result_t, TaskPromise<TT
     using result_t = typename TTraits::result_t;
 
     TaskState<result_t> state_;
+    std::shared_ptr<TaskSharedState> sharedState_ = std::make_shared<TaskSharedState>();
     TaskLoop* loop_ = nullptr;
 
-    constexpr task_t get_return_object() noexcept { return task_t(handle_t::from_promise(*this)); }
+    constexpr task_t get_return_object() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return task_t(handle_t::from_promise(*this)); }
-    constexpr std::suspend_always initial_suspend() noexcept { return {}; }
+    constexpr TaskAwaitableSuspend initial_suspend() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return {}; }
-    constexpr std::suspend_always final_suspend() noexcept { return {}; }
+    constexpr std::suspend_always final_suspend() noexcept { return {}; } // note: this must always be noexcept, no matter what
     
     // template<typename TValue>
-    // constexpr std::suspend_always yield_value(TValue value) noexcept {
+    // constexpr std::suspend_always yield_value(TValue value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
     //     *state_ = TaskState<result_t>(std::move(value), TaskStatus::YIELDED);
     //     return {};
     // }
 
     // TODO: implement yielding (can't use futures for this)
 
-    // constexpr void unhandled_exception() noexcept {}
+    // constexpr void unhandled_exception() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
 
     template<typename TValue>
-    auto await_transform(FuturePtr<TValue> future) noexcept
+    auto await_transform(FuturePtr<TValue> future) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         MIJIN_ASSERT(loop_ != nullptr, "Cannot await future outside of a loop!");
         TaskAwaitableFuture<TValue> awaitable{future};
@@ -226,15 +287,15 @@ struct TaskPromise : impl::TaskReturn<typename TTraits::result_t, TaskPromise<TT
     }
 
     template<typename TResultOther>
-    auto await_transform(TaskBase<TResultOther> task) noexcept
+    auto await_transform(TaskBase<TResultOther> task) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(loop_ != nullptr, "Cannot await another task outside of a loop!");
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(loop_ != nullptr, "Cannot await another task outside of a loop!"); // NOLINT(clang-analyzer-core.UndefinedBinaryOperatorResult)
-        auto future = delayEvaluation<TResultOther>(loop_)->addTask(std::move(task)); // hackidyhack: delay evaluation of the type of loop_ as it is only forward-declared here
+        auto future = delayEvaluation<TResultOther>(loop_)->addTask(std::move(task), &sharedState_->subTask); // hackidyhack: delay evaluation of the type of loop_ as it is only forward-declared here
         return await_transform(future);
     }
 
     template<typename TFirstArg, typename TSecondArg, typename... TArgs>
-    auto await_transform(Signal<TFirstArg, TSecondArg, TArgs...>& signal) noexcept
+    auto await_transform(Signal<TFirstArg, TSecondArg, TArgs...>& signal) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         auto data = std::make_shared<std::tuple<TFirstArg, TSecondArg, TArgs...>>();
         signal.connect([this, data](TFirstArg arg0, TSecondArg arg1, TArgs... args) mutable
@@ -248,7 +309,7 @@ struct TaskPromise : impl::TaskReturn<typename TTraits::result_t, TaskPromise<TT
     }
 
     template<typename TFirstArg>
-    auto await_transform(Signal<TFirstArg>& signal) noexcept
+    auto await_transform(Signal<TFirstArg>& signal) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         auto data = std::make_shared<TFirstArg>();
         signal.connect([this, data](TFirstArg arg0) mutable
@@ -261,7 +322,7 @@ struct TaskPromise : impl::TaskReturn<typename TTraits::result_t, TaskPromise<TT
         return awaitable;
     }
 
-    auto await_transform(Signal<>& signal) noexcept
+    auto await_transform(Signal<>& signal) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         signal.connect([this]()
         {
@@ -272,17 +333,17 @@ struct TaskPromise : impl::TaskReturn<typename TTraits::result_t, TaskPromise<TT
         return awaitable;
     }
 
-    std::suspend_always await_transform(std::suspend_always) noexcept
+    std::suspend_always await_transform(std::suspend_always) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         state_.status = TaskStatus::SUSPENDED;
         return std::suspend_always();
     }
 
-    std::suspend_never await_transform(std::suspend_never) noexcept {
+    std::suspend_never await_transform(std::suspend_never) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
         return std::suspend_never();
     }
 
-    TaskAwaitableSuspend await_transform(TaskAwaitableSuspend) noexcept
+    TaskAwaitableSuspend await_transform(TaskAwaitableSuspend) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         state_.status = TaskStatus::SUSPENDED;
         return TaskAwaitableSuspend();
@@ -290,7 +351,7 @@ struct TaskPromise : impl::TaskReturn<typename TTraits::result_t, TaskPromise<TT
 };
 
 template<typename TResult>
-class TaskBase
+class [[nodiscard("Tasks should either we awaited or added to a loop.")]] TaskBase
 {
 public:
     using task_t = TaskBase;
@@ -306,22 +367,37 @@ public:
 private:
     handle_t handle_;
 public:
-    constexpr explicit TaskBase(handle_t handle) noexcept : handle_(handle) {}
+    constexpr explicit TaskBase(handle_t handle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : handle_(handle) {
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO
+        if (Result<Stacktrace> stacktrace = captureStacktrace(2); stacktrace.isSuccess())
+        {
+            handle_.promise().sharedState_->creationStack_ = *stacktrace;
+        }
+#endif
+    }
     TaskBase(const TaskBase&) = delete;
-    TaskBase(TaskBase&& other) noexcept : handle_(std::exchange(other.handle_, nullptr)) {}
+    TaskBase(TaskBase&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : handle_(std::exchange(other.handle_, nullptr))
-    ~TaskBase() noexcept;
+    {}
+    ~TaskBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 public:
-    TaskBase& operator=(const TaskBase&) = default;
+    TaskBase& operator=(const TaskBase&) = delete;
-    TaskBase& operator=(TaskBase&& other) noexcept = default;
+    TaskBase& operator=(TaskBase&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (handle_) {
+            handle_.destroy();
+        }
+        handle_ = std::exchange(other.handle_, nullptr);
+        return *this;
+    }
 
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr bool operator==(const TaskBase& other) const noexcept { return handle_ == other.handle_; }
+    constexpr bool operator==(const TaskBase& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return handle_ == other.handle_; }
 
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr bool operator!=(const TaskBase& other) const noexcept { return handle_ != other.handle_; }
+    constexpr bool operator!=(const TaskBase& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return handle_ != other.handle_; }
 public:
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr TaskState<TResult>& state() noexcept
+    constexpr TaskState<TResult>& state() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return handle_.promise().state_;
     }
@@ -331,15 +407,19 @@ public:
         handle_.resume();
         return state();
     }
+    constexpr std::shared_ptr<TaskSharedState>& sharedState() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return handle_.promise().sharedState_;
+    }
 private:
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr handle_t handle() const noexcept { return handle_; }
+    constexpr handle_t handle() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return handle_; }
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr TaskLoop* getLoop() noexcept
+    constexpr TaskLoop* getLoop() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return handle_.promise().loop_;
     }
-    constexpr void setLoop(TaskLoop* loop) noexcept
+    constexpr void setLoop(TaskLoop* loop) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         // MIJIN_ASSERT(handle_.promise().loop_ == nullptr
         //     || handle_.promise().loop_ == loop
@@ -358,13 +438,14 @@ class WrappedTaskBase
 public:
     virtual ~WrappedTaskBase() = default;
 public:
-    virtual TaskStatus status() noexcept = 0;
+    virtual TaskStatus status() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
-    virtual std::exception_ptr exception() noexcept = 0;
+    virtual std::exception_ptr exception() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
-    // virtual std::any result() noexcept = 0;
+    // virtual std::any result() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
     virtual void resume() = 0;
-    virtual void* raw() noexcept = 0;
+    virtual void* raw() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
-    virtual std::coroutine_handle<> handle() noexcept = 0;
+    virtual std::coroutine_handle<> handle() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
-    virtual void setLoop(TaskLoop* loop) noexcept = 0;
+    virtual void setLoop(TaskLoop* loop) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
+    virtual std::shared_ptr<TaskSharedState>& sharedState() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
 
     [[nodiscard]] inline bool canResume() {
         const TaskStatus stat = status();
@@ -378,16 +459,16 @@ class WrappedTask : public WrappedTaskBase
 private:
     TTask task_;
 public:
-    constexpr explicit WrappedTask(TTask&& task) noexcept : task_(std::move(task)) {}
+    constexpr explicit WrappedTask(TTask&& task) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : task_(std::move(task)) {}
     WrappedTask(const WrappedTask&) = delete;
-    WrappedTask(WrappedTask&&) noexcept = default;
+    WrappedTask(WrappedTask&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 public:
     WrappedTask& operator=(const WrappedTask&) = delete;
-    WrappedTask& operator=(WrappedTask&&) noexcept = default;
+    WrappedTask& operator=(WrappedTask&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 public:
-    TaskStatus status() noexcept override { return task_.state().status; }
+    TaskStatus status() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override { return task_.state().status; }
-    std::exception_ptr exception() noexcept override { return task_.state().exception; }
+    std::exception_ptr exception() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override { return task_.state().exception; }
-    // std::any result() noexcept override
+    // std::any result() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     // {
     //     if constexpr (std::is_same_v<typename TTask::result_t, void>) {
     //         return {};
@@ -397,45 +478,14 @@ public:
     //     }
     // }
     void resume() override { task_.resume(); }
-    void* raw() noexcept override { return &task_; }
+    void* raw() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override { return &task_; }
-    std::coroutine_handle<> handle() noexcept override { return task_.handle(); }
+    std::coroutine_handle<> handle() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override { return task_.handle(); }
-    void setLoop(TaskLoop* loop) noexcept override { task_.setLoop(loop); }
+    void setLoop(TaskLoop* loop) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override { task_.setLoop(loop); }
-};
+    virtual std::shared_ptr<TaskSharedState>& sharedState() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override { return task_.sharedState(); }
-
-struct TaskSharedState
-{
-    std::atomic_bool cancelled_ = false;
-};
-
-class TaskHandle
-{
-private:
-    std::weak_ptr<TaskSharedState> state_;
-public:
-    TaskHandle() = default;
-    explicit TaskHandle(std::weak_ptr<TaskSharedState> state) noexcept : state_(std::move(state)) {}
-    TaskHandle(const TaskHandle&) = default;
-    TaskHandle(TaskHandle&&) = default;
-
-    TaskHandle& operator=(const TaskHandle&) = default;
-    TaskHandle& operator=(TaskHandle&&) = default;
-
-    [[nodiscard]] bool isValid() const noexcept
-    {
-        return !state_.expired();
-    }
-
-    void cancel() const noexcept
-    {
-        if (std::shared_ptr<TaskSharedState> state = state_.lock())
-        {
-            state->cancelled_ = true;
-        }
-    }
 };
 
 template<typename TTask>
-std::unique_ptr<WrappedTask<TTask>> wrapTask(TTask&& task) noexcept
+std::unique_ptr<WrappedTask<TTask>> wrapTask(TTask&& task) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     return std::make_unique<WrappedTask<TTask>>(std::forward<TTask>(task));
 }
@@ -450,7 +500,6 @@ public:
     using wrapped_task_base_ptr_t = std::unique_ptr<wrapped_task_t>;
     struct StoredTask
     {
-        std::shared_ptr<TaskSharedState> sharedState;
         wrapped_task_base_ptr_t task;
         std::function<void(StoredTask&)> setFuture;
         std::any resultData;
@@ -465,29 +514,29 @@ protected:
 
     exception_handler_t uncaughtExceptionHandler_;
 public:
-    TaskLoop() = default;
+    TaskLoop() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
     TaskLoop(const TaskLoop&) = delete;
     TaskLoop(TaskLoop&&) = delete;
-    virtual ~TaskLoop() = default;
+    virtual ~TaskLoop() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
     TaskLoop& operator=(const TaskLoop&) = delete;
     TaskLoop& operator=(TaskLoop&&) = delete;
 
-    void setUncaughtExceptionHandler(exception_handler_t handler) noexcept { uncaughtExceptionHandler_ = std::move(handler); }
+    void setUncaughtExceptionHandler(exception_handler_t handler) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { uncaughtExceptionHandler_ = std::move(handler); }
 
     template<typename TResult>
-    inline FuturePtr<TResult> addTask(TaskBase<TResult> task, TaskHandle* outHandle = nullptr) noexcept;
+    inline FuturePtr<TResult> addTask(TaskBase<TResult> task, TaskHandle* outHandle = nullptr) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
-    virtual void transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) noexcept = 0;
+    virtual void transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
-    virtual void addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) noexcept = 0;
+    virtual void addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] static TaskLoop& current() noexcept;
+    [[nodiscard]] static TaskLoop& current() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 protected:
     inline TaskStatus tickTask(StoredTask& task);
 protected:
-    static inline TaskLoop*& currentLoopStorage() noexcept;
+    static inline TaskLoop*& currentLoopStorage() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
     template<typename TResult>
-    static inline void setFutureHelper(StoredTask& storedTask) noexcept;
+    static inline void setFutureHelper(StoredTask& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 };
 
 template<typename TResult = void>
@@ -503,13 +552,17 @@ private:
     std::thread::id threadId_;
 
 public: // TaskLoop implementation
-    void transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) noexcept override;
+    void transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override;
-    void addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) noexcept override;
+    void addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override;
 
 public: // public interface
-    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool empty() const noexcept { return tasks_.empty() && newTasks_.empty(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool empty() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return tasks_.empty() && newTasks_.empty(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr std::size_t getNumTasks() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return tasks_.size() + newTasks_.size(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] std::size_t getActiveTasks() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
     inline CanContinue tick();
     inline void runUntilDone(IgnoreWaiting ignoreWaiting = IgnoreWaiting::NO);
+    inline void cancelAllTasks() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    [[nodiscard]] inline std::vector<TaskHandle> getAllTasks() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 private:
     inline void assertCorrectThread() { MIJIN_ASSERT(threadId_ == std::thread::id() || threadId_ == std::this_thread::get_id(), "Unsafe to TaskLoop from different thread!"); }
 };
@@ -525,8 +578,8 @@ private:
     std::vector<std::jthread> workerThreads_;
 
 public: // TaskLoop implementation
-    void transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) noexcept override;
+    void transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override;
-    void addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) noexcept override;
+    void addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override;
 
 public: // public interface
     void start(std::size_t numWorkerThreads);
@@ -546,15 +599,37 @@ extern thread_local TaskLoop::StoredTask* gCurrentTask;
 
 inline void throwIfCancelled()
 {
-    if (gCurrentTask->sharedState->cancelled_)
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_CANCEL
+    if (gCurrentTask->task->sharedState()->cancelled_)
     {
         throw TaskCancelled();
     }
+#endif
 }
 }
 
+void TaskHandle::cancel() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (std::shared_ptr<TaskSharedState> state = state_.lock())
+    {
+        state->cancelled_ = true;
+        state->subTask.cancel();
+    }
+}
+
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO
+Optional<Stacktrace> TaskHandle::getCreationStack() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (std::shared_ptr<TaskSharedState> state = state_.lock())
+    {
+        return state->creationStack_;
+    }
+    return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+}
+#endif // MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO
+
 template<typename TResult>
-TaskBase<TResult>::~TaskBase() noexcept
+TaskBase<TResult>::~TaskBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     if (handle_)
     {
@@ -563,23 +638,21 @@ TaskBase<TResult>::~TaskBase() noexcept
 }
 
 template<typename TResult>
-inline FuturePtr<TResult> TaskLoop::addTask(TaskBase<TResult> task, TaskHandle* outHandle) noexcept
+inline FuturePtr<TResult> TaskLoop::addTask(TaskBase<TResult> task, TaskHandle* outHandle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     MIJIN_ASSERT(!task.getLoop(), "Attempting to add task that already has a loop!");
     task.setLoop(this);
 
-    auto sharedState = std::make_shared<TaskSharedState>();
     auto future = std::make_shared<Future<TResult>>();
     auto setFuture = &setFutureHelper<TResult>;
 
     if (outHandle != nullptr)
     {
-        *outHandle = TaskHandle(sharedState);
+        *outHandle = TaskHandle(task.sharedState());
     }
 
     // add tasks to a seperate vector first as we might be running another task right now
     addStoredTask(StoredTask{
-        .sharedState = std::move(sharedState),
         .task = wrapTask(std::move(task)),
         .setFuture = setFuture,
         .resultData = future
@@ -600,13 +673,16 @@ inline TaskStatus TaskLoop::tickTask(StoredTask& task)
     while (status == TaskStatus::RUNNING);
     impl::gCurrentTask = nullptr;
 
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTION_HANDLING
     if (task.task && task.task->exception())
     {
         try
         {
             std::rethrow_exception(task.task->exception());
         }
+#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_CANCEL
         catch(TaskCancelled&) {} // ignore those
+#endif
         catch(...)
         {
             if (uncaughtExceptionHandler_)
@@ -622,6 +698,7 @@ inline TaskStatus TaskLoop::tickTask(StoredTask& task)
         // TODO: handle the exception somehow, others may be waiting
         return TaskStatus::FINISHED;
     }
+#endif // MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_EXCEPTION_HANDLING
     if (status == TaskStatus::YIELDED || status == TaskStatus::FINISHED)
     {
         task.setFuture(task);
@@ -629,20 +706,20 @@ inline TaskStatus TaskLoop::tickTask(StoredTask& task)
     return status;
 }
 
-/* static */ inline auto TaskLoop::current() noexcept -> TaskLoop&
+/* static */ inline auto TaskLoop::current() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> TaskLoop&
 {
     MIJIN_ASSERT(currentLoopStorage() != nullptr, "Attempting to fetch current loop while no coroutine is running!");
     return *currentLoopStorage();
 }
 
-/* static */ auto TaskLoop::currentLoopStorage() noexcept -> TaskLoop*&
+/* static */ auto TaskLoop::currentLoopStorage() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> TaskLoop*&
 {
     static thread_local TaskLoop* storage = nullptr;
     return storage;
 }
 
 template<typename TResult>
-/* static */ inline void TaskLoop::setFutureHelper(StoredTask& storedTask) noexcept
+/* static */ inline void TaskLoop::setFutureHelper(StoredTask& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     TaskBase<TResult>& task = *static_cast<TaskBase<TResult>*>(storedTask.task->raw());
     auto future = std::any_cast<FuturePtr<TResult>>(storedTask.resultData);
@@ -703,6 +780,11 @@ inline auto SimpleTaskLoop::tick() -> CanContinue
     {
         StoredTask& task = *currentTask_;
         TaskStatus status = task.task->status();
+        if (status == TaskStatus::WAITING && task.task->sharedState()->cancelled_)
+        {
+            // always continue a cancelled task, even if it was still waiting for a result
+            status = TaskStatus::SUSPENDED;
+        }
         if (status != TaskStatus::SUSPENDED && status != TaskStatus::YIELDED)
         {
             MIJIN_ASSERT(status == TaskStatus::WAITING, "Task with invalid status in task list!");
@@ -740,6 +822,29 @@ inline void SimpleTaskLoop::runUntilDone(IgnoreWaiting ignoreWaiting)
     }
 }
 
+inline void SimpleTaskLoop::cancelAllTasks() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    for (StoredTask& task : mijin::chain(tasks_, newTasks_))
+    {
+        task.task->sharedState()->cancelled_ = true;
+    }
+    for (StoredTask& task : queuedTasks_)
+    {
+        // just discard it
+        (void) task;
+    }
+}
+
+inline std::vector<TaskHandle> SimpleTaskLoop::getAllTasks() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    std::vector<TaskHandle> result;
+    for (const StoredTask& task : mijin::chain(tasks_, newTasks_))
+    {
+        result.emplace_back(task.task->sharedState());
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
 // utility stuff
 
 inline TaskAwaitableSuspend c_suspend() {
@@ -764,8 +869,11 @@ Task<> c_allDone(const TCollection<FuturePtr<TType>, TTemplateArgs...>& futures)
     } while (!allDone);
 }
 
-#if MIJIN_COROUTINE_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO
+[[nodiscard]] inline TaskHandle getCurrentTask() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-#endif
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(impl::gCurrentTask != nullptr, "Attempt to call getCurrentTask() outside of task.");
+    return TaskHandle(impl::gCurrentTask->task->sharedState());
+}
 }
 
 #endif // MIJIN_ASYNC_COROUTINE_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/async/coroutine_sleep.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_ASYNC_COROUTINE_SLEEP_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_ASYNC_COROUTINE_SLEEP_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include "./coroutine.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<typename Rep, typename Period>
+Task<> c_sleep(std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> duration)
+{
+    auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    const auto end = now + duration;
+    while (now < end)
+    {
+        co_await c_suspend();
+        now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    }
+    co_return;
+}
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_ASYNC_COROUTINE_SLEEP_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/async/future.hpp

@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include "./signal.hpp"
-#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
 #include "../container/optional.hpp"
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -34,21 +35,21 @@ namespace impl
 template<typename TValue>
 struct FutureStorage
 {
-    std::optional<TValue> value;
+    Optional<TValue> value;
 
-    void setValue(TValue value_) noexcept { value = std::move(value_); }
+    void setValue(TValue value_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { value = std::move(value_); }
-    [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue() noexcept { return value.value(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return value.get(); }
 
 };
 
-template<typename TValue>
+// template<typename TValue>
-struct FutureStorage<TValue&>
+// struct FutureStorage<TValue&>
-{
+// {
-    std::optional<TValue*> value;
+//     Optional<TValue*> value;
-
+//
-    void setValue(TValue& value_) noexcept { value = &value_; }
+//     void setValue(TValue& value_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { value = &value_; }
-    [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue() const noexcept { return *value.value(); }
+//     [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return *value.get(); }
-};
+// };
 
 template<>
 struct FutureStorage<void>
@@ -65,19 +66,19 @@ private:
 public:
     Future() = default;
     Future(const Future&) = delete;
-    Future(Future&&) noexcept = default;
+    Future(Future&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 public:
     Future& operator=(const Future&) = delete;
-    Future& operator=(Future&&) noexcept = default;
+    Future& operator=(Future&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return ready(); }
+    constexpr explicit operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return ready(); }
 
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr bool operator!() const noexcept { return !ready(); }
+    constexpr bool operator!() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !ready(); }
 public: // access
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr decltype(auto) get() noexcept
+    constexpr decltype(auto) get() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         MIJIN_ASSERT(isSet_, "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
         if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>) {
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ public: // access
         }
     }
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr decltype(auto) get() const noexcept
+    constexpr decltype(auto) get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         MIJIN_ASSERT(isSet_, "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
         if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>) {
@@ -99,20 +100,20 @@ public: // access
         }
     }
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr bool ready() const noexcept
+    constexpr bool ready() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return isSet_;
     }
 public: // modification
     template<typename TArg> requires (!std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
-    constexpr void set(TArg&& value) noexcept
+    constexpr void set(TArg&& value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         MIJIN_ASSERT(!isSet_, "Trying to set a future twice!");
         value_.setValue(std::move(value));
         isSet_ = true;
         sigSet.emit();
     }
-    constexpr void set() noexcept
+    constexpr void set() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT requires (std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
     {
         MIJIN_ASSERT(!isSet_, "Trying to set a future twice!");
         isSet_ = true;

source/mijin/async/message_queue.hpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <atomic>
 #include <optional>
 #include <thread>
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 #include "../util/bitarray.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
@@ -25,9 +26,59 @@ namespace mijin
 // public types
 //
 
+template<typename TMessageQueue>
+class MessageQueueIterator
+{
+public:
+    using value_type = typename TMessageQueue::message_t;
+    using reference = value_type&;
+    using pointer = value_type*;
+private:
+    TMessageQueue* queue_ = nullptr;
+    std::optional<value_type> message_;
+public:
+    MessageQueueIterator() = default;
+    explicit MessageQueueIterator(TMessageQueue& queue) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : queue_(&queue) {
+        message_ = queue_->tryPop();
+    }
+    MessageQueueIterator(const MessageQueueIterator&) = delete;
+    MessageQueueIterator(MessageQueueIterator&&) = default;
+
+    MessageQueueIterator& operator=(const MessageQueueIterator&) = delete;
+    MessageQueueIterator& operator=(MessageQueueIterator&&) = default;
+
+    bool operator==(const MessageQueueIterator& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return message_.has_value() == other.message_.has_value();
+    }
+    bool operator!=(const MessageQueueIterator& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !(*this == other);
+    }
+
+    reference operator*() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return message_.value();
+    }
+
+    pointer operator->() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return &message_.value();
+    }
+
+    MessageQueueIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        message_ = queue_->tryPop();
+        return *this;
+    }
+};
+
 template<typename TMessage, std::size_t bufferSize = 32>
 class MessageQueue
 {
+public:
+    using message_t = TMessage;
+    using iterator_t = MessageQueueIterator<MessageQueue<TMessage, bufferSize>>;
 private:
     std::array<TMessage, bufferSize> messages;
     mijin::BitArray<bufferSize, true> messageReady;
@@ -36,10 +87,10 @@ private:
 public:
     MessageQueue() = default;
     MessageQueue(const MessageQueue&) = delete;
-    MessageQueue(MessageQueue&&) noexcept = delete;
+    MessageQueue(MessageQueue&&) = delete;
 
     MessageQueue& operator=(const MessageQueue&) = delete;
-    MessageQueue& operator=(MessageQueue&&) noexcept = delete;
+    MessageQueue& operator=(MessageQueue&&) = delete;
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool tryPushMaybeMove(TMessage& message);
     [[nodiscard]] bool tryPush(TMessage message) {
@@ -48,6 +99,9 @@ public:
     void push(TMessage message);
     [[nodiscard]] std::optional<TMessage> tryPop();
     [[nodiscard]] TMessage wait();
+
+    iterator_t begin() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return iterator_t(*this); }
+    iterator_t end() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return iterator_t(); }
 };
 
 template<typename TRequest, typename TResponse, std::size_t requestBufferSize = 32, std::size_t responseBufferSize = 32>

source/mijin/async/signal.hpp

@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_ASYNC_SIGNAL_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_ASYNC_SIGNAL_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <vector>
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 #include "../util/flag.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
@@ -22,6 +24,9 @@ namespace mijin
 // public constants
 //
 
+using signal_token_t = std::uint32_t;
+inline constexpr signal_token_t INVALID_SIGNAL_TOKEN = std::numeric_limits<signal_token_t>::max();
+
 //
 // public types
 //
@@ -33,7 +38,7 @@ class Signal
 {
 public:
     using handler_t = std::function<void(TArgs...)>;
-    using token_t = std::uint32_t;
+    using token_t = signal_token_t;
 private:
     struct RegisteredHandler
     {
@@ -50,17 +55,19 @@ private:
 public:
     Signal() = default;
     Signal(const Signal&) = delete;
-    Signal(Signal&&) noexcept = default;
+    Signal(Signal&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 public:
     Signal& operator=(const Signal&) = delete;
-    Signal& operator=(Signal&&) noexcept = default;
+    Signal& operator=(Signal&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 public:
     template<typename THandler, typename TWeak = void>
-    inline token_t connect(THandler handler, Oneshot oneshot = Oneshot::NO, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced = std::weak_ptr<TWeak>()) noexcept;
+    inline token_t connect(THandler handler, Oneshot oneshot = Oneshot::NO, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced = std::weak_ptr<TWeak>()) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
     template<typename TObject, typename TWeak = void>
-    inline token_t connect(TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)(TArgs...), Oneshot oneshot = Oneshot::NO, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced = std::weak_ptr<TWeak>()) noexcept;
+    inline token_t connect(TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)(TArgs...), Oneshot oneshot = Oneshot::NO, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced = std::weak_ptr<TWeak>()) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-    inline void disconnect(token_t token) noexcept;
+    inline void disconnect(token_t token) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-    inline void emit(TArgs&&... args) noexcept;
+
+    template<typename... TArgs2>
+    inline void emit(TArgs2&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 };
 
 //
@@ -69,7 +76,7 @@ public:
 
 template<typename... TArgs>
 template<typename THandler, typename TWeak>
-inline auto Signal<TArgs...>::connect(THandler handler, Oneshot oneshot, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced) noexcept -> token_t
+inline auto Signal<TArgs...>::connect(THandler handler, Oneshot oneshot, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> token_t
 {
     std::lock_guard lock(handlersMutex_);
 
@@ -86,7 +93,7 @@ inline auto Signal<TArgs...>::connect(THandler handler, Oneshot oneshot, std::we
 
 template<typename... TArgs>
 template<typename TObject, typename TWeak>
-inline auto Signal<TArgs...>::connect(TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)(TArgs...), Oneshot oneshot, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced) noexcept -> token_t
+inline auto Signal<TArgs...>::connect(TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)(TArgs...), Oneshot oneshot, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> token_t
 {
     std::lock_guard lock(handlersMutex_);
 
@@ -105,7 +112,7 @@ inline auto Signal<TArgs...>::connect(TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)
 }
 
 template<typename... TArgs>
-inline void Signal<TArgs...>::disconnect(token_t token) noexcept
+inline void Signal<TArgs...>::disconnect(token_t token) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     std::lock_guard lock(handlersMutex_);
 
@@ -117,7 +124,8 @@ inline void Signal<TArgs...>::disconnect(token_t token) noexcept
 }
 
 template<typename... TArgs>
-inline void Signal<TArgs...>::emit(TArgs&&... args) noexcept
+template<typename... TArgs2>
+inline void Signal<TArgs...>::emit(TArgs2&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     std::lock_guard lock(handlersMutex_);
     
@@ -132,7 +140,7 @@ inline void Signal<TArgs...>::emit(TArgs&&... args) noexcept
     // invoke all handlers
     for (RegisteredHandler& handler : handlers_)
     {
-        handler.callable(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
+        handler.callable(std::forward<TArgs2>(args)...);
     }
 
     // remove any oneshot

source/mijin/async/task_mutex.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#ifndef MIJIN_ASYNC_TASK_MUTEX_HPP_INCLUDED
+#define MIJIN_ASYNC_TASK_MUTEX_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./coroutine.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+class [[nodiscard]] TaskMutexLock
+{
+private:
+    class TaskMutex* mutex_;
+
+public:
+    explicit TaskMutexLock(class TaskMutex* mutex) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : mutex_(mutex) {}
+    TaskMutexLock(const TaskMutexLock&) = delete;
+    TaskMutexLock(TaskMutexLock&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : mutex_(std::exchange(other.mutex_, nullptr)) {}
+
+    TaskMutexLock& operator=(const TaskMutexLock&) = delete;
+    inline TaskMutexLock& operator=(TaskMutexLock&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    inline ~TaskMutexLock() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class TaskMutex
+{
+private:
+    bool locked_ = false;
+public:
+    Task<TaskMutexLock> c_lock()
+    {
+        while (locked_)
+        {
+            co_await c_suspend();
+        }
+        locked_ = true;
+        co_return TaskMutexLock(this);
+    }
+    [[nodiscard]] inline bool isLocked() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return locked_; }
+
+    friend class TaskMutexLock;
+};
+
+TaskMutexLock::~TaskMutexLock() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (mutex_)
+    {
+        mutex_->locked_ = false;
+    }
+}
+
+TaskMutexLock& TaskMutexLock::operator=(TaskMutexLock&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (mutex_)
+    {
+        mutex_->locked_ = false;
+    }
+    mutex_ = std::exchange(other.mutex_, nullptr);
+    return *this;
+}
+}
+
+#endif // MIJIN_ASYNC_TASK_MUTEX_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/container/boxed_object.hpp

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ public:
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
     ~BoxedObject()
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(!constructed, "BoxedObject::~BoxedObject(): Object has not been destroyed prior to destructor!")
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!constructed, "BoxedObject::~BoxedObject(): Object has not been destroyed prior to destructor!");
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ public:
     void construct(TArgs&&... args)
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(!constructed, "BoxedObject::construct(): Attempt to construct an already constructed object!")
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!constructed, "BoxedObject::construct(): Attempt to construct an already constructed object!");
         constructed = true;
 #endif
         std::construct_at(&object_, std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ public:
     void destroy()
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::destroy(): Attempt to destroy a not constructed object!")
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::destroy(): Attempt to destroy a not constructed object!");
         constructed = false;
 #endif
         std::destroy_at(&object_);
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ public:
     void copyTo(BoxedObject& other) const
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::copy(): Attempt to copy a not constructed object!")
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::copy(): Attempt to copy a not constructed object!");
 #endif
         other.construct(object_);
     }
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ public:
     void moveTo(BoxedObject& other)
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::copy(): Attempt to copy a not constructed object!")
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::copy(): Attempt to copy a not constructed object!");
 #endif
         other.construct(std::move(object_));
         destroy();
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] T& get()
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::get(): Attempt to access a not constructed object!")
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::get(): Attempt to access a not constructed object!");
 #endif
         return object_;
     }
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] const T& get() const
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::get(): Attempt to access a not constructed object!")
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::get(): Attempt to access a not constructed object!");
 #endif
         return object_;
     }

source/mijin/container/map_view.hpp

@@ -81,6 +81,9 @@ public:
 template<typename TMap>
 MapView(TMap& map) -> MapView<typename TMap::key_type, typename TMap::mapped_type, TMap>;
 
+template<typename TMap>
+MapView(const TMap& map) -> MapView<typename TMap::key_type, const typename TMap::mapped_type, const TMap>;
+
 //
 // public functions
 //

source/mijin/container/memory_view.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_MEMORY_VIEW_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_CONTAINER_MEMORY_VIEW_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <bit>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <span>
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+//
+// public defines
+//
+
+//
+// public constants
+//
+
+//
+// public types
+//
+
+template<typename TBytes>
+class MemoryViewBase
+{
+public:
+    using size_type = std::size_t;
+private:
+    std::span<TBytes> bytes_;
+public:
+    MemoryViewBase() noexcept = default;
+    MemoryViewBase(const MemoryViewBase&) noexcept = default;
+    MemoryViewBase(copy_const_t<TBytes, void>* data, std::size_t size) noexcept : bytes_(static_cast<TBytes*>(data), size) {}
+
+    MemoryViewBase& operator=(const MemoryViewBase&) noexcept = default;
+    
+    [[nodiscard]] void* data() noexcept { return bytes_.data(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] const void* data() const noexcept { return bytes_.data(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type byteSize() const noexcept { return bytes_.size(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept { return bytes_.empty(); }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]] std::span<T> makeSpan();
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]] std::span<const T> makeSpan() const;
+};
+using MemoryView = MemoryViewBase<std::byte>;
+using ConstMemoryView = MemoryViewBase<const std::byte>;
+
+//
+// public functions
+//
+
+template<typename TBytes>
+template<typename T>
+std::span<T> MemoryViewBase<TBytes>::makeSpan()
+{
+    static_assert(!std::is_const_v<TBytes>, "Cannot create writable spans from const memory views.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(T) == 0, "MemoryView cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
+    return {
+        std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data()),
+        std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size())
+    };
+}
+
+template<typename TBytes>
+template<typename T>
+std::span<const T> MemoryViewBase<TBytes>::makeSpan() const
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(T) == 0, "MemoryView cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
+    return {
+        std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data()),
+        std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size())
+    };
+}
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_MEMORY_VIEW_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/container/optional.hpp

@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@
 #define MIJIN_CONTAINER_OPTIONAL_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
 #include <utility>
 #include "../debug/assert.hpp"
 #include "../util/concepts.hpp"
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ struct OptionalStorage
     std::uint8_t used = 0;
 
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr bool empty() const noexcept { return !used; }
+    constexpr bool empty() const noexcept { return !used; } // NOLINT(clang-analyzer-core.uninitialized.UndefReturn)
 
     template<typename... TArgs>
     constexpr void emplace(TArgs&&... args) noexcept
@@ -108,8 +110,10 @@ static constexpr NullOptional NULL_OPTIONAL;
 template<typename TValue>
 class Optional
 {
+public:
+    using value_t = TValue;
 private:
-    impl::OptionalStorage<TValue> storage_;
+    impl::OptionalStorage<TValue> storage_ = {};
 public:
     constexpr Optional() = default;
     constexpr Optional(NullOptional) noexcept {}
@@ -154,6 +158,56 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] inline const std::remove_reference_t<TValue>& get() const noexcept;
     [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool empty() const noexcept { return storage_.empty(); }
     inline void reset() noexcept;
+
+
+    template<typename TCallable, typename TErrorCallable = int>
+    auto then(TCallable&& onSuccess, TErrorCallable&& onError = 0)
+    {
+        return thenImpl(*this, std::forward<TCallable>(onSuccess), std::forward<TErrorCallable>(onError));
+    }
+
+    template<typename TCallable, typename TErrorCallable = int>
+    auto then(TCallable&& onSuccess, TErrorCallable&& onError = 0) const
+    {
+        return thenImpl(*this, std::forward<TCallable>(onSuccess), std::forward<TErrorCallable>(onError));
+    }
+private:
+    template<typename TSelf, typename TCallable, typename TErrorCallable = int>
+    static auto thenImpl(TSelf&& self, TCallable&& onSuccess, TErrorCallable&& onError = 0)
+    {
+        using result_t = std::invoke_result_t<TCallable, std::add_rvalue_reference_t<TValue>>;
+
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<result_t, void>)
+        {
+            if (!self.empty())
+            {
+                std::invoke(std::forward<TCallable>(onSuccess), self.get());
+            }
+            else if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<TErrorCallable, int>)
+            {
+                std::invoke(std::forward<TErrorCallable>(onError));
+            }
+        }
+        else if constexpr (requires(result_t obj) { {obj == NULL_OPTIONAL} -> std::convertible_to<bool>; })
+        {
+            if (!self.empty())
+            {
+                return std::invoke(std::forward<TCallable>(onSuccess), self.get());
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<TErrorCallable, int>)
+                {
+                    std::invoke(std::forward<TErrorCallable>(onError));
+                }
+                return result_t(NULL_OPTIONAL);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static_assert(always_false_v<TCallable>, "Callable must produce void or optional type.");
+        }
+    }
 };
 
 //
@@ -173,7 +227,12 @@ Optional<TValue>::Optional(Optional&& other) noexcept
 {
     if (other)
     {
-        emplace(std::move(other.get()));
+        if constexpr (!std::is_reference_v<TValue>) {
+            emplace(std::move(other.get()));
+        }
+        else {
+            emplace(other.get());
+        }
         other.reset();
     }
 }

source/mijin/container/stride_span.hpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_STRIDE_SPAN_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_CONTAINER_STRIDE_SPAN_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#include <bit>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <type_traits>
@@ -117,10 +118,15 @@ public:
     StrideSpan& operator=(const StrideSpan&) = default;
     auto operator<=>(const StrideSpan&) const noexcept = default;
 
+    constexpr operator bool() const noexcept { return !empty(); }
+    constexpr bool operator!() const noexcept { return empty(); }
+    explicit operator std::span<T>() const noexcept;
+
     reference operator[](size_type index);
     const_reference operator[](size_type index) const;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] constexpr size_type size() const noexcept { return bytediff(begin_, end_) / strideBytes_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr size_type size() const noexcept { return strideBytes_ == 0 ? 0 : bytediff(begin_, end_) / strideBytes_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool empty() const noexcept { return begin_ == end_; }
 
     [[nodiscard]] iterator begin() { return StrideSpanIterator<T>(begin_, strideBytes_, begin_, end_); }
     [[nodiscard]] const_iterator begin() const { return StrideSpanIterator<const T>(begin_, strideBytes_, begin_, end_); }
@@ -134,6 +140,13 @@ public:
 // public functions
 //
 
+template<typename T>
+StrideSpan<T>::operator std::span<T>() const noexcept
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(strideBytes_ == sizeof(T), "Can't convert to regular span if stride isn't exactly size of type.");
+    return {&*begin_, &*end_};
+}
+
 template<typename T>
 StrideSpanIterator<T>& StrideSpanIterator<T>::operator+=(difference_type diff)
 {
@@ -225,7 +238,7 @@ template<typename T>
 auto StrideSpan<T>::operator[](size_type index) const -> const_reference
 {
     MIJIN_ASSERT(index < size(), "Attempting to access StrideSpan out of bounds.");
-    return byteoffset(begin_, index * strideBytes_);
+    return *byteoffset(begin_, index * strideBytes_);
 }
 } // namespace mijin
 

source/mijin/container/typeless_buffer.hpp

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_TYPELESS_BUFFER_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_CONTAINER_TYPELESS_BUFFER_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#include <bit>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <span>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <vector>
 #include "../debug/assert.hpp"
 
@@ -34,9 +37,13 @@ public:
 private:
     std::vector<std::byte> bytes_;
 public:
-    [[nodiscard]] void* data() { return bytes_.data(); }
+    auto operator<=>(const TypelessBuffer&) const noexcept = default;
-    [[nodiscard]] const void* data() const { return bytes_.data(); }
+    
-    [[nodiscard]] size_type byteSize() const { return bytes_.size(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] void* data() noexcept { return bytes_.data(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] const void* data() const noexcept { return bytes_.data(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type byteSize() const noexcept { return bytes_.size(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] size_type byteCapacity() const noexcept { return bytes_.capacity(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept { return bytes_.empty(); }
     void resize(size_type numBytes) { bytes_.resize(numBytes); }
     void reserve(size_type numBytes) { bytes_.reserve(numBytes); }
 
@@ -48,6 +55,18 @@ public:
 
     template<typename T>
     [[nodiscard]] std::span<const T> makeSpan() const;
+    
+    template<typename TChar = char, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+    [[nodiscard]] std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> makeStringView() const ;
+    
+    template<typename T>
+    void append(std::span<const T> data);
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]] T& dataAt(size_type offset) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]] const T& dataAt(size_type offset) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 };
 
 template<typename T>
@@ -82,6 +101,12 @@ public:
         MIJIN_ASSERT(buffer_, "BufferView::resize(): cannot resize a view without a buffer.");
         buffer_->reserve(numElements * sizeof(T));
     }
+    void append(std::span<const T> data)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(buffer_, "BufferView::resize(): cannot append to a view without a buffer.");
+        resize(size() + data.size());
+        std::copy(data.begin(), data.end(), begin() + size() - data.size());
+    }
 
     [[nodiscard]] inline iterator begin() { return buffer_ ? static_cast<T*>(buffer_->data()) : nullptr; }
     [[nodiscard]] inline const_iterator begin() const { return buffer_ ? static_cast<T*>(buffer_->data()) : nullptr; }
@@ -125,6 +150,38 @@ std::span<const T> TypelessBuffer::makeSpan() const
         std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size())
     };
 }
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits>
+std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> TypelessBuffer::makeStringView() const
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(TChar) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this char type.");
+    return {std::bit_cast<const TChar*>(bytes_.data()), bytes_.size() / sizeof(TChar)};
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+void TypelessBuffer::append(std::span<const T> data)
+{
+    bytes_.resize(bytes_.size() + data.size_bytes());
+    std::memcpy(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size() - data.size_bytes(), data.data(), data.size_bytes());
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+T& TypelessBuffer::dataAt(size_type offset) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset % alignof(T) == 0, "Offset must be correctly aligned.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset + sizeof(T) < bytes_.size(), "Buffer access out-of-range.");
+
+    return *std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data() + offset);
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+const T& TypelessBuffer::dataAt(size_type offset) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset % alignof(T) == 0, "Offset must be correctly aligned.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset + sizeof(T) < bytes_.size(), "Buffer access out-of-range.");
+
+    return *std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data() + offset);
+}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_TYPELESS_BUFFER_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/container/untyped_vector.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_UNTYPED_VECTOR_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_CONTAINER_UNTYPED_VECTOR_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include "./typeless_buffer.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+class UntypedVector
+{
+public:
+    using size_type = std::size_t;
+private:
+    std::size_t elementSize_ = 0;
+    TypelessBuffer buffer_;
+public:
+    explicit UntypedVector(size_type elementSize = 0, size_type count = 0) : elementSize_(elementSize)
+    {
+        resize(count);
+    }
+
+    std::span<std::byte> operator[](size_type index)
+    {
+        return at(index);
+    }
+
+    std::span<const std::byte> operator[](size_type index) const
+    {
+        return at(index);
+    }
+    
+    auto operator<=>(const UntypedVector&) const noexcept = default;
+
+    void resize(size_type count)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(elementSize_ > 0, "Cannot allocate without element size.");
+        buffer_.resize(count * elementSize_);
+    }
+
+    void reserve(size_type count)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(elementSize_ > 0, "Cannot allocate without element size.");
+        buffer_.reserve(count * elementSize_);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    std::span<std::byte> at(size_type index)
+    {
+        if (index > size())
+        {
+            throw std::out_of_range("Index out of range.");
+        }
+        return buffer_.makeSpan<std::byte>().subspan(index * elementSize_, elementSize_);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    std::span<const std::byte> at(size_type index) const
+    {
+        if (index > size())
+        {
+            throw std::out_of_range("Index out of range.");
+        }
+        return buffer_.makeSpan<std::byte>().subspan(index * elementSize_, elementSize_);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    size_type size() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (elementSize_ == 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return buffer_.byteSize() / elementSize_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    size_type capacity() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (elementSize_ == 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return buffer_.byteCapacity() / elementSize_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    std::size_t elementSize() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return elementSize_;
+    }
+};
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_UNTYPED_VECTOR_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/container/vector_map.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_VECTOR_MAP_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_CONTAINER_VECTOR_MAP_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <vector>
+#include "./boxed_object.hpp"
+#include "./optional.hpp"
+
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<typename TKey, typename TValue>
+struct VectorMapIterator
+{
+public:
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+private:
+    Optional<std::pair<TKey&, TValue&>> ref_;
+public:
+    VectorMapIterator(TKey* key, TValue* value)
+    {
+        ref_.emplace(std::tie(*key, *value));
+    }
+    VectorMapIterator(const VectorMapIterator& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : VectorMapIterator(&other.ref_->first, &other.ref_->second) {}
+    ~VectorMapIterator() noexcept
+    {
+        ref_.reset();
+    }
+
+    VectorMapIterator& operator=(const VectorMapIterator& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            ref_.reset();
+            ref_.emplace(std::tie(other.ref_->first, other.ref_->second));
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+    
+    bool operator==(const VectorMapIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return &ref_->first == &other.ref_->first; }
+    bool operator!=(const VectorMapIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return &ref_->first != &other.ref_->first; }
+    
+    std::pair<TKey&, TValue&> operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return *ref_;
+    }
+    const std::pair<TKey&, TValue&>* operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return &*ref_;
+    }
+
+    VectorMapIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        TKey* oldKey = &ref_->first;
+        TValue* oldValue = &ref_->second;
+        ref_.reset();
+        ref_.emplace(std::tie(*(++oldKey), *(++oldValue)));
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    VectorMapIterator operator++(int) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        VectorMapIterator copy(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    VectorMapIterator& operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        TKey* oldKey = &ref_->first;
+        TValue* oldValue = &ref_->second;
+        ref_.reset();
+        ref_.emplace(std::tie(*(--oldKey), *(--oldValue)));
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    VectorMapIterator operator--(int) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        VectorMapIterator copy(*this);
+        --(*this);
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    VectorMapIterator operator+(difference_type diff) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return VectorMapIterator(&ref_->first + diff, &ref_->second + diff);
+    }
+
+    VectorMapIterator operator-(difference_type diff) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return VectorMapIterator(&ref_->first - diff, &ref_->second - diff);
+    }
+    
+    difference_type operator-(const VectorMapIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return &ref_->first - &other.ref_->first;
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TKey, typename TValue, typename TKeyAllocator = std::allocator<TKey>, typename TValueAllocator = std::allocator<TValue>>
+class VectorMap
+{
+public:
+    using key_type = TKey;
+    using mapped_type = TValue;
+    using value_type = std::pair<const TKey, TValue>;
+    using size_type = std::size_t;
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using reference = value_type&;
+    using const_reference = const value_type&;
+    using iterator = VectorMapIterator<const TKey, TValue>;
+    using const_iterator = VectorMapIterator<const TKey, const TValue>;
+private:
+    std::vector<TKey, TKeyAllocator> keys_;
+    std::vector<TValue, TValueAllocator> values_;
+public:
+    VectorMap() noexcept = default;
+    VectorMap(const VectorMap&) = default;
+    VectorMap(VectorMap&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    
+    VectorMap& operator=(const VectorMap&) = default;
+    VectorMap& operator=(VectorMap&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    auto operator<=>(const VectorMap& other) const noexcept = default;
+    
+    TValue& operator[](const TKey& key)
+    {
+        auto it = find(key);
+        if (it != end())
+        {
+            return it->second;
+        }
+        return emplace(key, TValue()).first->second;
+    }
+    
+    const TValue& operator[](const TKey& key) const
+    {
+        return at(key);
+    }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    iterator begin() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return {keys_.data(), values_.data()}; }
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const_iterator begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return {keys_.data(), values_.data()}; }
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const_iterator cbegin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return {keys_.data(), values_.data()}; }
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    iterator end() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return {keys_.data() + keys_.size(), values_.data() + values_.size()}; }
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const_iterator end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return {keys_.data() + keys_.size(), values_.data() + values_.size()}; }
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const_iterator cend() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return {keys_.data() + keys_.size(), values_.data() + values_.size()}; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    TValue& at(const TKey& key)
+    {
+        auto it = find(key);
+        if (it == end())
+        {
+            throw std::out_of_range("key not found in map");
+        }
+        return it->second;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const TValue& at(const TKey& key) const
+    {
+        auto it = find(key);
+        if (it == end())
+        {
+            throw std::out_of_range("key not found in map");
+        }
+        return it->second;
+    }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool empty() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return keys_.empty(); }
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    size_type size() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return keys_.size(); }
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    size_type max_size() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::min(keys_.max_size(), values_.max_size()); }
+    void reserve(std::size_t size)
+    {
+        keys_.reserve(size);
+        values_.reserve(size);
+    }
+    
+    void clear()
+    {
+        keys_.clear();
+        values_.clear();
+    }
+    
+    template<typename... TArgs>
+    std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(TArgs&&... args)
+    {
+        std::pair<TKey, TValue> asPair(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
+        auto it = find(asPair.first);
+        if (it != end())
+        {
+            return std::make_pair(std::move(it), false);
+        }
+        keys_.push_back(std::move(asPair.first));
+        values_.push_back(std::move(asPair.second));
+        return std::make_pair(iterator(&keys_.back(), &values_.back()), true);
+    }
+    
+    iterator erase(iterator pos) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const std::ptrdiff_t idx = &pos->first - &keys_[0];
+        return eraseImpl(idx);
+    }
+    
+    iterator erase(const_iterator pos) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const std::ptrdiff_t idx = &pos->first - &keys_[0];
+        return eraseImpl(idx);
+    }
+
+    iterator erase(iterator first, iterator last) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const std::ptrdiff_t idx = &first->first - &keys_[0];
+        const std::ptrdiff_t count = last - first;
+        return eraseImpl(idx, count);
+    }
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const std::ptrdiff_t idx = &first->first - &keys_[0];
+        const std::ptrdiff_t count = last - first;
+        return eraseImpl(idx, count);
+    }
+
+    iterator find(const TKey& key) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < keys_.size(); ++idx)
+        {
+            if (keys_[idx] == key)
+            {
+                return iterator(&keys_[idx], &values_[idx]);
+            }
+        }
+        return end();
+    }
+
+    const_iterator find(const TKey& key) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < keys_.size(); ++idx)
+        {
+            if (keys_[idx] == key)
+            {
+                return const_iterator(&keys_[idx], &values_[idx]);
+            }
+        }
+        return end();
+    }
+private:
+    iterator eraseImpl(std::ptrdiff_t idx, std::ptrdiff_t count = 1) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        auto itKey = keys_.begin() + idx;
+        auto itValue = values_.begin() + idx;
+        itKey = keys_.erase(itKey, itKey + count);
+        itValue = values_.erase(itValue, itValue + count);
+        return itKey == keys_.end() ? end() : iterator(&*itKey, &*itValue); // cannot dereference the iterators if the last element was removed
+    }
+};
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // MIJIN_CONTAINER_VECTOR_MAP_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/debug/assert.hpp

@@ -8,20 +8,37 @@
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <source_location>
 
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+
+#if MIJIN_THROWING_ASSERTS
+#include <sstream>
+#include <stdexcept> // I'd prefer mijin Exceptions here, but that would result in a circual include :/
+#endif
+
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #pragma comment(lib, "kernel32")
 extern "C" __declspec(dllimport) void __stdcall DebugBreak();
 #define MIJIN_TRAP() DebugBreak()
 #define MIJIN_FUNC() __FUNCSIG__
 #else // _WIN32
-#include <csignal>
+#include <unistd.h>
-#define MIJIN_TRAP() (void) std::raise(SIGTRAP)
+#define MIJIN_TRAP()                            \
+{                                               \
+    const pid_t tid = gettid();                 \
+    const pid_t pid = getpid();                 \
+    __asm__ __volatile__                        \
+    (                                           \
+        "syscall"                               \
+        :                                       \
+        : "D"(pid), "S"(tid), "d"(5), "a"(0xea) \
+        : "rcx", "r11", "memory"                \
+    );                                          \
+}
 #define MIJIN_FUNC() "" // TODO: __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ is not working for some reason -.-
 #endif // !_WIN32
 
 namespace mijin
 {
-
 //
 // public defines
 //
@@ -35,7 +52,7 @@ switch (mijin::handleError(msg, source_loc))  \
         break;                                \
     case mijin::ErrorHandling::TRAP:          \
         MIJIN_TRAP();                         \
-        [[fallthrough]];                      \
+        break;                                \
     default: /* ABORT */                      \
         std::abort();                         \
 }
@@ -48,35 +65,38 @@ MIJIN_ERROR(msg)         \
 std::abort()
 
 // TODO: make ignoreAll work (static variables cannot be used in constexpr functions)
-#define MIJIN_ASSERT(condition, msg)                                               \
+#define MIJIN_ASSERT(condition, msg)                                                   \
-if (!static_cast<bool>(condition))                                                 \
+do                                                                                     \
-{                                                                                  \
+{                                                                                      \
-    /* static bool ignoreAll = false; */                                           \
+    if (!static_cast<bool>(condition))                                                 \
-    if (true) /*!ignoreAll */                                                      \
+    {                                                                                  \
-    {                                                                              \
+        /* static bool ignoreAll = false; */                                           \
-        const mijin::AssertionResult assertion_result__ = mijin::handleAssert(     \
+        if (true) /*!ignoreAll */                                                      \
-                #condition, msg, std::source_location::current());                 \
+        {                                                                              \
-        switch (assertion_result__)                                                \
+            const mijin::AssertionResult assertion_result__ = mijin::handleAssert(     \
-        {                                                                          \
+                    #condition, msg, std::source_location::current());                 \
-        case mijin::AssertionResult::ABORT:                                        \
+            switch (assertion_result__)                                                \
-            std::abort();                                                          \
+            {                                                                          \
-            break;                                                                 \
+            case mijin::AssertionResult::ABORT:                                        \
-        case mijin::AssertionResult::IGNORE:                                       \
+                std::abort();                                                          \
-            /*break*/;                                                             \
+                break;                                                                 \
-        case mijin::AssertionResult::IGNORE_ALL:                                   \
+            case mijin::AssertionResult::IGNORE:                                       \
-            /* ignoreAll = true; */                                                \
+                /*break*/;                                                             \
-            break;                                                                 \
+            case mijin::AssertionResult::IGNORE_ALL:                                   \
-        default: /* ERROR */                                                       \
+                /* ignoreAll = true; */                                                \
-            MIJIN_ERROR("Debug assertion failed: " #condition "\nMessage:  " msg); \
+                break;                                                                 \
-            break;                                                                 \
+            default: /* ERROR */                                                       \
-        }                                                                          \
+                MIJIN_ERROR("Debug assertion failed: " #condition "\nMessage:  " msg); \
-    }                                                                              \
+                break;                                                                 \
-}
+            }                                                                          \
+        }                                                                              \
+    }                                                                                  \
+} while(false)
 
 #define MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(condition, msg)                                  \
 if (!static_cast<bool>(condition))                                          \
 {                                                                           \
-    MIJIN_ERROR("Debug assertion failed: " #condition "\nMessage: " msg);   \
+    MIJIN_FATAL("Debug assertion failed: " #condition "\nMessage: " msg);   \
 }
 #else // MIJIN_DEBUG
 #define MIJIN_ERROR(...)
@@ -93,6 +113,10 @@ if (!static_cast<bool>(condition))                                          \
 // public types
 //
 
+#if defined(ERROR)
+#error "Someone included windows.h! Include mijin/util/winundef.h."
+#endif
+
 enum class AssertionResult
 {
     ABORT = -1,    // call std::abort()
@@ -108,6 +132,49 @@ enum class ErrorHandling
     ABORT = 2
 };
 
+#if MIJIN_THROWING_ASSERTS
+namespace impl
+{
+inline std::string formatAssertionExceptionMessage(const char* condition, const char* message, const std::source_location& location)
+{
+    std::ostringstream oss;
+    oss << "Assertion failed!\n"
+        << "Condition: " << condition << "\n"
+        << "Message:   " << message << "\n"
+        << "Location:  " << location.file_name() << ":" << location.line() << ":" << location.column() << "\n"
+        << "Function:  " << location.function_name();
+    return oss.str();
+}
+
+inline std::string formatErrorExceptionMessage(const char* message, const std::source_location& location)
+{
+    std::ostringstream oss;
+    oss << "Mijin error!\n"
+        << "Message:   " << message << "\n"
+        << "Location:  " << location.file_name() << ":" << location.line() << ":" << location.column() << "\n"
+        << "Function:  " << location.function_name();
+    return oss.str();
+}
+}
+class AssertionException : public std::runtime_error
+{
+public:
+    AssertionException(const char* condition, const char* message, const std::source_location& location)
+        : std::runtime_error(impl::formatAssertionExceptionMessage(condition, message, location))
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+class ErrorException : public std::runtime_error
+{
+public:
+    ErrorException(const char* message, const std::source_location& location)
+        : std::runtime_error(impl::formatErrorExceptionMessage(message, location))
+    {
+    }
+};
+#endif
+
 //
 // public functions
 //
@@ -115,9 +182,14 @@ enum class ErrorHandling
 #ifdef MIJIN_USE_CUSTOM_ASSERTION_HANDLER
 AssertionResult handleAssert(const char* condition,
         const char* message, const std::source_location& location);
+#elif MIJIN_THROWING_ASSERTS
+inline AssertionResult handleAssert(const char* condition, const char* message, const std::source_location& location)
+{
+    throw AssertionException(condition, message, location);
+}
 #else
-constexpr AssertionResult handleAssert(const char* /* condition */,
+constexpr AssertionResult handleAssert(const char* /* condition */, const char* /* message */,
-        const char* /* message */, const std::source_location& /* location */)
+                                       const std::source_location& /* location */)
 {
     return AssertionResult::ERROR;
 }
@@ -126,13 +198,17 @@ constexpr AssertionResult handleAssert(const char* /* condition */,
 #ifdef MIJIN_USE_CUSTOM_ERROR_HANDLER
 ErrorHandling handleError(const char* message, const std::source_location& location);
 #else
-inline ErrorHandling handleError(const char* message, const std::source_location& location) noexcept
+inline ErrorHandling handleError(const char* message, const std::source_location& location) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
+#if MIJIN_THROWING_ASSERTS
+    throw ErrorException(message, location);
+#else
     std::puts(message);
     std::printf("Function: %s\n", location.function_name());
     std::printf("Location: %s:%d:%d\n", location.file_name(), location.line(), location.column());
     (void) std::fflush(stdout);
     return ErrorHandling::TRAP;
+#endif
 }
 #endif
 

source/mijin/debug/stacktrace.cpp

@@ -1,10 +1,20 @@
 
 #include "./stacktrace.hpp"
 
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
+#include "../detect.hpp"
+
+#if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG || MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_GCC
+#define MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE 1
+#else
+#define MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE 0
+#endif
+
+#if MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
 #include <backtrace.h>
+#endif
+
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -32,15 +42,18 @@ struct BacktraceData
 // internal variables
 //
 
+thread_local Optional<Stacktrace> gCurrentExceptionStackTrace;
+
 //
 // internal functions
 //
 
+#if MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
 int backtraceFullCallback(void* data, std::uintptr_t programCounter, const char* filename, int lineno, const char* function)
 {
     BacktraceData& btData = *static_cast<BacktraceData*>(data);
     btData.stackframes.push_back({
-        .address = reinterpret_cast<void*>(programCounter),
+        .address = reinterpret_cast<void*>(programCounter), // NOLINT(performance-no-int-to-ptr)
         .filename = filename ? filename : "<unknown>",
         .function = function ? function : "<unknown>",
         .lineNumber = lineno
@@ -54,15 +67,17 @@ void backtraceErrorCallback(void* data, const char* msg, int /* errnum */)
     btData.error = msg;
 }
 
-backtrace_state* gBacktraceState = nullptr;
+thread_local backtrace_state* gBacktraceState = nullptr;
+#endif // MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
 } // namespace
 
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
-Result<Stacktrace> captureStacktrace(unsigned skipFrames) noexcept
+Result<Stacktrace> captureStacktrace(unsigned skipFrames) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
+#if MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
     BacktraceData btData;
     if (gBacktraceState == nullptr)
     {
@@ -83,6 +98,48 @@ Result<Stacktrace> captureStacktrace(unsigned skipFrames) noexcept
     }
 
     return Stacktrace(std::move(btData.stackframes));
+#else // MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
+	(void) skipFrames;
+	return {}; // TODO
+#endif // MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
 }
 
+const Optional<Stacktrace>& getExceptionStacktrace() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return gCurrentExceptionStackTrace;
+}
 } // namespace mijin
+
+#if MIJIN_STDLIB == MIJIN_STDLIB_GLIBC
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+
+namespace
+{
+using cxa_throw_type = void (*)(void*, std::type_info*, void(*)(void*));
+using cxa_rethrow_type = void (*)();
+
+cxa_throw_type orig_cxa_throw = nullptr; // Address of the original __cxa_throw
+// cxa_rethrow_type orig_cxa_rethrow = nullptr; // Address of the original __cxa_rethrow
+
+extern "C" void __cxa_throw(void* thrown_exception, std::type_info* tinfo, void (*dest)(void*)) // NOLINT(bugprone-reserved-identifier,cert-dcl37-c,cert-dcl51-cpp)
+{
+    if (!orig_cxa_throw) {
+        orig_cxa_throw = reinterpret_cast<cxa_throw_type>(dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "__cxa_throw"));
+    }
+    if (mijin::Result<mijin::Stacktrace> stacktrace = mijin::captureStacktrace(); stacktrace.isSuccess())
+    {
+        mijin::gCurrentExceptionStackTrace = std::move(*stacktrace);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        mijin::gCurrentExceptionStackTrace.reset();
+    }
+    if (orig_cxa_throw) {
+        orig_cxa_throw(thrown_exception, tinfo, dest);
+    }
+    else {
+        std::abort();
+    }
+}
+}
+#endif

source/mijin/debug/stacktrace.hpp

@@ -7,7 +7,11 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <vector>
+#if __has_include(<fmt/format.h>)
+#   include <fmt/format.h>
+#endif
 #include "./symbol_info.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 #include "../types/result.hpp"
 #include "../util/iterators.hpp"
 
@@ -42,19 +46,20 @@ public:
     Stacktrace() = default;
     Stacktrace(const Stacktrace&) = default;
     Stacktrace(Stacktrace&&) = default;
-    explicit Stacktrace(std::vector<Stackframe> frames) noexcept : frames_(std::move(frames)) {}
+    explicit Stacktrace(std::vector<Stackframe> frames) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : frames_(std::move(frames)) {}
 
     Stacktrace& operator=(const Stacktrace&) = default;
     Stacktrace& operator=(Stacktrace&&) = default;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] const std::vector<Stackframe>& getFrames() const noexcept { return frames_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] const std::vector<Stackframe>& getFrames() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return frames_; }
 };
 
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
-[[nodiscard]] Result<Stacktrace> captureStacktrace(unsigned skipFrames = 0) noexcept;
+[[nodiscard]] Result<Stacktrace> captureStacktrace(unsigned skipFrames = 0) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+[[nodiscard]] const Optional<Stacktrace>& getExceptionStacktrace() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
 template<typename TStream>
 TStream& operator<<(TStream& stream, const Stackframe& stackframe)
@@ -67,7 +72,7 @@ TStream& operator<<(TStream& stream, const Stackframe& stackframe)
 template<typename TStream>
 TStream& operator<<(TStream& stream, const Stacktrace& stacktrace)
 {
-    const int oldWidth = stream.width();
+    const std::streamsize oldWidth = stream.width();
     const std::ios::fmtflags oldFlags = stream.flags();
     const int numDigits = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(std::log10(stacktrace.getFrames().size())));
     stream << std::left;
@@ -82,4 +87,56 @@ TStream& operator<<(TStream& stream, const Stacktrace& stacktrace)
 
 } // namespace mijin
 
+#if __has_include(<fmt/format.h>)
+template<>
+struct fmt::formatter<mijin::Stackframe>
+{
+    constexpr auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin())
+    {
+        auto it = ctx.begin();
+        auto end = ctx.end();
+
+        if (it != end && *it != '}') FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+
+        return it;
+    }
+
+    template<typename TContext>
+    auto format(const mijin::Stackframe& stackframe, TContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out())
+    {
+        auto it = ctx.out();
+        it = fmt::format_to(it, "[{}] {}:{} in {}", stackframe.address, stackframe.filename,
+                            stackframe.lineNumber, mijin::demangleCPPIdentifier(stackframe.function.c_str()));
+        return it;
+    }
+};
+
+template<>
+struct fmt::formatter<mijin::Stacktrace>
+{
+    constexpr auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin())
+    {
+        auto it = ctx.begin();
+        auto end = ctx.end();
+
+        if (it != end && *it != '}') FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+
+        return it;
+    }
+
+    template<typename TContext>
+    auto format(const mijin::Stacktrace& stacktrace, TContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out())
+    {
+        const int numDigits = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(std::log10(stacktrace.getFrames().size())));
+        auto it = ctx.out();
+        it = fmt::format_to(it, "[{} frames]", stacktrace.getFrames().size());
+        for (const auto& [idx, frame] : mijin::enumerate(stacktrace.getFrames()))
+        {
+            it = fmt::format_to(it, "\n  #{:<{}} at {}", idx, numDigits, frame);
+        }
+        return it;
+    }
+};
+#endif // __has_include(<fmt/format.h>)
+
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_DEBUG_STACKTRACE_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/debug/symbol_info.cpp

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ const char* lookupFunctionName(const void* function)
 #else
     std::string name = "<unknown>";
 #endif
-    return g_functionNameCache.insert({function, std::move(name)}).first->second.c_str();
+    return g_functionNameCache.emplace(function, std::move(name)).first->second.c_str();
 }
 
 #if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_GCC

source/mijin/geo/geometry_traits.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_GEO_GEOMETRY_TRAITS_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_GEO_GEOMETRY_TRAITS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <concepts>
+#include <ranges>
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<typename T>
+struct Vector2Traits;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Vector2 = requires(const std::decay_t<T> constObject, std::decay_t<T> nonConstObject)
+{
+    { mijin::Vector2Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.getX(constObject) } -> std::convertible_to<float>;
+    { mijin::Vector2Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.getY(constObject) } -> std::convertible_to<float>;
+    { mijin::Vector2Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.setX(nonConstObject, 0.f) };
+    { mijin::Vector2Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.setY(nonConstObject, 0.f) };
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct Vector3Traits;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Vector3 = requires(const std::decay_t<T> constObject, std::decay_t<T> nonConstObject)
+{
+    { mijin::Vector3Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.getX(constObject) } -> std::convertible_to<float>;
+    { mijin::Vector3Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.getY(constObject) } -> std::convertible_to<float>;
+    { mijin::Vector3Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.getZ(constObject) } -> std::convertible_to<float>;
+    { mijin::Vector3Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.setX(nonConstObject, 0.f) };
+    { mijin::Vector3Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.setY(nonConstObject, 0.f) };
+    { mijin::Vector3Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.setZ(nonConstObject, 0.f) };
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct Vector4Traits;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Vector4 = requires(const std::decay_t<T> constObject, std::decay_t<T> nonConstObject)
+{
+    { mijin::Vector4Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.getX(constObject) } -> std::convertible_to<float>;
+    { mijin::Vector4Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.getY(constObject) } -> std::convertible_to<float>;
+    { mijin::Vector4Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.getZ(constObject) } -> std::convertible_to<float>;
+    { mijin::Vector4Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.getW(constObject) } -> std::convertible_to<float>;
+    { mijin::Vector4Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.setX(nonConstObject, 0.f) };
+    { mijin::Vector4Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.setY(nonConstObject, 0.f) };
+    { mijin::Vector4Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.setZ(nonConstObject, 0.f) };
+    { mijin::Vector4Traits<std::decay_t<T>>{}.setW(nonConstObject, 0.f) };
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Index = std::convertible_to<T, std::size_t>;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Vector2Iterator = requires(T object)
+{
+    { std::iterator_traits<T>::value_type } -> Vector2;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Vector3Iterator = requires(T object)
+{
+    { std::iterator_traits<T>::value_type } -> Vector3;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Vector4Iterator = requires(T object)
+{
+    { std::iterator_traits<T>::value_type } -> Vector4;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Vector2Range = std::ranges::random_access_range<T> && Vector2<std::ranges::range_value_t<T>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Vector3Range = std::ranges::random_access_range<T> && Vector3<std::ranges::range_value_t<T>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Vector4Range = std::ranges::random_access_range<T> && Vector4<std::ranges::range_value_t<T>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept IndexRange = std::ranges::random_access_range<T> && Index<std::ranges::range_value_t<T>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct Mesh3DTraits;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Mesh3D = requires(const T constObject, T nonConstObject, mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>::index_t index, mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>::vector3_t vec3Value)
+{
+    { typename mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>::index_t() } -> Index;
+    { typename mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>::vector3_t() } -> Vector3;
+    { mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>{}.getNumFaces(constObject) } -> std::convertible_to<std::size_t>;
+    { mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>{}.getNumVertices(constObject) } -> std::convertible_to<std::size_t>;
+    { mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>{}.getFaceNumVertices(constObject, index) } -> std::convertible_to<std::size_t>;
+    { mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>{}.getPosition(constObject, index, index) } -> Vector3;
+    { mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>{}.setPosition(nonConstObject, index, index, vec3Value) };
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Mesh3DWithNormals = Mesh3D<T> && requires(const T constObject, T nonConstObject, mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>::index_t index, mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>::vector3_t vec3Value)
+{
+    { mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>{}.getNormal(constObject, index, index) } -> Vector3;
+    { mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>{}.setNormal(nonConstObject, index, index, vec3Value) };
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Mesh3DWithTangents = Mesh3D<T> && requires(const T constObject, T nonConstObject, mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>::index_t index, mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>::vector4_t vec4Value)
+{
+    { typename mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>::vector4_t() } -> Vector4;
+    { mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>{}.getTangent(constObject, index, index) } -> Vector4;
+    { mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>{}.setTangent(nonConstObject, index, index, vec4Value) };
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+concept Mesh3DWithTexCoords = Mesh3D<T> && requires(const T constObject, T nonConstObject, mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>::index_t index, mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>::vector2_t vec2Value)
+{
+    { mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>{}.getTexCoord(constObject, index, index) } -> Vector2;
+    { mijin::Mesh3DTraits<T>{}.setTexCoord(nonConstObject, index, index, vec2Value) };
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+concept FullMesh3D = Mesh3DWithNormals<T> && Mesh3DWithTangents<T> && Mesh3DWithTexCoords<T>;
+}
+
+#endif // MIJIN_GEO_GEOMETRY_TRAITS_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/geo/glm_traits.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_GEO_GLM_ADAPTER_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_GEO_GLM_ADAPTER_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <glm/vec2.hpp>
+#include <glm/vec3.hpp>
+#include <glm/vec4.hpp>
+#include "./geometry_traits.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<>
+struct Vector2Traits<glm::vec2>
+{
+    constexpr float getX(const glm::vec2& vector) const noexcept { return vector.x; }
+    constexpr float getY(const glm::vec2& vector) const noexcept { return vector.y; }
+    constexpr void setX(glm::vec2& vector, float value) const noexcept { vector.x = value; }
+    constexpr void setY(glm::vec2& vector, float value) const noexcept { vector.y = value; }
+};
+static_assert(Vector2<glm::vec2>, "Vector2Adapter not working.");
+
+template<>
+struct Vector3Traits<glm::vec3>
+{
+    constexpr float getX(const glm::vec3& vector) const noexcept { return vector.x; }
+    constexpr float getY(const glm::vec3& vector) const noexcept { return vector.y; }
+    constexpr float getZ(const glm::vec3& vector) const noexcept { return vector.z; }
+    constexpr void setX(glm::vec3& vector, float value) const noexcept { vector.x = value; }
+    constexpr void setY(glm::vec3& vector, float value) const noexcept { vector.y = value; }
+    constexpr void setZ(glm::vec3& vector, float value) const noexcept { vector.z = value; }
+};
+static_assert(Vector3<glm::vec3>, "Vector3Adapter not working.");
+
+template<>
+struct Vector4Traits<glm::vec4>
+{
+    constexpr float getX(const glm::vec4& vector) const noexcept { return vector.x; }
+    constexpr float getY(const glm::vec4& vector) const noexcept { return vector.y; }
+    constexpr float getZ(const glm::vec4& vector) const noexcept { return vector.z; }
+    constexpr float getW(const glm::vec4& vector) const noexcept { return vector.w; }
+    constexpr void setX(glm::vec4& vector, float value) const noexcept { vector.x = value; }
+    constexpr void setY(glm::vec4& vector, float value) const noexcept { vector.y = value; }
+    constexpr void setZ(glm::vec4& vector, float value) const noexcept { vector.z = value; }
+    constexpr void setW(glm::vec4& vector, float value) const noexcept { vector.w = value; }
+};
+static_assert(Vector4<glm::vec4>, "Vector4Adapter not working.");
+}
+
+#endif // MIJIN_GEO_GLM_ADAPTER_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/geo/tangent_generation.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_GEO_TANGENT_GENERATION_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_GEO_TANGENT_GENERATION_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <mikktspace.h>
+#include "./geometry_traits.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+namespace impl
+{
+template<FullMesh3D TMesh>
+struct MikktData
+{
+    Mesh3DTraits<TMesh> traits;
+    Vector2Traits<typename TMesh::vector2_t> vec2Traits;
+    Vector3Traits<typename TMesh::vector3_t> vec3Traits;
+    Vector4Traits<typename TMesh::vector4_t> vec4Traits;
+    TMesh* mesh;
+};
+
+template<FullMesh3D TMesh>
+int mikktGetNumFaces(const SMikkTSpaceContext* context)
+{
+    const MikktData<TMesh>& data = *static_cast<MikktData<TMesh>*>(context->m_pUserData);
+    return static_cast<int>(data.traits.getNumFaces(*data.mesh));
+}
+
+template<FullMesh3D TMesh>
+int mikktGetNumVerticesOfFace(const SMikkTSpaceContext* context, const int face)
+{
+    const MikktData<TMesh>& data = *static_cast<MikktData<TMesh>*>(context->m_pUserData);
+    return static_cast<int>(data.traits.getFaceNumVertices(*data.mesh, face));
+}
+
+template<FullMesh3D TMesh>
+void mikktGetPosition(const SMikkTSpaceContext* context, float posOut[], const int face, const int vert) // NOLINT
+{
+    const MikktData<TMesh>& data = *static_cast<MikktData<TMesh>*>(context->m_pUserData);
+    const auto position = data.traits.getPosition(*data.mesh, face, vert);
+    posOut[0] = data.vec3Traits.getX(position);
+    posOut[1] = data.vec3Traits.getY(position);
+    posOut[2] = data.vec3Traits.getZ(position);
+}
+
+template<FullMesh3D TMesh>
+void mikktGetNormal(const SMikkTSpaceContext* context, float normOut[], const int face, const int vert) // NOLINT
+{
+    const MikktData<TMesh>& data = *static_cast<MikktData<TMesh>*>(context->m_pUserData);
+    const auto normal = data.traits.getNormal(*data.mesh, face, vert);
+    normOut[0] = data.vec3Traits.getX(normal);
+    normOut[1] = data.vec3Traits.getY(normal);
+    normOut[2] = data.vec3Traits.getZ(normal);
+}
+
+template<FullMesh3D TMesh>
+void mikktGetTexCoord(const SMikkTSpaceContext* context, float texcOut[], const int face, const int vert) // NOLINT
+{
+    const MikktData<TMesh>& data = *static_cast<MikktData<TMesh>*>(context->m_pUserData);
+    const auto texCoord = data.traits.getTexCoord(*data.mesh, face, vert);
+    texcOut[0] = data.vec2Traits.getX(texCoord);
+    texcOut[1] = data.vec2Traits.getY(texCoord);
+}
+
+template<FullMesh3D TMesh>
+void mikktSetTSpaceBasic(const SMikkTSpaceContext* context, const float resultTangent[], const float sign, const int face, const int vert) // NOLINT
+{
+    const MikktData<TMesh>& data = *static_cast<MikktData<TMesh>*>(context->m_pUserData);
+    typename Mesh3DTraits<TMesh>::vector4_t tangent;
+    data.vec4Traits.setX(tangent, resultTangent[0]);
+    data.vec4Traits.setY(tangent, resultTangent[1]);
+    data.vec4Traits.setZ(tangent, resultTangent[2]);
+    data.vec4Traits.setW(tangent, sign);
+    data.traits.setTangent(*data.mesh, face, vert, tangent);
+}
+}
+template<FullMesh3D TMesh>
+bool generateTangentsMikkt(TMesh& mesh)
+{
+    SMikkTSpaceInterface mikktInterface = {
+        .m_getNumFaces = &impl::mikktGetNumFaces<TMesh>,
+        .m_getNumVerticesOfFace = &impl::mikktGetNumVerticesOfFace<TMesh>,
+        .m_getPosition = &impl::mikktGetPosition<TMesh>,
+        .m_getNormal = &impl::mikktGetNormal<TMesh>,
+        .m_getTexCoord = &impl::mikktGetTexCoord<TMesh>,
+        .m_setTSpaceBasic = &impl::mikktSetTSpaceBasic<TMesh>
+    };
+    impl::MikktData<TMesh> data = {
+        .mesh = &mesh
+    };
+    const SMikkTSpaceContext context = {
+        .m_pInterface = &mikktInterface,
+        .m_pUserData = &data
+    };
+    return genTangSpaceDefault(&context);
+}
+}
+
+#endif // MIJIN_GEO_TANGENT_GENERATION_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/internal/common.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "./exception.hpp"

source/mijin/internal/exception.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_INTERNAL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_INTERNAL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
+#   define MIJIN_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS (__cpp_exceptions)
+#endif
+
+#define MIJIN_CATCH_EXCEPTIONS (__cpp_exceptions)
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_THROWING_ASSERTS)
+#   define MIJIN_THROWING_ASSERTS 0
+#endif
+
+#if MIJIN_THROWING_ASSERTS && !defined(MIJIN_TEST_NO_NOEXCEPT)
+#define MIJIN_TEST_NO_NOEXCEPT
+#endif
+
+#if 0 // TODO: what? MIJIN_WITH_EXCEPTIONS
+#error "Maybe someday"
+#else
+#if defined(MIJIN_TEST_NO_NOEXCEPT) // only use for testing
+#define MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+#define MIJIN_THROWS
+#define MIJIN_CONDITIONAL_NOEXCEPT(...)
+#else
+#define MIJIN_NOEXCEPT noexcept
+#define MIJIN_THROWS noexcept
+#define MIJIN_CONDITIONAL_NOEXCEPT(...) noexcept(__VA_ARGS__)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if MIJIN_CATCH_EXCEPTIONS
+#   define MIJIN_TRY try
+#   define MIJIN_CATCH catch
+#else
+#   define MIJIN_TRY
+#   define MIJIN_CATCH(...) if constexpr(false)
+#endif
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_INTERNAL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/io/archive.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_IO_ARCHIVE_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_IO_ARCHIVE_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+#include "mijin/container/optional.hpp"
+#include "mijin/io/stream.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+enum class ArchiveMode : std::uint8_t
+{
+    READ,
+    WRITE
+};
+
+template<typename TPointer>
+class ArchiveBase
+{
+private:
+    ArchiveMode mode_ = ArchiveMode::READ;
+    StreamError error_ = StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    TPointer stream_ = nullptr;
+public:
+    ArchiveBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ArchiveBase(const ArchiveBase&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ArchiveBase(ArchiveBase&&) noexcept = default;
+    ArchiveBase(ArchiveMode mode, TPointer stream) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : mode_(mode), stream_(std::move(stream)) {}
+    
+    ArchiveBase& operator=(const ArchiveBase&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ArchiveBase& operator=(ArchiveBase&&) noexcept = default;
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    ArchiveMode getMode() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return mode_; }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    StreamError getError() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return error_; }
+    
+    void setError(StreamError value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { error_ = value; }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    Stream& getStream() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return *stream_; }
+};
+
+using Archive = ArchiveBase<Stream*>;
+using OwningArchive = ArchiveBase<std::unique_ptr<Stream>>;
+
+
+template<typename TContent>
+struct PODWrapper
+{
+    TContent* content;
+};
+
+template<typename TContent>
+PODWrapper<TContent> pod(TContent& content) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return PODWrapper<TContent>(&content);
+}
+
+template<typename TPointer, typename TValue> requires (std::is_const_v<TValue>)
+Task<> c_serialize(ArchiveBase<TPointer>& archive, TValue& value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (archive.getMode() != ArchiveMode::WRITE)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ERROR("Attempt to write to a const object.");
+        archive.setError(StreamError::IO_ERROR);
+        co_return;
+    }
+    co_await c_serialize(archive, const_cast<std::remove_const_t<TValue>&>(value));
+}
+
+template<typename TPointer>
+Task<> c_serialize(ArchiveBase<TPointer>& archive, std::string& value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return;
+    }
+    if (archive.getMode() == ArchiveMode::READ)
+    {
+        archive.setError(co_await archive.getStream().c_readBinaryString(value));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        archive.setError(co_await archive.getStream().c_writeBinaryString(value));
+    }
+    co_return;
+}
+
+template<typename TPointer, typename TValue> requires (!std::is_const_v<TValue> && (std::is_arithmetic_v<TValue> || std::is_enum_v<TValue>))
+Task<> c_serialize(ArchiveBase<TPointer>& archive, TValue& value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return;
+    }
+    if (archive.getMode() == ArchiveMode::READ)
+    {
+        archive.setError(co_await archive.getStream().c_read(value));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        archive.setError(co_await archive.getStream().c_write(value));
+    }
+    co_return;
+}
+
+template<typename TPointer, typename TElement, typename TAllocator>
+Task<> c_serialize(ArchiveBase<TPointer>& archive, std::vector<TElement, TAllocator>& value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return;
+    }
+    std::uint64_t size = value.size();
+    co_await c_serialize(archive, size);
+
+    if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return;
+    }
+    
+    if (archive.getMode() == ArchiveMode::READ)
+    {
+        value.resize(size);
+    }
+    
+    for (TElement& element : value)
+    {
+        co_await c_serialize(archive, element);
+        if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename TPointer, typename TContent>
+Task<> c_serialize(ArchiveBase<TPointer> archive, Optional<TContent>& value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return;
+    }
+    std::uint8_t exists = !value.empty();
+    co_await c_serialize(archive, exists);
+    if (exists)
+    {
+        if (archive.getMode() == ArchiveMode::READ)
+        {
+            TContent content;
+            co_await c_serialize(archive, content);
+            if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+            {
+                co_return;
+            }
+            value.emplace(std::move(content));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            co_await c_serialize(archive, *value);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename TPointer, typename TContent>
+Task<> c_serialize(ArchiveBase<TPointer>& archive, PODWrapper<TContent> value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (archive.getError() != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return;
+    }
+    if (archive.getMode() == ArchiveMode::READ)
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_const_v<TContent>)
+        {
+            MIJIN_ERROR("Attempt to write to a const object.");
+            archive.setError(StreamError::IO_ERROR);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            archive.setError(co_await archive.getStream().c_read(*value.content));
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        archive.setError(co_await archive.getStream().c_write(*value.content));
+    }
+    co_return;
+}
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_IO_ARCHIVE_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/io/process.cpp

@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <sstream>
-#include "../util/iterators.hpp"
+#include "../detect.hpp"
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
 #include "../util/string.hpp"
 
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX || MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_OSX
 namespace mijin
 {
 ProcessStream::~ProcessStream()
@@ -32,10 +34,10 @@ StreamError ProcessStream::open(const char* command, FileOpenMode mode_)
             modeStr = "rw";
             break;
         default:
-            assert(!"Unsupported mode for ProcessStream::open()");
+            MIJIN_ERROR("Unsupported mode for ProcessStream::open()");
             return StreamError::NOT_SUPPORTED;
     }
-    handle = popen(command, modeStr); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
+    handle = popen(command, modeStr); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory,cert-env33-c)
     if (!handle) {
         return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
     }
@@ -45,18 +47,18 @@ StreamError ProcessStream::open(const char* command, FileOpenMode mode_)
 
 int ProcessStream::close()
 {
-    assert(handle);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(handle != nullptr, "Process stream has not been opened.");
     const int result = pclose(handle);
     handle = nullptr;
     return result;
 }
 
-StreamError ProcessStream::readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, bool partial, std::size_t* outBytesRead)
+StreamError ProcessStream::readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options, std::size_t* outBytesRead)
 {
-    assert(handle);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(handle != nullptr, "Process stream has not been openend.");
-    assert(mode == FileOpenMode::READ || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(mode == FileOpenMode::READ || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE, "Cannot read from this process stream.");
 
-    if (bufferedChar >= 0 && buffer.size() > 0)
+    if (bufferedChar >= 0 && !buffer.empty())
     {
         buffer[0] = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(bufferedChar);
     }
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ StreamError ProcessStream::readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, bool partial,
     if (std::ferror(handle)) {
         return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
     }
-    if (!partial && readBytes < buffer.size()) {
+    if (!options.partial && readBytes < buffer.size()) {
         return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
     }
     if (outBytesRead != nullptr)
@@ -78,8 +80,8 @@ StreamError ProcessStream::readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, bool partial,
 
 StreamError ProcessStream::writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer)
 {
-    assert(handle);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(handle != nullptr, "Process stream has not been opened.");
-    assert(mode == FileOpenMode::WRITE || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(mode == FileOpenMode::WRITE || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE, "Cannot write to this process stream.");
 
     const std::size_t written = std::fwrite(buffer.data(), 1, buffer.size(), handle);
     if (written != buffer.size() || std::ferror(handle)) {
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ StreamError ProcessStream::writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer)
 
 std::size_t ProcessStream::tell()
 {
-    assert(handle);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(handle != nullptr, "Process stream has not been opened.");
 
     return std::ftell(handle); // TODO: does this work?
 }
@@ -106,22 +108,19 @@ StreamError ProcessStream::seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode)
 void ProcessStream::flush()
 {
     const int result = std::fflush(handle);
-    assert(result == 0);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(result == 0, "Error flushing process stream.");
 }
 
 bool ProcessStream::isAtEnd()
 {
-    assert(handle);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(handle != nullptr, "Process stream has not been opened.");
 
     if (bufferedChar >= 0) {
         return false;
     }
 
     bufferedChar = std::fgetc(handle);
-    if (std::feof(handle)) {
+    return static_cast<bool>(std::feof(handle));
-        return true;
-    }
-    return false;
 }
 
 StreamFeatures ProcessStream::getFeatures()
@@ -132,13 +131,16 @@ StreamFeatures ProcessStream::getFeatures()
             .read = (mode == FileOpenMode::READ),
             .write = (mode == FileOpenMode::WRITE || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE),
             .tell = true,
-            .seek = false
+            .seek = false,
+            .readOptions = {
+                .partial = true
+            }
         };
     }
     return {};
 }
 
-std::string shellEscape(const std::string& arg) noexcept
+std::string shellEscape(const std::string& arg) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     std::ostringstream oss;
     const bool requiresQuotes = std::any_of(arg.begin(), arg.end(), [&](const char chr) { return std::isspace(chr); });
@@ -156,6 +158,7 @@ std::string shellEscape(const std::string& arg) noexcept
             case '$':
                 oss << '\\';
                 break;
+            default: break;
         }
         oss << chr;
     }
@@ -165,7 +168,7 @@ std::string shellEscape(const std::string& arg) noexcept
     return oss.str();
 }
 
-std::string makeShellCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args) noexcept
+std::string makeShellCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     using namespace mijin::pipe;
     return args
@@ -173,3 +176,4 @@ std::string makeShellCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args) noexcept
         | Join(" ");
 }
 } // namespace mijin
+#endif // MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX || MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_OSX

source/mijin/io/process.hpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 #include "./stream.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] inline bool isOpen() const { return handle != nullptr; }
 
     // Stream overrides
-    StreamError readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, bool partial = false, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr) override;
+    StreamError readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options, std::size_t* outBytesRead) override;
     StreamError writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer) override;
     std::size_t tell() override;
     StreamError seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode = SeekMode::ABSOLUTE) override;
@@ -35,8 +36,8 @@ public:
     StreamFeatures getFeatures() override;
 };
 
-[[nodiscard]] std::string shellEscape(const std::string& arg) noexcept;
+[[nodiscard]] std::string shellEscape(const std::string& arg) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-[[nodiscard]] std::string makeShellCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args) noexcept;
+[[nodiscard]] std::string makeShellCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
 StreamError ProcessStream::open(const std::vector<std::string>& args, FileOpenMode mode_)
 {

source/mijin/io/stlstream.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_IO_STLSTREAM_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_IO_STLSTREAM_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <array>
+#include <streambuf>
+#include "./stream.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+//
+// public defines
+//
+
+//
+// public constants
+//
+
+//
+// public types
+//
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+class BasicStreambufAdapter : public std::basic_streambuf<TChar, TTraits>
+{
+private:
+    using base_t = std::basic_streambuf<TChar, TTraits>;
+    using char_type = base_t::char_type;
+    using int_type = base_t::int_type;
+    using traits_type = base_t::traits_type;
+
+    static const std::size_t BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;
+
+    Stream* stream_ = nullptr;
+    std::array<TChar, BUFFER_SIZE> inBuffer_;
+    std::array<TChar, BUFFER_SIZE> outBuffer_;
+public:
+    explicit BasicStreambufAdapter(Stream& stream) noexcept : stream_(&stream)
+    {
+        base_t::setp(outBuffer_.data(), outBuffer_.data() + outBuffer_.size());
+    }
+
+    int_type underflow() override
+    {
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        while (bytesRead == 0)
+        {
+            if (stream_->isAtEnd())
+            {
+                return traits_type::eof();
+            }
+            throwOnError(stream_->readRaw(inBuffer_, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead));
+        }
+        base_t::setg(inBuffer_.data(), inBuffer_.data(), inBuffer_.data() + bytesRead);
+        return inBuffer_[0];
+    }
+
+    int_type overflow(int_type c) override
+    {
+        if (base_t::pptr() - base_t::pbase() > 0)
+        {
+            throwOnError(stream_->writeRaw(base_t::pbase(), base_t::pptr() - base_t::pbase()));
+        }
+        outBuffer_[0] = traits_type::to_char_type(c);
+        base_t::setp(outBuffer_.data() + 1, outBuffer_.data() + outBuffer_.size());
+        return traits_type::not_eof(c);
+    }
+
+    int sync() override
+    {
+        stream_->flush();
+        return 0;
+    }
+};
+
+using StreambufAdapter = BasicStreambufAdapter<char>;
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+class BasicIOStreamAdapter : public std::basic_iostream<TChar, TTraits>
+{
+private:
+    StreambufAdapter streambuf_;
+public:
+    BasicIOStreamAdapter(Stream& stream) noexcept : std::basic_iostream<TChar, TTraits>(&streambuf_), streambuf_(stream) {}
+};
+
+using IOStreamAdapter = BasicIOStreamAdapter<char>;
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+class BasicSTLStream : public Stream
+{
+private:
+    std::basic_istream<TChar, TTraits>* istream_ = nullptr;
+    std::basic_ostream<TChar, TTraits>* ostream_ = nullptr;
+public:
+    explicit BasicSTLStream(std::basic_istream<TChar, TTraits>& istream) : istream_(&istream) {}
+    explicit BasicSTLStream(std::basic_ostream<TChar, TTraits>& ostream) : ostream_(&ostream) {}
+    explicit BasicSTLStream(std::basic_iostream<TChar, TTraits>& iostream) : istream_(&iostream), ostream_(&ostream_) {}
+    StreamError readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr) override
+    {
+        (void) options;
+        
+        if (istream_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            if (buffer.size() % sizeof(TChar) != 0)
+            {
+                // buffer size must be divisible by character size
+                return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
+            }
+            
+            istream_->read(std::bit_cast<TChar*>(buffer.data()), buffer.size() / sizeof(TChar));
+            if (!istream_->good())
+            {
+                return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
+            }
+            if (outBytesRead != nullptr)
+            {
+                *outBytesRead = buffer.size();
+            }
+            return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+        }
+        return StreamError::NOT_SUPPORTED;
+    }
+    
+    StreamError writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer) override
+    {
+        if (ostream_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            if (buffer.size() % sizeof(TChar) != 0)
+            {
+                // buffer size must be divisible by character size
+                return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
+            }
+            
+            ostream_->write(std::bit_cast<const TChar*>(buffer.data()), buffer.size() / sizeof(TChar));
+            return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+        }
+        return StreamError::NOT_SUPPORTED;
+    }
+    
+    std::size_t tell() override
+    {
+        // kind of weird case, since the streams can have different positions
+        // this is fine, I guess
+        if (istream_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            return istream_->tellg();
+        }
+        if (ostream_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            return ostream_->tellp();
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    
+    StreamError seek(std::intptr_t pos, mijin::SeekMode seekMode = SeekMode::ABSOLUTE) override
+    {
+        std::ios_base::seekdir seekDir = std::ios_base::beg;
+        switch (seekMode)
+        {
+            case mijin::SeekMode::ABSOLUTE:
+                break;
+            case mijin::SeekMode::RELATIVE:
+                seekDir = std::ios_base::cur;
+                break;
+            case mijin::SeekMode::RELATIVE_TO_END:
+                seekDir = std::ios_base::end;
+                break;
+        }
+        if (istream_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            istream_->seekg(pos, seekDir);
+            if (!istream_->good())
+            {
+                return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
+            }
+        }
+        if (ostream_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            ostream_->seekp(pos, seekDir);
+            if (!ostream_->good())
+            {
+                return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
+            }
+        }
+        return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+    
+    bool isAtEnd() override
+    {
+        if (istream_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            return istream_->peek() == TTraits::eof();
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    StreamFeatures getFeatures() override
+    {
+        return {
+            .read = istream_ != nullptr,
+            .write = ostream_ != nullptr,
+            .tell = istream_ != nullptr || ostream_ != nullptr,
+            .seek = istream_ != nullptr || ostream_ != nullptr,
+            .async = false,
+            .readOptions = {
+                .partial = false,
+                .peek = false,
+                .noBlock = false
+            }
+        };
+    }
+};
+
+using STLStream = BasicSTLStream<char>;
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_IO_STLSTREAM_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/io/stream.cpp

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include "./stream.hpp"
 
 #include <algorithm>
-#include <cassert>
+#include <array>
 #include <limits>
 
 namespace mijin
@@ -34,7 +34,57 @@ namespace mijin
 
 void Stream::flush() {}
 
-StreamError Stream::readString(std::string& outString)
+mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options, std::size_t* outBytesRead)
+{
+    std::size_t bytesToRead = buffer.size();
+    if (bytesToRead == 0)
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    while(true)
+    {
+        bool done = false;
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        const StreamError error = readRaw(buffer.data() + buffer.size() - bytesToRead, bytesToRead,
+                                          {.partial = true, .noBlock = true}, &bytesToRead);
+        switch (error)
+        {
+            case StreamError::SUCCESS:
+                bytesToRead -= bytesRead;
+                if (options.partial || bytesToRead == 0)
+                {
+                    done = true;
+                }
+                break;
+            case StreamError::WOULD_BLOCK:
+                if (options.noBlock)
+                {
+                    co_return StreamError::WOULD_BLOCK;
+                }
+                break;
+            default:
+                co_return error;
+        }
+        if (done)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        co_await mijin::c_suspend();
+    }
+    if (outBytesRead != nullptr)
+    {
+        *outBytesRead = buffer.size() - bytesToRead;
+    }
+    co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer)
+{
+    co_return writeRaw(buffer);
+}
+
+StreamError Stream::readBinaryString(std::string& outString)
 {
     std::uint32_t length; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-init-variables)
     StreamError error = read(length);
@@ -52,17 +102,228 @@ StreamError Stream::readString(std::string& outString)
     return StreamError::SUCCESS;
 }
 
-StreamError Stream::writeString(std::string_view str)
+StreamError Stream::writeBinaryString(std::string_view str)
 {
-    assert(str.length() <= std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max());
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(str.length() <= std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max(), "Binary string is too long.");
     const std::uint32_t length = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(str.length());
-    StreamError error = write(length);
+    const StreamError error = write(length);
     if (error != StreamError::SUCCESS) {
         return error;
     }
     return writeSpan(str.begin(), str.end());
 }
 
+mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readBinaryString(std::string& outString)
+{
+    std::uint32_t length; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-init-variables)
+    StreamError error = co_await c_read(length);
+    if (error != StreamError::SUCCESS) {
+        co_return error;
+    }
+
+    std::string result;
+    result.resize(length);
+    error = co_await c_readSpan(result.begin(), result.end());
+    if (error != StreamError::SUCCESS) {
+        co_return error;
+    }
+    outString = std::move(result);
+    co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_writeBinaryString(std::string_view str)
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(str.length() <= std::numeric_limits<std::uint32_t>::max(), "Binary string is too long.");
+    const std::uint32_t length = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(str.length());
+    StreamError error = co_await c_write(length);
+    if (error != StreamError::SUCCESS) {
+        co_return error;
+    }
+    co_return co_await c_writeSpan(str.begin(), str.end());
+}
+
+StreamError Stream::getTotalLength(std::size_t& outLength)
+{
+    const StreamFeatures features = getFeatures();
+    if (!features.tell || !features.seek) {
+        return StreamError::NOT_SUPPORTED;
+    }
+    const std::size_t origPos = tell();
+    if (const StreamError error = seek(0, SeekMode::RELATIVE_TO_END); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        return error;
+    }
+    outLength = tell();
+    if (const StreamError error = seek(static_cast<std::intptr_t>(origPos)); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        return error;
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+StreamError Stream::readRest(TypelessBuffer& outBuffer)
+{
+    // first try to allocate everything at once
+    std::size_t length = 0;
+    if (const StreamError lengthError = getTotalLength(length); lengthError == StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().tell, "How did you find the length if you cannot tell()?");
+        length -= tell();
+        outBuffer.resize(length);
+        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(outBuffer.data(), length); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    // could not determine the size, read chunk-wise
+    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
+
+    while (!isAtEnd())
+    {
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+
+        outBuffer.resize(outBuffer.byteSize() + bytesRead);
+        const std::span<std::byte> bufferBytes = outBuffer.makeSpan<std::byte>();
+        std::copy_n(chunk.begin(), bytesRead, bufferBytes.end() - static_cast<long>(bytesRead));
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readRest(TypelessBuffer& outBuffer)
+{
+    // first try to allocate everything at once
+    std::size_t length = 0;
+    if (StreamError lengthError = getTotalLength(length); lengthError == StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().tell, "How did you find the length if you cannot tell()?");
+        length -= tell();
+        outBuffer.resize(length);
+        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(outBuffer.data(), length); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return error;
+        }
+        co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    // could not determine the size, read chunk-wise
+    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
+
+    while (!isAtEnd())
+    {
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return error;
+        }
+
+        outBuffer.resize(outBuffer.byteSize() + bytesRead);
+        std::span<std::byte> bufferBytes = outBuffer.makeSpan<std::byte>();
+        std::copy_n(chunk.begin(), bytesRead, bufferBytes.end() - static_cast<long>(bytesRead));
+    }
+    co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+StreamError Stream::readLine(std::string& outString)
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().readOptions.peek, "Stream needs to support peeking.");
+
+    static constexpr std::size_t BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<char, BUFFER_SIZE> buffer;
+
+    outString.clear();
+    bool done = false;
+    while (!done)
+    {
+        // read into the buffer
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(buffer, {.partial = true, .peek = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        // try to find a \n
+        auto begin = buffer.begin(); // NOLINT(readability-qualified-auto)
+        auto end = buffer.begin() + bytesRead; // NOLINT(readability-qualified-auto)
+        auto newline = std::find(begin, end, '\n'); // NOLINT(readability-qualified-auto)
+
+        if (newline != end)
+        {
+            // found the end
+            outString.append(begin, newline);
+            end = newline + 1;
+            done = true;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            outString.append(begin, end);
+        }
+
+        // read again, this time to skip
+        if (const StreamError error = readSpan(begin, end); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+
+        if (isAtEnd())
+        {
+            done = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readLine(std::string& outString)
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().readOptions.peek, "Stream needs to support peeking.");
+
+    static constexpr std::size_t BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<char, BUFFER_SIZE> buffer;
+
+    outString.clear();
+    bool done = false;
+    while(!done)
+    {
+        // read into the buffer
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(buffer, {.partial = true, .peek = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return error;
+        }
+        // try to find a \n
+        auto begin = buffer.begin(); // NOLINT(readability-qualified-auto)
+        auto end = buffer.begin() + bytesRead; // NOLINT(readability-qualified-auto)
+        auto newline = std::find(begin, end, '\n'); // NOLINT(readability-qualified-auto)
+
+        if (newline != end)
+        {
+            // found the end
+            outString.append(begin, newline);
+            end = newline + 1;
+            done = true;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            outString.append(begin, end);
+        }
+
+        // read again, this time to skip
+        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readSpan(begin, end); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
 FileStream::~FileStream()
 {
     if (handle) {
@@ -89,6 +350,9 @@ StreamError FileStream::open(const char* path, FileOpenMode mode_)
         case FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE:
             modeStr = "r+b";
             break;
+		default:
+			MIJIN_FATAL("Invalid value for mode.");
+			return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
     }
     handle = std::fopen(path, modeStr); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
     if (!handle && mode_ == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE) {
@@ -99,43 +363,52 @@ StreamError FileStream::open(const char* path, FileOpenMode mode_)
     }
 
     int result = std::fseek(handle, 0, SEEK_END);
-    assert(result == 0);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(result == 0, "fseek failed.");
     length = std::ftell(handle);
     result = std::fseek(handle, 0, SEEK_SET);
-    assert(result == 0);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(result == 0, "fseek failed.");
 
     return StreamError::SUCCESS;
 }
 
 void FileStream::close()
 {
-    assert(handle);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(handle != nullptr, "FileStream is not open.");
-    const int result = std::fclose(handle); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
+    [[maybe_unused]] const int result = std::fclose(handle); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
-    assert(result == 0);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(result == 0, "fclose failed.");
+    handle = nullptr;
 }
 
-StreamError FileStream::readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, bool partial, std::size_t* outBytesRead)
+StreamError FileStream::readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options, std::size_t* outBytesRead)
 {
-    assert(handle);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(handle != nullptr, "FileStream is not open.");
-    assert(mode == FileOpenMode::READ || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(mode == FileOpenMode::READ || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE, "Cannot read from this stream");
 
     const std::size_t readBytes = std::fread(buffer.data(), 1, buffer.size(), handle);
     if (std::ferror(handle)) {
         return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
     }
-    if (!partial && readBytes < buffer.size()) {
+    if (!options.partial && readBytes < buffer.size()) {
         return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
     }
     if (outBytesRead != nullptr) {
         *outBytesRead = readBytes;
     }
+    if (options.peek)
+    {
+        if (const StreamError error = seek(-static_cast<std::intptr_t>(readBytes), SeekMode::RELATIVE); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+    }
     return StreamError::SUCCESS;
 }
 
 StreamError FileStream::writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer)
 {
-    assert(handle);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(handle != nullptr, "FileStream is not open.");
-    assert(mode == FileOpenMode::WRITE || mode == FileOpenMode::APPEND || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(mode == FileOpenMode::WRITE || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE || mode == FileOpenMode::APPEND,
+                 "Cannot write to this stream");
 
     const std::size_t written = std::fwrite(buffer.data(), 1, buffer.size(), handle);
     if (written != buffer.size() || std::ferror(handle)) {
@@ -148,15 +421,13 @@ StreamError FileStream::writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer)
 
 std::size_t FileStream::tell()
 {
-    assert(handle);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(handle != nullptr, "FileStream is not open.");
-
     return std::ftell(handle);
 }
 
 StreamError FileStream::seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode)
 {
-    assert(handle);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(handle != nullptr, "FileStream is not open.");
-    
     int origin; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-init-variables)
     switch (seekMode)
     {
@@ -170,7 +441,7 @@ StreamError FileStream::seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode)
             origin = SEEK_END;
             break;
         default:
-            assert(!"Invalid value passed as seekMode!");
+            MIJIN_ERROR("Invalid value passed as seekMode!");
             return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
     }
     const int result = std::fseek(handle, static_cast<long>(pos), origin);
@@ -182,20 +453,20 @@ StreamError FileStream::seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode)
 
 void FileStream::flush()
 {
-    const int result = std::fflush(handle);
+    [[maybe_unused]] const int result = std::fflush(handle);
-    assert(result == 0);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(result == 0, "fflush failed.");
 }
 
 bool FileStream::isAtEnd()
 {
-    assert(handle);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(handle != nullptr, "FileStream is not open.");
 
     (void) std::fgetc(handle);
     if (std::feof(handle)) {
         return true;
     }
-    const int result = std::fseek(handle, -1, SEEK_CUR);
+    [[maybe_unused]] const int result = std::fseek(handle, -1, SEEK_CUR);
-    assert(result == 0);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(result == 0, "fseek failed.");
     return false;
 }
 
@@ -207,7 +478,11 @@ StreamFeatures FileStream::getFeatures()
             .read = (mode == FileOpenMode::READ),
             .write = (mode == FileOpenMode::WRITE || mode == FileOpenMode::APPEND || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE),
             .tell = true,
-            .seek = true
+            .seek = true,
+            .readOptions = {
+                .partial = true,
+                .peek = true
+            }
         };
     }
     return {};
@@ -215,30 +490,30 @@ StreamFeatures FileStream::getFeatures()
 
 void MemoryStream::openRW(std::span<std::uint8_t> data)
 {
-    assert(!isOpen());
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(!isOpen(), "MemoryStream is already open.");
     data_ = data;
     pos_ = 0;
     canWrite_ = true;
 }
 
-void MemoryStream::openRO(std::span<const std::uint8_t> data)
+void MemoryStream::openROImpl(const void* data, std::size_t bytes)
 {
-    assert(!isOpen());
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(!isOpen(), "MemoryStream is already open.");
-    data_ = std::span<std::uint8_t>(const_cast<std::uint8_t*>(data.data()), data.size()); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-const-cast) we'll be fine
+    data_ = std::span<std::uint8_t>(const_cast<std::uint8_t*>(static_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(data)), bytes); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-const-cast) we'll be fine
     pos_ = 0;
     canWrite_ = false;
 }
 
 void MemoryStream::close()
 {
-    assert(isOpen());
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(isOpen(), "MemoryStream is not open.");
     data_ = {};
 }
 
-StreamError MemoryStream::readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, bool partial, std::size_t* outBytesRead)
+StreamError MemoryStream::readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options, std::size_t* outBytesRead)
 {
-    assert(isOpen());
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(isOpen(), "MemoryStream is not open.");
-    if (!partial && availableBytes() < buffer.size()) {
+    if (!options.partial && availableBytes() < buffer.size()) {
         return StreamError::IO_ERROR; // TODO: need more errors?
     }
     const std::size_t numBytes = std::min(buffer.size(), availableBytes());
@@ -246,14 +521,19 @@ StreamError MemoryStream::readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, bool partial,
     if (outBytesRead) {
         *outBytesRead = numBytes;
     }
-    pos_ += numBytes;
+    if (!options.peek) {
+        pos_ += numBytes;
+    }
     return StreamError::SUCCESS;
 }
 
 StreamError MemoryStream::writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer)
 {
-    assert(isOpen());
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(isOpen(), "MemoryStream is not open.");
-    assert(canWrite_);
+
+    if (!canWrite_) {
+        return StreamError::NOT_SUPPORTED;
+    }
 
     if (availableBytes() < buffer.size()) {
         return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
@@ -265,13 +545,13 @@ StreamError MemoryStream::writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer)
 
 std::size_t MemoryStream::tell()
 {
-    assert(isOpen());
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(isOpen(), "MemoryStream is not open.");
     return pos_;
 }
 
 StreamError MemoryStream::seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode)
 {
-    assert(isOpen());
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(isOpen(), "MemoryStream is not open.");
     std::intptr_t newPos = -1;
     switch (seekMode)
     {
@@ -294,7 +574,7 @@ StreamError MemoryStream::seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode)
 
 bool MemoryStream::isAtEnd()
 {
-    assert(isOpen());
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(isOpen(), "MemoryStream is not open.");
     return pos_ == data_.size();
 }
 
@@ -304,7 +584,10 @@ StreamFeatures MemoryStream::getFeatures()
         .read  = true,
         .write = canWrite_,
         .tell  = true,
-        .seek  = true
+        .seek  = true,
+        .readOptions = {
+            .peek = true
+        }
     };
 }
 

source/mijin/io/stream.hpp

@@ -4,11 +4,17 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_IO_STREAM_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_IO_STREAM_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
-#include <cassert>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <optional>
+#include <ranges>
 #include <span>
+#include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
+#include "../async/coroutine.hpp"
+#include "../container/typeless_buffer.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../types/result.hpp"
+#include "../util/exception.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -32,12 +38,22 @@ enum class SeekMode
     RELATIVE_TO_END
 };
 
+struct ReadOptions
+{
+    bool partial : 1 = false;
+    bool peek    : 1 = false;
+    bool noBlock : 1 = false;
+};
+
 struct StreamFeatures
 {
     bool read  : 1 = false;
     bool write : 1 = false;
     bool tell  : 1 = false;
     bool seek  : 1 = false;
+    bool async : 1 = false;
+
+    ReadOptions readOptions = {};
 };
 
 enum class FileOpenMode
@@ -50,10 +66,14 @@ enum class FileOpenMode
 
 enum class [[nodiscard]] StreamError
 {
-    SUCCESS,
+    SUCCESS            = 0,
-    IO_ERROR,
+    IO_ERROR           = 1,
-    NOT_SUPPORTED,
+    NOT_SUPPORTED      = 2,
-    UNKNOWN_ERROR
+    CONNECTION_CLOSED  = 3,
+    PROTOCOL_ERROR     = 4,
+    WOULD_BLOCK        = 5,
+    CONNECTION_REFUSED = 6,
+    UNKNOWN_ERROR      = -1
 };
 
 class Stream
@@ -62,7 +82,12 @@ public:
     virtual ~Stream() = default;
     
 public:
-    virtual StreamError readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, bool partial = false, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr) = 0;
+    virtual StreamError readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr) = 0;
+    [[deprecated("Partial parameter has been replaced with options.")]]
+    StreamError readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, bool partial, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr)
+    {
+        return readRaw(buffer, {.partial = partial}, outBytesRead);
+    }
     virtual StreamError writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer) = 0;
     virtual std::size_t tell() = 0;
     virtual StreamError seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode = SeekMode::ABSOLUTE) = 0;
@@ -70,59 +95,201 @@ public:
     virtual bool isAtEnd() = 0;
     virtual StreamFeatures getFeatures() = 0;
 
-    inline StreamError readRaw(void* outData, std::size_t bytes, bool partial = false, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr)
+    // async interface (requires getFeatures().async to be set)
+    virtual mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr);
+    virtual mijin::Task<StreamError> c_writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer);
+
+    StreamError readRaw(void* outData, std::size_t bytes, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr)
     {
         std::uint8_t* ptr = static_cast<std::uint8_t*>(outData);
-        return readRaw(std::span(ptr, ptr + bytes), partial, outBytesRead);
+        return readRaw(std::span(ptr, ptr + bytes), options, outBytesRead);
     }
 
-    inline StreamError writeRaw(const void* data, std::size_t bytes)
+    [[deprecated("Partial parameter has been replaced with options.")]]
+    StreamError readRaw(void* outData, std::size_t bytes, bool partial, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr)
+    {
+        std::uint8_t* ptr = static_cast<std::uint8_t*>(outData);
+        return readRaw(std::span(ptr, ptr + bytes), {.partial = partial}, outBytesRead);
+    }
+
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRaw(void* outData, std::size_t bytes, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr)
+    {
+        std::uint8_t* ptr = static_cast<std::uint8_t*>(outData);
+        co_return co_await c_readRaw(std::span(ptr, ptr + bytes), options, outBytesRead);
+    }
+
+    template<std::ranges::contiguous_range TRange>
+    StreamError readRaw(TRange& range, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr)
+    {
+        const std::size_t bytes = std::distance(range.begin(), range.end()) * sizeof(std::ranges::range_value_t<TRange>);
+        return readRaw(&*range.begin(), bytes, options, outBytesRead);
+    }
+
+    template<std::ranges::contiguous_range TRange>
+    [[deprecated("Partial parameter has been replaced with options.")]]
+    StreamError readRaw(TRange& range, bool partial, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr)
+    {
+        const std::size_t bytes = std::distance(range.begin(), range.end()) * sizeof(std::ranges::range_value_t<TRange>);
+        return readRaw(&*range.begin(), bytes, {.partial = partial}, outBytesRead);
+    }
+    
+    StreamError readRaw(TypelessBuffer& buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {})
+    {
+        return readRaw(buffer.data(), buffer.byteSize(), options);
+    }
+
+    template<std::ranges::contiguous_range TRange>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRaw(TRange& range, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr)
+    {
+        const std::size_t bytes = std::distance(range.begin(), range.end()) * sizeof(std::ranges::range_value_t<TRange>);
+        return c_readRaw(&*range.begin(), bytes, options, outBytesRead);
+    }
+    
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRaw(TypelessBuffer& buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {})
+    {
+        return c_readRaw(buffer.data(), buffer.byteSize(), options);
+    }
+
+    StreamError writeRaw(const void* data, std::size_t bytes)
     {
         const std::uint8_t* ptr = static_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(data);
         return writeRaw(std::span(ptr, ptr + bytes));
     }
 
-    template<typename T>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_writeRaw(const void* data, std::size_t bytes)
-    inline StreamError read(T& value)
     {
-        return readRaw(&value, sizeof(T));
+        const std::uint8_t* ptr = static_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(data);
+        return c_writeRaw(std::span(ptr, ptr + bytes));
+    }
+
+    template<std::ranges::contiguous_range TRange>
+    StreamError writeRaw(const TRange& range)
+    {
+        const std::size_t bytes = std::distance(range.begin(), range.end()) * sizeof(std::ranges::range_value_t<TRange>);
+        return writeRaw(&*range.begin(), bytes);
+    }
+
+    template<std::ranges::contiguous_range TRange>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_writeRaw(const TRange& range)
+    {
+        const std::size_t bytes = std::distance(range.begin(), range.end()) * sizeof(std::ranges::range_value_t<TRange>);
+        return c_writeRaw(&*range.begin(), bytes);
     }
 
     template<typename T>
-    inline StreamError readSpan(T& values)
+    StreamError read(T& value, const ReadOptions& options = {})
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!options.partial, "Cannot partially read a value.");
+        return readRaw(&value, sizeof(T), options);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_read(T& value, const ReadOptions& options = {})
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!options.partial, "Cannot partially read a value.");
+        return c_readRaw(&value, sizeof(T), options);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    StreamError readSpan(T& values, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr)
     {
         auto asSpan = std::span(values);
-        return readRaw(asSpan.data(), asSpan.size_bytes());
+        return readRaw(asSpan.data(), asSpan.size_bytes(), options, outBytesRead);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readSpan(T& values, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr)
+    {
+        auto asSpan = std::span(values);
+        return c_readRaw(asSpan.data(), asSpan.size_bytes(), options, outBytesRead);
     }
 
     template<typename TItBegin, typename TItEnd>
-    inline StreamError readSpan(TItBegin&& begin, TItEnd&& end)
+    StreamError readSpan(TItBegin&& begin, TItEnd&& end, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr)
     {
         auto asSpan = std::span(std::forward<TItBegin>(begin), std::forward<TItEnd>(end));
-        return readRaw(asSpan.data(), asSpan.size_bytes());
+        return readRaw(asSpan.data(), asSpan.size_bytes(), options, outBytesRead);
+    }
+
+    template<typename TItBegin, typename TItEnd>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readSpan(TItBegin&& begin, TItEnd&& end, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr)
+    {
+        auto asSpan = std::span(std::forward<TItBegin>(begin), std::forward<TItEnd>(end));
+        return c_readRaw(asSpan.data(), asSpan.size_bytes(), options, outBytesRead);
     }
 
     template<typename T>
-    inline StreamError write(const T& value)
+    StreamError write(const T& value) requires(std::is_trivial_v<T>)
     {
         return writeRaw(&value, sizeof(T));
     }
 
     template<typename T>
-    inline StreamError writeSpan(const T& values)
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_write(const T& value) requires(std::is_trivial_v<T>)
+    {
+        return c_writeRaw(&value, sizeof(T));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    StreamError writeSpan(const T& values)
     {
         auto asSpan = std::span(values);
         return writeRaw(asSpan.data(), asSpan.size_bytes());
     }
 
+    template<typename T>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_writeSpan(const T& values)
+    {
+        auto asSpan = std::span(values);
+        return c_writeRaw(asSpan.data(), asSpan.size_bytes());
+    }
+
     template<typename TItBegin, typename TItEnd>
-    inline StreamError writeSpan(TItBegin&& begin, TItEnd&& end)
+    StreamError writeSpan(TItBegin&& begin, TItEnd&& end)
     {
         return writeSpan(std::span(std::forward<TItBegin>(begin), std::forward<TItEnd>(end)));
     }
 
-    StreamError readString(std::string& outString);
+    template<typename TItBegin, typename TItEnd>
-    StreamError writeString(std::string_view str);
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_writeSpan(TItBegin&& begin, TItEnd&& end)
+    {
+        return c_writeSpan(std::span(std::forward<TItBegin>(begin), std::forward<TItEnd>(end)));
+    }
+
+    StreamError readBinaryString(std::string& outString);
+    StreamError writeBinaryString(std::string_view str);
+
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readBinaryString(std::string& outString);
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_writeBinaryString(std::string_view str);
+
+    [[deprecated("Use readBinaryString() or readAsString() instead.")]]
+    inline StreamError readString(std::string& outString) { return readBinaryString(outString); }
+
+    [[deprecated("Use writeBinaryString() or writeText() instead.")]]
+    inline StreamError writeString(std::string_view str) { return writeBinaryString(str); }
+
+    StreamError getTotalLength(std::size_t& outLength);
+    StreamError readRest(TypelessBuffer& outBuffer);
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRest(TypelessBuffer& outBuffer);
+
+    StreamError readLine(std::string& outString);
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readLine(std::string& outString);
+
+    template<typename TChar = char>
+    StreamError readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString);
+
+    template<typename TChar = char>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString);
+
+    StreamError writeText(std::string_view str)
+    {
+        return writeSpan(str);
+    }
+
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_writeText(std::string_view str)
+    {
+        return c_writeSpan(str);
+    }
 };
 
 class FileStream : public Stream
@@ -142,7 +309,7 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] inline bool isOpen() const { return handle != nullptr; }
 
     // Stream overrides
-    StreamError readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, bool partial = false, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr) override;
+    StreamError readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr) override;
     StreamError writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer) override;
     std::size_t tell() override;
     StreamError seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode = SeekMode::ABSOLUTE) override;
@@ -159,27 +326,182 @@ private:
     bool canWrite_ = false;
 public:
     void openRW(std::span<std::uint8_t> data);
-    void openRO(std::span<const std::uint8_t> data);
+    template<typename T>
+    void openRO(std::span<T> data) {
+        openROImpl(data.data(), data.size_bytes());
+    }
+    template<typename TChar>
+    inline void openRO(std::basic_string_view<TChar> stringView) {
+        openROImpl(stringView.data(), stringView.size() * sizeof(TChar));
+    }
     void close();
     [[nodiscard]] inline bool isOpen() const { return data_.data() != nullptr; }
-    [[nodiscard]] inline std::size_t availableBytes() const {
+    [[nodiscard]] inline std::size_t availableBytes() const
-        assert(isOpen());
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(isOpen(), "MemoryStream is not open.");
         return data_.size() - pos_;
     }
 
     // Stream overrides
-    StreamError readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, bool partial = false, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr) override;
+    StreamError readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr) override;
     StreamError writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer) override;
     std::size_t tell() override;
     StreamError seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode = SeekMode::ABSOLUTE) override;
     bool isAtEnd() override;
     StreamFeatures getFeatures() override;
+private:
+    void openROImpl(const void* data, std::size_t bytes);
 };
 
+template<typename TSuccess>
+using StreamResult = ResultBase<TSuccess, StreamError>;
+
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
+template<typename TChar>
+StreamError Stream::readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString)
+{
+    static_assert(sizeof(TChar) == 1, "Can only read to 8-bit character types (char, unsigned char or char8_t");
+
+    // first try to allocate everything at once
+    std::size_t length = 0;
+    if (StreamError lengthError = getTotalLength(length); lengthError == StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().tell, "How did you find the length if you cannot tell()?");
+        length -= tell();
+        outString.resize(length);
+        if (StreamError error = readRaw(outString.data(), length); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    // could not determine the size, read chunk-wise
+    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<TChar, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk;
+
+    outString.clear();
+    while (!isAtEnd())
+    {
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (StreamError error = readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        outString.append(chunk.data(), chunk.data() + bytesRead);
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+template<typename TChar>
+mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString)
+{
+    static_assert(sizeof(TChar) == 1, "Can only read to 8-bit character types (char, unsigned char or char8_t");
+
+    // first try to allocate everything at once
+    std::size_t length = 0;
+    if (StreamError lengthError = getTotalLength(length); lengthError == StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().tell, "How did you find the length if you cannot tell()?");
+        length -= tell();
+        outString.resize(length);
+        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(outString.data(), length); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return error;
+        }
+        co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    // could not determine the size, read chunk-wise
+    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<TChar, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk;
+
+    outString.clear();
+    while (!isAtEnd())
+    {
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(chunk, true, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return error;
+        }
+        outString.append(chunk.data(), chunk.data() + bytesRead);
+    }
+    co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+inline const char* errorName(StreamError error) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    switch (error)
+    {
+        case StreamError::SUCCESS:
+            return "success";
+        case StreamError::IO_ERROR:
+            return "IO error";
+        case StreamError::NOT_SUPPORTED:
+            return "not supported";
+        case StreamError::CONNECTION_CLOSED:
+            return "connection closed";
+        case StreamError::PROTOCOL_ERROR:
+            return "protocol error";
+        case StreamError::WOULD_BLOCK:
+            return "would block";
+        case StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR:
+            return "unknown error";
+        case StreamError::CONNECTION_REFUSED:
+            return "connection refused";
+    }
+    return "<invalid error>";
+}
+
+#if MIJIN_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS // these functions don't make sense with exceptions disabled
+inline void throwOnError(mijin::StreamError error)
+{
+    if (error == mijin::StreamError::SUCCESS) {
+        return;
+    }
+    throw std::runtime_error(errorName(error));
+}
+
+inline void throwOnError(mijin::StreamError error, std::string message)
+{
+    if (error == mijin::StreamError::SUCCESS) {
+        return;
+    }
+    throw std::runtime_error(message + ": " + errorName(error));
+}
+
+template<typename TSuccess>
+inline decltype(auto) throwOnError(StreamResult<TSuccess>&& result)
+{
+    if (result.isError())
+    {
+        throw Exception(errorName(result.getError()));
+    }
+    else if (!result.isSuccess())
+    {
+        throw Exception("result is empty");
+    }
+    return *result;
+}
+
+template<typename TSuccess>
+inline decltype(auto) throwOnError(StreamResult<TSuccess>&& result, const std::string& message)
+{
+    if (result.isError())
+    {
+        throw Exception(message + ": " + errorName(result.getError()));
+    }
+    else if (!result.isSuccess())
+    {
+        throw Exception(message + ": result is empty");
+    }
+    return *result;
+}
+#endif // MIJIN_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_IO_STREAM_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/net/curl_wrappers.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_NET_CURL_WRAPPERS_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_NET_CURL_WRAPPERS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <curl/curl.h>
+
+#include "./url.hpp"
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../types/result.hpp"
+
+namespace curl
+{
+struct [[nodiscard]] Error
+{
+    CURLcode code = CURLE_OK;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool isSuccess() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return code == CURLE_OK; }
+};
+template<typename TSuccess>
+using Result = mijin::ResultBase<TSuccess, Error>;
+
+#define MIJIN_CURL_VERIFY_RESULT(curlResult) \
+do                                           \
+{                                            \
+    if ((curlResult) != CURLE_OK)            \
+    {                                        \
+        return Error{curlResult};            \
+    }                                        \
+} while (0)
+
+using curl_write_callback_t = size_t(*)(char*, size_t, size_t, void*);
+using curl_read_callback_t = curl_write_callback_t;
+
+class SList
+{
+private:
+    curl_slist* next_ = nullptr;
+public:
+    SList() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    SList(const SList&) = delete;
+    SList(SList&& other) noexcept : next_(std::exchange(other.next_, nullptr)) {}
+    ~SList() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (next_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            curl_slist_free_all(next_);
+        }
+    }
+
+    SList& operator=(const SList&) = delete;
+    SList& operator=(SList&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (&other == this)
+        {
+            return *this;
+        }
+        
+        if (next_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            curl_slist_free_all(next_);
+        }
+        next_ = std::exchange(other.next_, nullptr);
+        return *this;
+    }
+    auto operator<=>(const SList&) const noexcept = default;
+    
+    void append(const char* str) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        next_ = curl_slist_append(next_, str);
+    }
+    
+    friend class CurlEasy;
+};
+
+class CurlEasy
+{
+private:
+    CURL* handle_ = nullptr;
+    SList headers_;
+public:
+    CurlEasy() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    CurlEasy(const CurlEasy&) = delete;
+    CurlEasy(CurlEasy&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : handle_(std::exchange(other.handle_, nullptr)), headers_(std::move(other.headers_)) {}
+    ~CurlEasy() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        reset();
+    }
+
+    CurlEasy& operator=(const CurlEasy&) = delete;
+    CurlEasy& operator=(CurlEasy&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (this == &other)
+        {
+            return *this;
+        }
+        reset();
+        handle_ = std::exchange(other.handle_, nullptr);
+        headers_ = std::move(other.headers_);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    bool init() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        reset();
+        handle_ = curl_easy_init();
+        if (handle_ == nullptr)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    
+    void reset() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (handle_)
+        {
+            curl_easy_cleanup(handle_);
+            handle_ = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Error setURL(const char* url) MIJIN_THROWS
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, CURLOPT_URL, url);
+        return {result};
+    }
+
+    Error setURL(const std::string& url) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return setURL(url.c_str());
+    }
+
+    Error setURL(const mijin::URL& url) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return setURL(url.getBase().c_str());
+    }
+
+    Error setSSLVerifyPeer(bool verify) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, verify);
+        return {result};
+    }
+
+    Error setSSLVerifyHost(bool verify) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, verify);
+        return {result};
+    }
+    
+    Error setWriteFunction(curl_write_callback_t callback) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, callback);
+        return {result};
+    }
+    
+    Error setWriteData(void* data) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, data);
+        return {result};
+    }
+
+    Error setPostFields(const char* data, bool copy = false) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, copy ? CURLOPT_COPYPOSTFIELDS : CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, data);
+        return {result};
+    }
+
+    Error setUpload(bool upload) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, CURLOPT_UPLOAD, upload ? 1 : 0);
+        return {result};
+    }
+
+    Error setInFileSize(curl_off_t size) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, CURLOPT_INFILESIZE_LARGE, size);
+        return {result};
+    }
+
+    Error setReadFunction(curl_read_callback_t callback) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, CURLOPT_READFUNCTION, callback);
+        return {result};
+    }
+
+    Error setReadData(const void* data) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, CURLOPT_READDATA, data);
+        return {result};
+    }
+    
+    Error setNoBody(bool nobody) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, CURLOPT_NOBODY, nobody ? 1 : 0);
+        return {result};
+    }
+    
+    Error setCustomRequest(bool customRequest) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, customRequest ? 1 : 0);
+        return {result};
+    }
+    
+    Error setHeaders(SList headers) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        headers_ = std::move(headers);
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_setopt(handle_, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers_.next_);
+        return {result};
+    }
+    
+    Error perform() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_perform(handle_);
+        return {result};
+    }
+    
+    Result<int> getHTTPVersion() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return getInfo<int, long>(CURLINFO_HTTP_VERSION);
+    }
+    
+    Result<int> getStatus() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return getInfo<int, long>(CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE);
+    }
+    
+    Result<std::multimap<std::string, std::string>> getResponseHeaders() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        // TODO: how to detect errors?
+        std::multimap<std::string, std::string> result;
+        curl_header* header = nullptr;
+        curl_header* prevHeader = nullptr;
+        
+        while ((header = curl_easy_nextheader(handle_, CURLH_HEADER, 0, prevHeader)) != nullptr)
+        {
+            result.emplace(header->name, header->value);
+            prevHeader = header;
+        }
+        
+        return result;
+    }
+private:
+    template<typename TResult, typename TInfo = TResult>
+    Result<TResult> getInfo(CURLINFO info) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        TInfo value = 0;
+        const CURLcode result = curl_easy_getinfo(handle_, info, &value);
+        if (result != CURLE_OK)
+        {
+            return Error{result};
+        }
+        return static_cast<TResult>(value);
+    }
+};
+} // namespace curl
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_NET_CURL_WRAPPERS_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/net/detail/net_common.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "../../detect.hpp"
+#include "../../internal/common.hpp"
+
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+#define _WINSOCK_DEPRECATED_NO_WARNINGS
+#include <WinSock2.h>
+#include <ws2tcpip.h>
+#include "../util/winundef.hpp"
+#endif // MIJIN_TARGET_OS
+
+namespace mijin::detail
+{
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+bool initWSA() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+StreamError translateWSAError() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+StreamError translateWinError(DWORD error) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+StreamError translateWinError() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+#endif // MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+}// namespace mijin::detail

source/mijin/net/http.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+
+#include "./http.hpp"
+
+#include <format>
+
+#include "../util/iterators.hpp"
+#include "../util/string.hpp"
+
+#if defined(MIJIN_ENABLE_OPENSSL)
+#include "./ssl.hpp"
+#endif
+
+#define MIJIN_HTTP_WRITE(text)                                                                      \
+do                                                                                                  \
+{                                                                                                   \
+    if (const StreamError error = co_await base_->c_writeText(text); error != StreamError::SUCCESS) \
+    {                                                                                               \
+        co_return error;                                                                            \
+    }                                                                                               \
+} while(false)
+
+#define MIJIN_HTTP_CHECKREAD(read)                                                                 \
+do                                                                                                 \
+{                                                                                                  \
+    if (const StreamError error = co_await read; error != StreamError::SUCCESS) \
+    {                                                                                              \
+        co_return error;                                                                           \
+    }                                                                                              \
+} while(false)
+
+#define MIJIN_HTTP_READLINE(text) MIJIN_HTTP_CHECKREAD(base_->c_readLine(text)); text = trim(text)
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+namespace
+{
+inline constexpr std::size_t CONTENT_LENGTH_LIMIT = 100 << 20; // 100MiB
+bool parseHTTPVersion(std::string_view version, HTTPVersion& outVersion) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    std::vector<std::string_view> parts = split(version, ".");
+    if (parts.size() != 2)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return toNumber(parts[0], outVersion.major) && toNumber(parts[1], outVersion.minor);
+}
+}
+
+Task<StreamResult<HTTPResponse>> HTTPStream::c_request(HTTPRequest request) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (const StreamError error = co_await c_writeRequest(request); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return error;
+    }
+    co_return co_await c_readResponse();
+}
+
+Task<StreamError> HTTPStream::c_writeRequest(const mijin::HTTPRequest& request) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> moreHeaders;
+    if (!request.body.empty())
+    {
+        auto itLength = request.headers.find("content-length");
+        if (itLength == request.headers.end())
+        {
+            moreHeaders.emplace("content-length", std::to_string(request.body.size()));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            std::size_t headerValue = 0;
+            if (!toNumber(itLength->second, headerValue) || headerValue != request.body.size())
+            {
+                co_return StreamError::PROTOCOL_ERROR;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    MIJIN_HTTP_WRITE(std::format("{} {} HTTP/{}.{}\n", request.method, request.address, request.version.major, request.version.minor));
+    for (const auto& [key, value] : moreHeaders)
+    {
+        MIJIN_HTTP_WRITE(std::format("{}: {}\n", key, value));
+    }
+    for (const auto& [key, value] : request.headers)
+    {
+        MIJIN_HTTP_WRITE(std::format("{}: {}\n", key, value));
+    }
+
+    MIJIN_HTTP_WRITE("\n");
+    if (!request.body.empty())
+    {
+        MIJIN_HTTP_WRITE(request.body);
+    }
+
+    co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+Task<StreamResult<HTTPResponse>> HTTPStream::c_readResponse() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    std::string line;
+    MIJIN_HTTP_READLINE(line);
+
+    std::vector<std::string_view> parts = split(line, " ", {.limitParts = 3});
+    if (parts.size() != 3)
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::PROTOCOL_ERROR;
+    }
+    if (!parts[0].starts_with("HTTP/"))
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::PROTOCOL_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    HTTPResponse response;
+    if (!parseHTTPVersion(parts[0].substr(5), response.version)
+        || !toNumber(parts[1], response.status))
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::PROTOCOL_ERROR;
+    }
+    response.statusMessage = parts[2];
+
+    decltype(response.headers)::iterator lastHeader;
+    while (true)
+    {
+        MIJIN_HTTP_READLINE(line);
+        if (line.empty()) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (line[0] == ' ' || line[0] == '\t')
+        {
+            // continuation
+            if (lastHeader == response.headers.end())
+            {
+                co_return StreamError::PROTOCOL_ERROR;
+            }
+            lastHeader->second.push_back(' ');
+            lastHeader->second.append(trim(line));
+        }
+        parts = split(line, ":", {.limitParts = 2});
+        if (parts.size() != 2)
+        {
+            co_return StreamError::PROTOCOL_ERROR;
+        }
+        lastHeader = response.headers.emplace(toLower(trim(parts[0])), trim(parts[1]));
+    }
+
+    auto itContentLength = response.headers.find("content-length");
+    if (itContentLength != response.headers.end())
+    {
+        std::size_t contentLength = 0;
+        if (!toNumber(itContentLength->second, contentLength))
+        {
+            co_return StreamError::PROTOCOL_ERROR;
+        }
+        if (contentLength > CONTENT_LENGTH_LIMIT)
+        {
+            co_return StreamError::PROTOCOL_ERROR;
+        }
+        response.body.resize(contentLength);
+        MIJIN_HTTP_CHECKREAD(base_->c_readRaw(response.body));
+    }
+
+    co_return response;
+}
+
+Task<StreamResult<HTTPResponse>> HTTPClient::c_request(ip_address_t address, std::uint16_t port, bool https,
+                                                       HTTPRequest request) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    std::string hostname;
+    if (auto it = request.headers.find("host"); it != request.headers.end())
+    {
+        hostname = it->second;
+    }
+    if (const StreamError error = createSocket(address, hostname, port, https); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return error;
+    }
+    if (!request.headers.contains("connection"))
+    {
+        request.headers.emplace("connection", "keep-alive");
+    }
+    StreamResult<HTTPResponse> response = co_await stream_->c_request(request);
+    if (response.isError())
+    {
+        disconnect();
+        if (const StreamError error = createSocket(address, hostname, port, https); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return error;
+        }
+        response = co_await stream_->c_request(request);
+    }
+    co_return response;
+}
+
+Task<StreamResult<HTTPResponse>> HTTPClient::c_request(const URL& url, HTTPRequest request) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (url.getHost().empty())
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    std::uint16_t port = url.getPort();
+    bool https = false;
+    if (equalsIgnoreCase(url.getScheme(), "http"))
+    {
+        port = (port != 0) ? port : 80;
+    }
+    else if (equalsIgnoreCase(url.getScheme(), "https"))
+    {
+        port = (port != 0) ? port : 443;
+        https = true;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+    Optional<ip_address_t> ipAddress = ipAddressFromString(url.getHost());
+    if (ipAddress.empty())
+    {
+        StreamResult<std::vector<ip_address_t>> addresses = co_await c_resolveHostname(url.getHost());
+        if (addresses.isError())
+        {
+            co_return addresses.getError();
+        }
+        else if (addresses->empty())
+        {
+            co_return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+        }
+        // TODO: try all addresses
+        ipAddress = addresses->front();
+    }
+
+    if (!request.headers.contains("host"))
+    {
+        request.headers.emplace("host", url.getHost());
+    }
+    request.address = url.getPathQueryFragment();
+    if (request.address.empty())
+    {
+        request.address = "/";
+    }
+
+    co_return co_await c_request(*ipAddress, port, https, std::move(request));
+}
+
+void HTTPClient::disconnect() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (socket_ == nullptr)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    stream_.destroy();
+    socket_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+StreamError HTTPClient::createSocket(ip_address_t address, const std::string& hostname, std::uint16_t port, bool https) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (socket_ != nullptr && address == lastIP_ && port == lastPort_ && https == lastWasHttps_)
+    {
+        return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    disconnect();
+
+    std::unique_ptr<TCPSocket> newSocket = std::make_unique<TCPSocket>();
+    if (const StreamError error = newSocket->open(address, port); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        return error;
+    }
+    socket_ = std::move(newSocket);
+    if (!https)
+    {
+        sslStream_.reset();
+        stream_.construct(socket_->getStream());
+    }
+    else
+    {
+#if defined(MIJIN_ENABLE_OPENSSL)
+        std::unique_ptr<SSLStream> sslStream = std::make_unique<SSLStream>();
+        if (const StreamError error = sslStream->open(socket_->getStream(), hostname); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        sslStream_ = std::move(sslStream);
+        stream_.construct(*sslStream_);
+#else
+        (void) hostname;
+        return StreamError::NOT_SUPPORTED;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    lastIP_ = address;
+    lastPort_ = port;
+    lastWasHttps_ = https;
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+}
+
+#undef MIJIN_HTTP_WRITE
+#undef MIJIN_HTTP_CHECKREAD
+#undef MIJIN_HTTP_READLINE

source/mijin/net/http.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_NET_HTTP_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_NET_HTTP_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+#include "./socket.hpp"
+#include "./url.hpp"
+#include "../container/boxed_object.hpp"
+#include "../container/typeless_buffer.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../io/stream.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+namespace http_method
+{
+inline const std::string GET = "GET";
+inline const std::string POST = "POST";
+inline const std::string HEAD = "HEAD";
+inline const std::string PUT = "PUT";
+inline const std::string DELETE = "DELETE";
+}
+
+struct HTTPVersion
+{
+    unsigned major;
+    unsigned minor;
+};
+
+struct HTTPRequest
+{
+    HTTPVersion version = {1, 1};
+    std::string address;
+    std::string method = "GET";
+    std::multimap<std::string, std::string> headers;
+    std::string body;
+};
+
+struct HTTPRequestOptions
+{
+    std::string method = "GET";
+    std::multimap<std::string, std::string> headers;
+    TypelessBuffer body;
+};
+
+struct HTTPResponse
+{
+    HTTPVersion version;
+    unsigned status;
+    std::string statusMessage;
+    std::multimap<std::string, std::string> headers;
+    TypelessBuffer body;
+};
+
+class HTTPStream
+{
+private:
+    Stream* base_;
+public:
+    HTTPStream(Stream& base) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : base_(&base)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(base_ != nullptr, "Invalid parameter for base.");
+    }
+    Task<StreamResult<HTTPResponse>> c_request(HTTPRequest request) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+private:
+    Task<StreamError> c_writeRequest(const HTTPRequest& request) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    Task<StreamResult<HTTPResponse>> c_readResponse() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+class HTTPClient
+{
+private:
+    std::unique_ptr<Socket> socket_;
+    std::unique_ptr<Stream> sslStream_;
+    mijin::BoxedObject<HTTPStream> stream_;
+    ip_address_t lastIP_;
+    std::uint16_t lastPort_ = 0;
+    bool lastWasHttps_ = false;
+public:
+    ~HTTPClient() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { disconnect(); }
+    Task<StreamResult<HTTPResponse>> c_request(ip_address_t address, std::uint16_t port, bool https, HTTPRequest request) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    Task<StreamResult<HTTPResponse>> c_request(const URL& url, HTTPRequest request = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    void disconnect() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+private:
+    StreamError createSocket(ip_address_t address, const std::string& hostname, std::uint16_t port, bool https) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+};
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_NET_HTTP_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/net/ip.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+
+#include "./ip.hpp"
+
+#include <format>
+
+#include "../detect.hpp"
+#include "../util/string.hpp"
+#include "./detail/net_common.hpp"
+
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+#if !defined(_GNU_SOURCE)
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#endif
+#include <netdb.h>
+#endif
+
+#if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
+#endif // MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+namespace
+{
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+struct AddrInfoContext
+{
+    gaicb item;
+    gaicb* list = &item;
+};
+using os_resolve_handle_t = AddrInfoContext;
+
+StreamError translateGAIError(int error)
+{
+    (void) error; // TODO
+    return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+}
+
+StreamError osBeginResolve(const std::string& hostname, os_resolve_handle_t& handle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    handle.item = {.ar_name = hostname.c_str()};
+
+    const int result = getaddrinfo_a(GAI_NOWAIT, &handle.list, 1, nullptr);
+    if (result != 0)
+    {
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+bool osResolveDone(os_resolve_handle_t& handle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return gai_error(&handle.item) != EAI_INPROGRESS;
+}
+
+StreamResult<std::vector<ip_address_t>> osResolveResult(os_resolve_handle_t& handle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (const int error = gai_error(&handle.item); error != 0)
+    {
+        if (handle.item.ar_result != nullptr)
+        {
+            freeaddrinfo(handle.item.ar_result);
+        }
+        return translateGAIError(error);
+    }
+    if (handle.item.ar_result == nullptr)
+    {
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+    std::vector<ip_address_t> resultAddresses;
+    for (addrinfo* result = handle.item.ar_result; result != nullptr; result = result->ai_next)
+    {
+        if (result->ai_protocol != IPPROTO_TCP)
+        {
+            // we actually just care about TCP, right?
+            continue;
+        }
+        switch (result->ai_family)
+        {
+#if __BYTE_ORDER__ != __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+#error "TODO: swap byte order of the address"
+#endif
+            case AF_INET:
+            {
+                sockaddr_in& addr = *reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in*>(result->ai_addr);
+                resultAddresses.emplace_back(std::bit_cast<IPv4Address>(addr.sin_addr));
+                break;
+            }
+            case AF_INET6:
+            {
+                sockaddr_in6& addr = *reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in6*>(result->ai_addr);
+                IPv6Address addr6 = std::bit_cast<IPv6Address>(addr.sin6_addr);
+                for (std::uint16_t& hextet : addr6.hextets)
+                {
+                    hextet = ntohs(hextet);
+                }
+                resultAddresses.emplace_back(addr6);
+                break;
+            }
+            default: break;
+        }
+    }
+    freeaddrinfo(handle.item.ar_result);
+    return resultAddresses;
+}
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+struct WSAQueryContext
+{
+    // WSA stuff
+    OVERLAPPED overlapped = {};
+    PADDRINFOEX results;
+    HANDLE cancelHandle = nullptr;
+
+    // my stuff
+    StreamResult<std::vector<ip_address_t>> result;
+};
+using os_resolve_handle_t = WSAQueryContext;
+
+void WINAPI getAddrComplete(DWORD error, DWORD bytes, LPOVERLAPPED overlapped) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    (void) bytes;
+
+    WSAQueryContext& queryContext = *CONTAINING_RECORD(overlapped, WSAQueryContext, overlapped);
+    if (error != ERROR_SUCCESS)
+    {
+        queryContext.result = detail::translateWinError(error);
+    }
+    std::vector<ip_address_t> resultAddresses;
+    for (PADDRINFOEX result = queryContext.results; result != nullptr; result = result->ai_next)
+    {
+        switch (result->ai_family)
+        {
+        case AF_INET:
+            {
+                sockaddr_in& addr = *reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in*>(result->ai_addr);
+                resultAddresses.emplace_back(std::bit_cast<IPv4Address>(addr.sin_addr));
+            }
+            break;
+        case AF_INET6:
+            {
+                sockaddr_in6& addr = *reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in6*>(result->ai_addr);
+                IPv6Address addr6 = std::bit_cast<IPv6Address>(addr.sin6_addr);
+                for (std::uint16_t& hextet : addr6.hextets)
+                {
+                    hextet = ntohs(hextet);
+                }
+                resultAddresses.emplace_back(addr6);
+            }
+            break;
+        default: break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (queryContext.results != nullptr)
+    {
+        FreeAddrInfoEx(queryContext.results);
+    }
+    queryContext.result = std::move(resultAddresses);
+}
+
+StreamError osBeginResolve(const std::string& hostname, os_resolve_handle_t& queryContext) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (!detail::initWSA())
+    {
+        return detail::translateWSAError();
+    }
+    ADDRINFOEX hints = {.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC};
+
+    std::wstring hostnameW(hostname.begin(), hostname.end());
+    const int error = GetAddrInfoEx(
+        /* pName = */ hostnameW.c_str(),
+        /* pServiceName = */ nullptr,
+        /* dwNameSpace = */ NS_DNS,
+        /* lpNspId = */ nullptr,
+        /* hints = */ &hints,
+        /* ppResult = */ &queryContext.results,
+        /* timeout = */ nullptr,
+        /* lpOverlapped = */ &queryContext.overlapped,
+        /* lpCompletionRoutine = */ &getAddrComplete,
+        /* lpNameHandle = */ nullptr
+    );
+    if (error != WSA_IO_PENDING)
+    {
+        getAddrComplete(error, 0, &queryContext.overlapped);
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+bool osResolveDone(os_resolve_handle_t& queryContext) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !queryContext.result.isEmpty();
+}
+
+StreamResult<std::vector<ip_address_t>> osResolveResult(os_resolve_handle_t& queryContext) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return queryContext.result;
+}
+#endif // MIJIN_TARGET_OS
+}
+
+std::string IPv4Address::toString() const
+{
+    return std::format("{}.{}.{}.{}", octets[0], octets[1], octets[2], octets[3]);
+}
+
+std::string IPv6Address::toString() const
+{
+    return std::format("{:x}:{:x}:{:x}:{:x}:{:x}:{:x}:{:x}:{:x}", hextets[0], hextets[1], hextets[2], hextets[3], hextets[4],
+                       hextets[5], hextets[6], hextets[7]);
+}
+
+Optional<IPv4Address> IPv4Address::fromString(std::string_view stringView) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    std::vector<std::string_view> parts = split(stringView, ".", {.limitParts = 4});
+    if (parts.size() != 4) {
+        return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+    }
+    IPv4Address address;
+    for (int idx = 0; idx < 4; ++idx)
+    {
+        if (!toNumber(parts[idx], address.octets[idx]))
+        {
+            return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+        }
+    }
+    return address;
+}
+
+Optional<IPv6Address> IPv6Address::fromString(std::string_view stringView) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    // very specific edge case
+    if (stringView.contains(":::"))
+    {
+        return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::string_view> parts = split(stringView, "::", {.ignoreEmpty = false});
+    if (parts.size() > 2)
+    {
+        return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+    }
+    if (parts.size() == 1)
+    {
+        parts.emplace_back("");
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::string_view> partsLeft = split(parts[0], ":");
+    std::vector<std::string_view> partsRight = split(parts[1], ":");
+
+    std::erase_if(partsLeft, std::mem_fn(&std::string_view::empty));
+    std::erase_if(partsRight, std::mem_fn(&std::string_view::empty));
+
+    if (partsLeft.size() + partsRight.size() > 8)
+    {
+        return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+    }
+
+    IPv6Address address = {};
+    unsigned hextet = 0;
+    for (std::string_view part : partsLeft)
+    {
+        if (!toNumber(part, address.hextets[hextet], /* base = */ 16))
+        {
+            return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+        }
+        ++hextet;
+    }
+    for (; hextet < (8 - partsRight.size()); ++hextet)
+    {
+        address.hextets[hextet] = 0;
+    }
+    for (std::string_view part : partsRight)
+    {
+        if (!toNumber(part, address.hextets[hextet], /* base = */ 16))
+        {
+            return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+        }
+        ++hextet;
+    }
+    return address;
+}
+
+Task<StreamResult<std::vector<ip_address_t>>> c_resolveHostname(std::string hostname) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    os_resolve_handle_t resolveHandle;
+    if (StreamError error = osBeginResolve(hostname, resolveHandle); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        co_return error;
+    }
+    while (!osResolveDone(resolveHandle))
+    {
+        co_await c_suspend();
+    }
+    co_return osResolveResult(resolveHandle);
+}
+}
+
+#if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif // MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG

source/mijin/net/ip.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_NET_IP_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_NET_IP_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <array>
+#include <variant>
+#include "../async/coroutine.hpp"
+#include "../container/optional.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../io/stream.hpp" // TODO: rename Stream{Error,Result} to IO{*}
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+struct IPv4Address
+{
+    std::array<std::uint8_t, 4> octets;
+
+    auto operator<=>(const IPv4Address&) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::string toString() const;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    static Optional<IPv4Address> fromString(std::string_view stringView) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+struct IPv6Address
+{
+    std::array<std::uint16_t, 8> hextets;
+
+    auto operator<=>(const IPv6Address&) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::string toString() const;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    static Optional<IPv6Address> fromString(std::string_view stringView) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+};
+using ip_address_t = std::variant<IPv4Address, IPv6Address>;
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+inline std::string ipAddressToString(const ip_address_t& address) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (address.valueless_by_exception())
+    {
+        return "";
+    }
+    return std::visit([](const auto& addr) { return addr.toString(); }, address);
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+inline Optional<ip_address_t> ipAddressFromString(std::string_view stringView) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (Optional<IPv4Address> ipv4Address = IPv4Address::fromString(stringView); !ipv4Address.empty())
+    {
+        return ip_address_t(*ipv4Address);
+    }
+    if (Optional<IPv6Address> ipv6Address = IPv6Address::fromString(stringView); !ipv6Address.empty())
+    {
+        return ip_address_t(*ipv6Address);
+    }
+    return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+Task<StreamResult<std::vector<ip_address_t>>> c_resolveHostname(std::string hostname) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+inline Task<StreamResult<std::vector<ip_address_t>>> c_resolveHostname(std::string_view hostname) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return c_resolveHostname(std::string(hostname.begin(), hostname.end()));
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+inline Task<StreamResult<std::vector<ip_address_t>>> c_resolveHostname(const char* hostname) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return c_resolveHostname(std::string(hostname));
+}
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_NET_IP_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/net/openssl_wrappers.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_NET_OPENSSL_WRAPPERS_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_NET_OPENSSL_WRAPPERS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <openssl/err.h>
+#include <openssl/ssl.h>
+#include <openssl/x509_vfy.h>
+
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../types/result.hpp"
+
+namespace ossl
+{
+struct ErrorFrame
+{
+    std::string message;
+    std::string file;
+    std::string function;
+    std::string data;
+    unsigned long numeric = 0;
+    int line = 0;
+    int flags = 0;
+};
+
+struct [[nodiscard]] Error
+{
+    int sslError = SSL_ERROR_NONE;
+    std::vector<ErrorFrame> frames;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool isSuccess() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return sslError == SSL_ERROR_NONE; }
+
+    static inline Error current(int sslError = -1) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    static inline Error current(SSL* handle, int result) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return current(SSL_get_error(handle, result)); }
+};
+template<typename TSuccess>
+using Result = mijin::ResultBase<TSuccess, Error>;
+
+// callback typedefs
+using verify_callback_t = int (*) (int, X509_STORE_CTX *);
+
+template<typename TActual, typename THandle>
+class Base
+{
+protected:
+    using base_t = Base<TActual, THandle>;
+
+    THandle handle_ = nullptr;
+protected:
+    explicit Base(THandle handle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : handle_(handle) {}
+public:
+    Base() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    Base(const Base& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : handle_(other.handle_)
+    {
+        if (handle_)
+        {
+            TActual::upReferences(handle_);
+        }
+    }
+    Base(Base&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : handle_(std::exchange(other.handle_, {})) {}
+
+    ~Base() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        static_cast<TActual&>(*this).free();
+    }
+
+    TActual& operator=(const Base& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (this == &other)
+        {
+            return static_cast<TActual&>(*this);
+        }
+        static_cast<TActual&>(*this).free();
+        handle_ = other.handle_;
+        if (handle_)
+        {
+            TActual::upReferences(handle_);
+        }
+        return static_cast<TActual&>(*this);
+    }
+
+    TActual& operator=(Base&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (this == &other)
+        {
+            return static_cast<TActual&>(*this);
+        }
+        static_cast<TActual&>(*this).free();
+        handle_ = std::exchange(other.handle_, {});
+        return static_cast<TActual&>(*this);
+    }
+    auto operator<=>(const Base&) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<bool>(handle_); }
+    bool operator!() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !static_cast<bool>(handle_); }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    THandle getHandle() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return handle_; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    THandle releaseHandle() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::exchange(handle_, nullptr); }
+};
+
+class X509Store : public Base<X509Store, X509_STORE*>
+{
+public:
+    using Base::Base;
+    Error create() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(handle_ == nullptr, "X509 Store already created.");
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        handle_ = X509_STORE_new();
+        if (handle_ == nullptr)
+        {
+            return Error::current();
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    void free() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (handle_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            X509_STORE_free(handle_);
+            handle_ = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Error loadFile(const char* file) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        if (!X509_STORE_load_file(handle_, file))
+        {
+            return Error::current();
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    static void upReferences(X509_STORE* handle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        X509_STORE_up_ref(handle);
+    }
+};
+
+class Context : public Base<Context, SSL_CTX*>
+{
+public:
+    Error create(const SSL_METHOD* method) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(handle_ == nullptr, "Context already created.");
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        handle_ = SSL_CTX_new(method);
+        if (handle_ == nullptr)
+        {
+            return Error::current();
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    void free() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (handle_ == nullptr)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        SSL_CTX_free(handle_);
+        handle_ = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    void setVerify(int mode, verify_callback_t callback = nullptr) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        SSL_CTX_set_verify(handle_, mode, callback);
+    }
+
+    void setCertStore(X509Store store) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        SSL_CTX_set_cert_store(handle_, store.releaseHandle());
+    }
+
+    Error setMinProtoVersion(int version) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        if (!SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(handle_, version))
+        {
+            return Error::current();
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    static void upReferences(SSL_CTX* handle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        SSL_CTX_up_ref(handle);
+    }
+};
+
+class Bio : public Base<Bio, BIO*>
+{
+public:
+    Error createPair(Bio& otherBio, std::size_t writeBuf = 0, std::size_t otherWriteBuf = 0) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(handle_ == nullptr, "Ssl already created.");
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(otherBio.handle_ == nullptr, "Ssl already created.");
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        if (!BIO_new_bio_pair(&handle_, writeBuf, &otherBio.handle_, otherWriteBuf))
+        {
+            return Error::current();
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    void free() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (handle_ == nullptr)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        BIO_free_all(handle_);
+        handle_ = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    std::size_t ctrlPending() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return BIO_ctrl_pending(handle_);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    std::size_t ctrlWPending() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return BIO_ctrl_wpending(handle_);
+    }
+
+    Result<int> write(const void* data, int length) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        const int result = BIO_write(handle_, data, length);
+        if (result <= 0)
+        {
+            return Error::current();
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    Result<int> read(void* data, int length) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        const int result = BIO_read(handle_, data, length);
+        if (result <= 0)
+        {
+            return Error::current();
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    int getReadRequest() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return BIO_get_read_request(handle_);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    int getWriteGuarantee() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return BIO_get_write_guarantee(handle_);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    int getWritePending() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return BIO_wpending(handle_);
+    }
+
+    Error flush() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        if (!BIO_flush(handle_))
+        {
+            return Error::current();
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    static void upReferences(BIO* handle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        BIO_up_ref(handle);
+    }
+};
+
+class Ssl : public Base<Ssl, SSL*>
+{
+public:
+    Error create(const Context& context) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(handle_ == nullptr, "Ssl already created.");
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        handle_ = SSL_new(context.getHandle());
+        if (handle_ == nullptr)
+        {
+            return Error::current();
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    void free() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (handle_ == nullptr)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        SSL_free(handle_);
+        handle_ = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    void setBio(Bio readBio, Bio writeBio) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        SSL_set_bio(handle_, readBio.releaseHandle(), writeBio.releaseHandle());
+    }
+
+    void setBio(Bio&& bio) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        BIO* bioHandle = bio.releaseHandle();
+        SSL_set_bio(handle_, bioHandle, bioHandle);
+    }
+
+    Error setTLSExtHostname(const char* hostname) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        if (const int result = SSL_set_tlsext_host_name(handle_, hostname); result != 1)
+        {
+            return Error::current(handle_, result);
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    Error setHost(const char* hostname) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        if (const int result = SSL_set1_host(handle_, hostname); result != 1)
+        {
+            return Error::current(handle_, result);
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    Error connect() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        if (const int result = SSL_connect(handle_); result != 1)
+        {
+            return Error::current(handle_, result);
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    Error shutdown() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        if (const int result = SSL_shutdown(handle_); result != 1)
+        {
+            if (result == 0)
+            {
+                return Error{.sslError = SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE}; // TODO?
+            }
+            return Error::current(handle_, result);
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    long getVerifyResult() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return SSL_get_verify_result(handle_);
+    }
+
+    Result<int> write(const void* data, int length) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        const int result = SSL_write(handle_, data, length);
+        if (result <= 0)
+        {
+            return Error::current(handle_, result);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    Result<int> read(void* data, int length) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        const int result = SSL_read(handle_, data, length);
+        if (result <= 0)
+        {
+            return Error::current(handle_, result);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    int pending() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return SSL_pending(handle_);
+    }
+
+    static void upReferences(SSL* handle) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        SSL_up_ref(handle);
+    }
+};
+
+Error Error::current(int sslError_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    Error error = {
+        .sslError = sslError_
+    };
+    const char* file = nullptr;
+    int line = 0;
+    const char* func = nullptr;
+    const char* data = nullptr;
+    int flags = 0;
+
+    while (const unsigned long numeric = ERR_get_error_all(&file, &line, &func, &data, &flags))
+    {
+        error.frames.push_back({
+            .message = ERR_error_string(numeric, nullptr),
+            .file = file != nullptr ? file : "",
+            .function = func != nullptr ? func : "",
+            .data = data != nullptr ? data : "",
+            .line = line,
+            .flags = flags
+        });
+    }
+
+    return error;
+}
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_NET_OPENSSL_WRAPPERS_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/net/request.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+
+#include "./request.hpp"
+
+#include <mutex>
+
+#include "./curl_wrappers.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+namespace
+{
+bool gCurlInited = false;
+std::mutex gCurlInitMutex;
+
+class CURLGuard
+{
+public:
+    ~CURLGuard() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (gCurlInited)
+        {
+            curl_global_cleanup();
+        }
+    }
+} gCURLGuard [[maybe_unused]];
+
+struct ReadData
+{
+    mijin::TypelessBuffer* buffer;
+    std::size_t pos;
+};
+
+bool initCURL() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (gCurlInited)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+    const std::unique_lock initLock(gCurlInitMutex);
+    if (gCurlInited)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+    gCurlInited = (curl_global_init(0) == CURLE_OK);
+    return gCurlInited;
+}
+
+std::size_t writeCallback(char* ptr, std::size_t /* size */, std::size_t nmemb, void* userdata) noexcept
+{
+    TypelessBuffer& body = *static_cast<TypelessBuffer*>(userdata);
+    body.append(std::span<const char>(ptr, nmemb));
+    return nmemb;
+}
+
+std::size_t readCallback(char* ptr, std::size_t size, std::size_t nmemb, void* userdata) noexcept
+{
+    ReadData& data = *static_cast<ReadData*>(userdata);
+    const std::size_t bytesToRead = std::min(size * nmemb, data.buffer->byteSize() - data.pos);
+    std::memcpy(ptr, static_cast<std::byte*>(data.buffer->data()) + data.pos, bytesToRead);
+    data.pos += bytesToRead;
+    
+    return bytesToRead;
+}
+}
+
+Task<StreamResult<HTTPResponse>> c_request(const URL& url, HTTPRequestOptions options) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    ReadData readData;
+    
+    if (!initCURL())
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+    
+    curl::CurlEasy easy;
+    if (!easy.init())
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+    
+    curl::SList requestHeaders;
+    for (const auto& [name, value] : options.headers)
+    {
+        requestHeaders.append(std::format("{}: {}", name, value).c_str());
+    }
+
+#define HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(result)                              \
+    if (const curl::Error error = (result); !error.isSuccess()) \
+    {                                                           \
+        co_return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;                   \
+    }
+    HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setHeaders(std::move(requestHeaders)))
+
+    if (options.method == http_method::POST)
+    {
+        HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setPostFields(options.body.makeSpan<const char>().data()))
+    }
+    else if (options.method == http_method::PUT)
+    {
+        HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setUpload(true))
+        HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setInFileSize(options.body.byteSize()));
+        HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setReadFunction(&readCallback));
+        readData.buffer = &options.body;
+        readData.pos = 0;
+        HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setReadData(&readData));
+    }
+    else if (options.method == http_method::HEAD)
+    {
+        HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setNoBody(true))
+    }
+    else if (options.method != http_method::GET)
+    {
+        // different option, let's do our best
+        HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setCustomRequest(true))
+        if (!options.body.empty())
+        {
+            HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setUpload(true))
+            HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setInFileSize(options.body.byteSize()));
+            HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setReadFunction(&readCallback));
+            readData.buffer = &options.body;
+            readData.pos = 0;
+            HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setReadData(&readData));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setURL(url))
+    HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setWriteFunction(&writeCallback))
+    TypelessBuffer body;
+    HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.setWriteData(&body))
+    HANDLE_CURL_RESULT(easy.perform())
+#undef HANDLE_CURL_RESULT
+    
+    HTTPResponse response = {
+        .version = {},
+        .body = std::move(body)
+    };
+    if (const curl::Result<int> httpVersion = easy.getHTTPVersion(); httpVersion.isSuccess())
+    {
+        switch (*httpVersion)
+        {
+        case CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_0:
+            response.version = {1, 0};
+            break;
+        case CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1:
+            response.version = {1, 1};
+            break;
+        case CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0:
+            response.version = {2, 0};
+            break;
+        case CURL_HTTP_VERSION_3:
+            response.version = {3, 0};
+            break;
+        default:
+            MIJIN_ERROR("Unknown CURL http version returned.");
+            response.version = {1, 0};
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+    if (const curl::Result<int> status = easy.getStatus(); status.isSuccess())
+    {
+        response.status = *status;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (curl::Result<std::multimap<std::string, std::string>> headers = easy.getResponseHeaders(); headers.isSuccess())
+    {
+        response.headers = std::move(*headers);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    co_return response;
+}
+} // namespace mijin

source/mijin/net/request.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_NET_REQUST_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_NET_REQUST_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./http.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+Task<StreamResult<HTTPResponse>> c_request(const URL& url, HTTPRequestOptions options = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_NET_REQUST_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/net/socket.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+
+#include "./socket.hpp"
+
+#include "./detail/net_common.hpp"
+#include "../detect.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../util/variant.hpp"
+
+#if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
+#endif // MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+namespace
+{
+inline constexpr int LISTEN_BACKLOG = 3;
+StreamError translateErrno() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    switch (errno)
+    {
+    case EIO:
+        return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
+    case ECONNREFUSED:
+        return StreamError::CONNECTION_REFUSED;
+    default:
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+}
+
+int readFlags(const ReadOptions& options)
+{
+    return (options.partial ? 0 : MSG_WAITALL)
+         | (options.peek ? MSG_PEEK : 0);
+}
+
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+const int SOCKOPT_ONE = 1;
+
+bool appendSocketFlags(int handle, int flags) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    const int currentFlags = fcntl(handle, F_GETFL);
+    if (currentFlags < 0)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return fcntl(handle, F_SETFL, currentFlags | flags) >= 0;
+}
+
+bool removeSocketFlags(int handle, int flags) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    const int currentFlags = fcntl(handle, F_GETFL);
+    if (currentFlags < 0)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return fcntl(handle, F_SETFL, currentFlags & ~flags) >= 0;
+}
+
+long osRecv(int socket, std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, int flags) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return static_cast<long>(recv(socket, buffer.data(), buffer.size(), flags));
+}
+
+long osSend(int socket, std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer, int flags) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return static_cast<long>(send(socket, buffer.data(), buffer.size(), flags));
+}
+
+int osCreateSocket(int domain, int type, int protocol) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return socket(domain, type, protocol);
+}
+
+int osCloseSocket(int socket) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return ::close(socket);
+}
+
+bool osIsSocketValid(int socket) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return socket >= 0;
+}
+
+bool osSetSocketNonBlocking(int socket, bool blocking) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (blocking)
+    {
+        return appendSocketFlags(socket, O_NONBLOCK);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return removeSocketFlags(socket, O_NONBLOCK);
+    }
+}
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+using in_addr_t = ULONG;
+
+const char SOCKOPT_ONE = 1;
+thread_local bool gWsaInited = false;
+
+class WSAGuard
+{
+public:
+    ~WSAGuard() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (gWsaInited)
+        {
+            WSACleanup();
+        }
+    }
+} thread_local [[maybe_unused]] gWsaGuard;
+
+long osRecv(SOCKET socket, std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, int flags) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return recv(socket, reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.data()), static_cast<int>(buffer.size()), flags);
+}
+
+long osSend(SOCKET socket, std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer, int flags) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return send(socket, reinterpret_cast<const char*>(buffer.data()), static_cast<int>(buffer.size()), flags);
+}
+
+SOCKET osCreateSocket(int addressFamily, int type, int protocol) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (!detail::initWSA())
+    {
+        return INVALID_SOCKET_HANDLE;
+    }
+    return socket(addressFamily, type, protocol);
+}
+
+int osCloseSocket(SOCKET socket) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return closesocket(socket);
+}
+
+bool osIsSocketValid(SOCKET socket) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return socket != INVALID_SOCKET;
+}
+
+bool osSetSocketNonBlocking(SOCKET socket, bool blocking) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    u_long value = blocking ? 0 : 1;
+    return ioctlsocket(socket, FIONBIO, &value) == NO_ERROR;
+}
+#endif // MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+}
+
+namespace detail
+{
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+bool initWSA() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (gWsaInited)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    WSADATA wsaData;
+    if (WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2, 2), &wsaData) != 0)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    gWsaInited = true;
+    return true;
+}
+
+StreamError translateWSAError() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    // TODO
+    return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+}
+
+StreamError translateWinError(DWORD error) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    // TODO
+    (void) error;
+    return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+}
+
+StreamError translateWinError() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return translateWinError(GetLastError());
+}
+#endif // MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+}// namespace impl
+
+StreamError TCPStream::readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options, std::size_t* outBytesRead)
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(isOpen(), "Socket is not open.");
+    setNoblock(options.noBlock);
+
+    const long bytesRead = osRecv(handle_, buffer, readFlags(options));
+    if (bytesRead < 0)
+    {
+        if (!options.noBlock || errno != EAGAIN)
+        {
+            return translateErrno();
+        }
+        if (outBytesRead != nullptr)
+        {
+            *outBytesRead = 0;
+        }
+        return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+    if (outBytesRead != nullptr)
+    {
+        *outBytesRead = static_cast<std::size_t>(bytesRead);
+    }
+
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+StreamError TCPStream::writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer)
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(isOpen(), "Socket is not open.");
+    setNoblock(false);
+
+    if (osSend(handle_, buffer, 0) < 0)
+    {
+        return translateErrno();
+    }
+
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+mijin::Task<StreamError> TCPStream::c_readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options, std::size_t* outBytesRead)
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(isOpen(), "Socket is not open.");
+    setNoblock(true);
+
+    if (buffer.empty())
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    while(true)
+    {
+        const long bytesRead = osRecv(handle_, buffer, readFlags(options));
+        if (bytesRead > 0)
+        {
+            if (outBytesRead != nullptr) {
+                *outBytesRead = static_cast<std::size_t>(bytesRead);
+            }
+            co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+        }
+        if (bytesRead == 0)
+        {
+            co_return StreamError::CONNECTION_CLOSED;
+        }
+        if (errno != EAGAIN)
+        {
+            co_return translateErrno();
+        }
+        co_await mijin::c_suspend();
+    }
+}
+
+Task<StreamError> TCPStream::c_writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer)
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(isOpen(), "Socket is not open.");
+
+    if (buffer.empty())
+    {
+        co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    setNoblock(true);
+
+    while (true)
+    {
+        const long bytesSent = osSend(handle_, buffer, 0);
+        if (bytesSent == static_cast<long>(buffer.size()))
+        {
+            co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+        }
+        else if (bytesSent == 0)
+        {
+            co_return StreamError::CONNECTION_CLOSED;
+        }
+        else if (errno != EAGAIN)
+        {
+            co_return translateErrno();
+        }
+        co_await c_suspend();
+    }
+}
+
+void TCPStream::setNoblock(bool async)
+{
+    if (async == async_)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    async_ = async;
+
+    osSetSocketNonBlocking(handle_, async);
+}
+
+std::size_t TCPStream::tell()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+StreamError TCPStream::seek(std::intptr_t /* pos */, SeekMode /* seekMode */)
+{
+    return StreamError::NOT_SUPPORTED;
+}
+
+void TCPStream::flush()
+{
+
+}
+
+bool TCPStream::isAtEnd()
+{
+    return !isOpen();
+}
+
+StreamFeatures TCPStream::getFeatures()
+{
+    return {
+        .read = true,
+        .write = true,
+        .tell = false,
+        .seek = false,
+        .async = true,
+        .readOptions = {
+            .partial = true,
+            .peek = true
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+StreamError TCPStream::open(ip_address_t address, std::uint16_t port) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(!isOpen(), "Socket is already open.");
+
+    handle_ = osCreateSocket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+    if (!osIsSocketValid(handle_))
+    {
+        return translateErrno();
+    }
+
+    const bool connected = std::visit(Visitor{
+        [&](const IPv4Address& address4)
+        {
+#if __BYTE_ORDER__ != __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+#error "TODO: swap byte order of the address"
+#endif
+            sockaddr_in connectAddress =
+            {
+                .sin_family = AF_INET,
+                .sin_port = htons(port),
+                .sin_addr = std::bit_cast<in_addr>(address4.octets)
+            };
+            return connect(handle_, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr*>(&connectAddress), sizeof(sockaddr_in)) == 0;
+        },
+        [&](IPv6Address address6)
+        {
+            for (std::uint16_t& hextet : address6.hextets) {
+                hextet = htons(hextet);
+            }
+            sockaddr_in6 connectAddress =
+            {
+                .sin6_family = AF_INET6,
+                .sin6_port = htons(port),
+                .sin6_addr = std::bit_cast<in6_addr>(address6)
+            };
+            return connect(handle_, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr*>(&connectAddress), sizeof(sockaddr_in6)) == 0;
+        }
+    }, address);
+    if (!connected)
+    {
+        osCloseSocket(handle_);
+        handle_ = INVALID_SOCKET_HANDLE;
+        return translateErrno();
+    }
+
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void TCPStream::close() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(isOpen(), "Socket is not open.");
+    osCloseSocket(handle_);
+    handle_ = INVALID_SOCKET_HANDLE;
+}
+
+TCPStream& TCPSocket::getStream() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return stream_;
+}
+
+StreamError TCPServerSocket::setup(ip_address_t address, std::uint16_t port) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(!isListening(), "Socket is already listening.");
+
+    handle_ = osCreateSocket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+    if (!osIsSocketValid(handle_))
+    {
+        return translateErrno();
+    }
+    if (setsockopt(handle_, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &SOCKOPT_ONE, sizeof(int)) != 0)
+    {
+        close();
+        return translateErrno();
+    }
+
+    const bool bound = std::visit(Visitor{
+        [&](const IPv4Address& address4)
+        {
+#if __BYTE_ORDER__ != __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+#error "TODO: swap byte order of the address"
+#endif
+            sockaddr_in bindAddress =
+            {
+                .sin_family = AF_INET,
+                .sin_port = htons(port),
+                .sin_addr = std::bit_cast<in_addr>(address4.octets)
+            };
+            return bind(handle_, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr*>(&bindAddress), sizeof(sockaddr_in)) == 0;
+        },
+        [&](IPv6Address address6)
+        {
+            for (std::uint16_t& hextet : address6.hextets) {
+                hextet = htons(hextet);
+            }
+            sockaddr_in6 bindAddress =
+            {
+                .sin6_family = AF_INET6,
+                .sin6_port = htons(port),
+                .sin6_addr = std::bit_cast<in6_addr>(address6)
+            };
+            return bind(handle_, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr*>(&bindAddress), sizeof(sockaddr_in6)) == 0;
+        }
+    }, address);
+    if (!bound
+        || (listen(handle_, LISTEN_BACKLOG) < 0)
+        || !osSetSocketNonBlocking(handle_, true))
+    {
+        close();
+        return translateErrno();
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void TCPServerSocket::close() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(isListening(), "Socket is not listening.");
+
+    osCloseSocket(handle_);
+    handle_ = INVALID_SOCKET_HANDLE;
+}
+
+Task<StreamResult<std::unique_ptr<TCPSocket>>> TCPServerSocket::c_waitForConnection() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    while (isListening())
+    {
+        sockaddr_in client = {};
+        socklen_t LENGTH = sizeof(sockaddr_in);
+        const socket_handle_t newSocket = accept(handle_, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr*>(&client), &LENGTH);
+        if (!osIsSocketValid(newSocket))
+        {
+            if (errno != EAGAIN)
+            {
+                co_return translateErrno();
+            }
+            co_await c_suspend();
+            continue;
+        }
+        std::unique_ptr<TCPSocket> socket = std::make_unique<TCPSocket>();
+        socket->stream_.handle_ = newSocket;
+        co_return socket;
+    }
+    co_return StreamError::CONNECTION_CLOSED;
+}
+}
+
+#if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif // MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG

source/mijin/net/socket.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_NET_SOCKET_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_NET_SOCKET_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./ip.hpp"
+#include "../detect.hpp"
+#include "../async/coroutine.hpp"
+#include "../container/optional.hpp"
+#include "../io/stream.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+//
+// public types
+//
+
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+using socket_handle_t = std::uintptr_t;
+
+inline constexpr socket_handle_t INVALID_SOCKET_HANDLE = static_cast<socket_handle_t>(-1);
+#else
+using socket_handle_t = int;
+
+inline constexpr socket_handle_t INVALID_SOCKET_HANDLE = -1;
+#endif
+
+class Socket
+{
+protected:
+    Socket() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    Socket(const Socket&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    Socket(Socket&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    Socket& operator=(const Socket&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    Socket& operator=(Socket&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+public:
+    virtual ~Socket() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    virtual void close() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
+    virtual Stream& getStream() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
+};
+
+class TCPStream : public Stream
+{
+private:
+    socket_handle_t handle_ = INVALID_SOCKET_HANDLE;
+    bool async_ = false;
+public:
+    StreamError readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options, std::size_t* outBytesRead) override;
+    StreamError writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer) override;
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options, std::size_t *outBytesRead) override;
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer) override;
+    std::size_t tell() override;
+    StreamError seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode = SeekMode::ABSOLUTE) override;
+    void flush() override;
+    bool isAtEnd() override;
+    StreamFeatures getFeatures() override;
+
+    StreamError open(ip_address_t address, std::uint16_t port) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    void close() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    [[nodiscard]] bool isOpen() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return handle_ != INVALID_SOCKET_HANDLE; }
+private:
+    void setNoblock(bool async);
+
+    friend class TCPServerSocket;
+};
+
+class TCPSocket : public Socket
+{
+private:
+    TCPStream stream_;
+public:
+    TCPStream& getStream() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override;
+
+    StreamError open(ip_address_t address, std::uint16_t port) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return stream_.open(address, port); }
+    StreamError open(std::string_view addressText, std::uint16_t port) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (Optional<ip_address_t> address = ipAddressFromString(addressText); !address.empty())
+        {
+            return open(*address, port);
+        }
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+    void close() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override { stream_.close(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] bool isOpen() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return stream_.isOpen(); }
+
+    friend class TCPServerSocket;
+};
+
+class TCPServerSocket
+{
+private:
+    socket_handle_t handle_ = INVALID_SOCKET_HANDLE;
+public:
+    StreamError setup(ip_address_t address, std::uint16_t port) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    StreamError setup(std::string_view addressText, std::uint16_t port) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (Optional<ip_address_t> address = ipAddressFromString(addressText); !address.empty())
+        {
+            return setup(*address, port);
+        }
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+    void close() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    [[nodiscard]] bool isListening() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return handle_ != INVALID_SOCKET_HANDLE; }
+
+    Task<StreamResult<std::unique_ptr<TCPSocket>>> c_waitForConnection() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+};
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_NET_SOCKET_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/net/ssl.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+
+#include "./ssl.hpp"
+
+#include <mutex>
+
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+namespace
+{
+inline constexpr int BIO_BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;
+ossl::Result<ossl::Context*> getSSLContext() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    static ossl::Context context;
+    static std::mutex contextMutex;
+
+    if (!context)
+    {
+        const std::unique_lock contextLock(contextMutex);
+
+        if (context)
+        {
+            return &context;
+        }
+
+        ossl::Context newContext;
+        if (const ossl::Error error = newContext.create(SSLv23_client_method()); !error.isSuccess())
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        newContext.setVerify(SSL_VERIFY_PEER);
+
+        ossl::X509Store store;
+        if (const ossl::Error error = store.create(); !error.isSuccess())
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        if (const ossl::Error error = store.loadFile("/etc/ssl/cert.pem"); !error.isSuccess())
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        newContext.setCertStore(std::move(store));
+        if (const ossl::Error error = newContext.setMinProtoVersion(TLS1_2_VERSION); !error.isSuccess())
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+
+        context = std::move(newContext);
+    }
+
+    return &context;
+}
+}
+
+StreamError SSLStream::open(Stream& base, const std::string& hostname) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(base_ == nullptr, "SSL stream is already open.");
+
+    const ossl::Result<ossl::Context*> contextResult = getSSLContext();
+    if (contextResult.isError())
+    {
+        // TODO: convert/print error
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+    ossl::Context& context = *contextResult.getValue();
+
+    ossl::Ssl ssl;
+    if (const ossl::Error error = ssl.create(context); !error.isSuccess())
+    {
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    ossl::Bio externalBio;
+    ossl::Bio internalBio;
+    if (const ossl::Error error = internalBio.createPair(externalBio, BIO_BUFFER_SIZE, BIO_BUFFER_SIZE); !error.isSuccess())
+    {
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+    ssl.setBio(std::move(internalBio));
+
+    if (const ossl::Error error = ssl.setTLSExtHostname(hostname.c_str()); !error.isSuccess())
+    {
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (const ossl::Error error = ssl.setHost(hostname.c_str()); !error.isSuccess())
+    {
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    // these need to be initialized for connecting
+    ssl_ = std::move(ssl);
+    externalBio_ = std::move(externalBio);
+    base_ = &base;
+
+    if (const ossl::Error error = runIOLoop(&ossl::Ssl::connect, true); !error.isSuccess())
+    {
+        ssl_.free();
+        externalBio.free();
+        base_ = nullptr;
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR; // TODO: translate
+    }
+
+    if (ssl_.getVerifyResult() != X509_V_OK)
+    {
+        ssl_.free();
+        externalBio.free();
+        base_ = nullptr;
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void SSLStream::close() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(base_ != nullptr, "SSL stream is not open.");
+    base_ = nullptr;
+    (void) runIOLoop(&ossl::Ssl::shutdown, true);
+    ssl_.free();
+    externalBio_.free();
+}
+
+StreamError SSLStream::writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer)
+{
+    if (buffer.empty())
+    {
+        return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    std::size_t bytesToWrite = buffer.size();
+    while (bytesToWrite > 0)
+    {
+        const ossl::Result<int> result = runIOLoop(&ossl::Ssl::write, true, buffer.data() + buffer.size() - bytesToWrite,
+                                                   static_cast<int>(bytesToWrite));
+        if (result.isError())
+        {
+            return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+        }
+        bytesToWrite -= result.getValue();
+
+        if (const StreamError error = bioToBase(); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+StreamError SSLStream::readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const mijin::ReadOptions& options,
+                               std::size_t* outBytesRead)
+{
+    if (buffer.empty())
+    {
+        return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    if (const StreamError error = baseToBio(); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    if (!options.partial && options.noBlock && static_cast<std::size_t>(ssl_.pending()) < buffer.size())
+    {
+        return StreamError::WOULD_BLOCK;
+    }
+
+    std::size_t bytesToRead = buffer.size();
+    if (options.partial)
+    {
+        bytesToRead = std::min<std::size_t>(bytesToRead, ssl_.pending());
+    }
+    while (bytesToRead > 0)
+    {
+        const ossl::Result<int> result = runIOLoop(&ossl::Ssl::read, !options.noBlock,
+                                                   buffer.data() + buffer.size() - bytesToRead,
+                                                   static_cast<int>(bytesToRead));
+        if (result.isError())
+        {
+            return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+        }
+
+        bytesToRead -= result.getValue();
+    }
+
+    // TODO: options and outBytesRead
+    (void) options;
+    if (outBytesRead != nullptr)
+    {
+        *outBytesRead = buffer.size();
+    }
+
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+std::size_t SSLStream::tell()
+{
+    MIJIN_ERROR("SSLStream does not support tell().");
+    return 0;
+}
+
+StreamError SSLStream::seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode)
+{
+    MIJIN_ERROR("SSLStream does not support tell().");
+    (void) pos;
+    (void) seekMode;
+    return StreamError::NOT_SUPPORTED;
+}
+
+void SSLStream::flush()
+{
+    base_->flush();
+}
+
+bool SSLStream::isAtEnd()
+{
+    return base_->isAtEnd();
+}
+
+StreamFeatures SSLStream::getFeatures()
+{
+    return {
+        .read = true,
+        .write = true,
+        .tell = false,
+        .seek = false,
+        .readOptions = {
+            .partial = true,
+            .peek = true,
+            .noBlock = true
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+StreamError SSLStream::bioToBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    std::array<std::uint8_t, BIO_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer;
+    std::size_t bytes = std::min(externalBio_.ctrlPending(), buffer.size());
+    while (bytes > 0)
+    {
+        const ossl::Result<int> result = externalBio_.read(buffer.data(), static_cast<int>(bytes));
+        if (result.isError())
+        {
+            return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+        }
+        if (const StreamError error = base_->writeRaw(buffer.data(), result); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+
+        bytes = externalBio_.ctrlPending();
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+StreamError SSLStream::baseToBio() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    std::array<std::uint8_t, BIO_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer;
+    std::size_t toRead = externalBio_.getWriteGuarantee();
+
+    while (true)
+    {
+        std::size_t bytes = 0;
+        std::size_t maxBytes = std::min(toRead, buffer.size());
+
+        if (maxBytes == 0)
+        {
+            // buffer is full
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (const StreamError error = base_->readRaw(buffer.data(), maxBytes, {.partial = true, .noBlock = true},
+                                                     &bytes); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        if (bytes == 0)
+        {
+            // nothing more to read
+            return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+        }
+        const ossl::Result<int> result = externalBio_.write(buffer.data(), static_cast<int>(bytes));
+        if (result.isError())
+        {
+            return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+        }
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(result.getValue() == static_cast<int>(bytes), "BIO reported more bytes in buffer than it actually accepted?");
+        toRead -= bytes;
+    }
+
+    if (const ossl::Error error = externalBio_.flush(); !error.isSuccess())
+    {
+        return StreamError::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+} // namespace shiken

source/mijin/net/ssl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_NET_SSL_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_NET_SSL_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_ENABLE_OPENSSL)
+#error "SSL support not enabled. Set MIJIN_ENABLE_OPENSSL to True in your SCons environment settings."
+#endif // !MIJIN_ENABLE_OPENSSL
+
+#include <memory>
+#include "./openssl_wrappers.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../io/stream.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+class SSLStream : public Stream
+{
+private:
+    Stream* base_ = nullptr;
+    ossl::Ssl ssl_;
+    ossl::Bio externalBio_;
+public:
+    ~SSLStream() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    {
+        if (base_ != nullptr)
+        {
+            close();
+        }
+    }
+    StreamError open(Stream& base, const std::string& hostname) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    void close() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+
+    StreamError readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options, std::size_t* outBytesRead) override;
+    StreamError writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer) override;
+    std::size_t tell() override;
+    StreamError seek(std::intptr_t pos, SeekMode seekMode) override;
+    void flush() override;
+    bool isAtEnd() override;
+    StreamFeatures getFeatures() override;
+private:
+    StreamError bioToBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    StreamError baseToBio() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+
+
+    template<typename TFunc, typename... TArgs>
+    auto runIOLoop(TFunc&& func, bool block, TArgs&&... args) -> std::decay_t<std::invoke_result_t<TFunc, ossl::Ssl&, TArgs...>>
+    {
+        using result_t = std::decay_t<std::invoke_result_t<TFunc, ossl::Ssl&, TArgs...>>;
+        const std::size_t maxTries = block ? std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max() : 10;
+
+        ossl::Error error;
+        for (std::size_t tryNum = 0; tryNum < maxTries; ++tryNum)
+        {
+            auto result = std::invoke(std::forward<TFunc>(func), ssl_, std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
+            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<result_t, ossl::Error>)
+            {
+                if (error.isSuccess())
+                {
+                    return error;
+                }
+                error = result;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // assume result type
+                if (result.isSuccess())
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+                error = result.getError();
+            }
+            switch (error.sslError)
+            {
+                case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
+                case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
+                    if(const StreamError streamError = baseToBio(); streamError != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+                    {
+                        return error;
+                    }
+                    if (const StreamError streamError = bioToBase(); streamError != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+                    {
+                        return error;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    return error;
+            }
+        }
+        return error;
+    }
+    // mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRaw(std::span<std::uint8_t> buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {}, std::size_t* outBytesRead = nullptr) override;
+    // mijin::Task<StreamError> c_writeRaw(std::span<const std::uint8_t> buffer) override;
+};
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_NET_SSL_HPP_INCLUDED)
+

source/mijin/net/url.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_NET_URL_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_NET_URL_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../util/string.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, typename TAllocator = std::allocator<TChar>>
+class URLBase
+{
+public:
+    using string_t = std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits>;
+private:
+    string_t base_;
+    string_view_t scheme_;
+    string_view_t userinfo_;
+    string_view_t host_;
+    string_view_t path_;
+    string_view_t query_;
+    string_view_t fragment_;
+    string_view_t pathQueryFragment_;
+    std::uint16_t port_ = 0;
+public:
+    constexpr URLBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    constexpr URLBase(const URLBase&) = default;
+    constexpr URLBase(URLBase&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    constexpr URLBase(string_t base) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : base_(std::move(base)) { parse(); }
+    constexpr URLBase(string_view_t base) : URLBase(string_t(base.begin(), base.end())) {}
+    constexpr URLBase(const TChar* base) : URLBase(string_t(base)) {}
+
+    constexpr URLBase& operator=(const URLBase&) = default;
+    constexpr URLBase& operator=(URLBase&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr bool isValid() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !base_.empty(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr const string_t& getBase() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr string_view_t getScheme() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return scheme_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr string_view_t getUserInfo() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return userinfo_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr string_view_t getHost() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return host_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr string_view_t getPath() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return path_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr string_view_t getQuery() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return query_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr string_view_t getFragment() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return fragment_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr string_view_t getPathQueryFragment() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return pathQueryFragment_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr std::uint16_t getPort() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return port_; }
+
+
+    constexpr void clear() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+private:
+    constexpr void parse() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    constexpr bool parseAuthority(string_view_t authority) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+using URL = URLBase<char>;
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator>
+constexpr void URLBase<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>::clear() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    base_.clear();
+    scheme_ = {};
+    userinfo_ = {};
+    host_ = {};
+    path_ = {};
+    query_ = {};
+    fragment_ = {};
+    port_ = 0;
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator>
+constexpr void URLBase<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>::parse() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (base_.empty())
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    string_view_t toParse = base_;
+    typename string_view_t::size_type pos = toParse.find(TChar(':'));
+    if (pos == string_t::npos)
+    {
+        clear();
+        return;
+    }
+    scheme_ = toParse.substr(0, pos);
+    toParse = toParse.substr(pos + 1);
+
+    const TChar DOUBLE_SLASH[] = {TChar('/'), TChar('/'), TChar(0)};
+    if (!toParse.starts_with(DOUBLE_SLASH))
+    {
+        userinfo_ = host_ = {};
+        port_ = 0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        toParse = toParse.substr(2); // skip the slashes
+        pos = toParse.find(TChar('/'));
+        if (!parseAuthority(toParse.substr(0, pos)))
+        {
+            clear();
+            return;
+        }
+        if (pos == string_view_t::npos)
+        {
+            path_ = query_ = fragment_ = pathQueryFragment_ = {};
+            return;
+        }
+        toParse = toParse.substr(pos);
+    }
+    pathQueryFragment_ = toParse;
+    pos = toParse.find(TChar('#'));
+    if (pos == string_view_t::npos)
+    {
+        fragment_ = {};
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fragment_ = toParse.substr(pos + 1);
+        toParse = toParse.substr(0, pos);
+    }
+    pos = toParse.find(TChar('?'));
+    if (pos == string_view_t::npos)
+    {
+        query_ = {};
+        path_ = toParse;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        query_ = toParse.substr(pos + 1);
+        path_ = toParse.substr(0, pos);
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator>
+constexpr bool URLBase<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>::parseAuthority(string_view_t authority) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    string_view_t toParse = authority;
+    typename string_view_t::size_type pos = toParse.find(TChar('@'));
+    if (pos == string_view_t::npos)
+    {
+        userinfo_ = {};
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        userinfo_ = toParse.substr(0, pos);
+        toParse = toParse.substr(pos + 1);
+    }
+    pos = toParse.find(TChar(':')); // TODO: IPv6
+    if (pos == string_view_t::npos)
+    {
+        port_ = 0;
+        host_ = toParse;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (!toNumber(toParse.substr(pos + 1), port_))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        host_ = toParse.substr(0, pos);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+}
+
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_NET_URL_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/platform/folders.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+
+#include "./folders.hpp"
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <ranges>
+
+#include "../detect.hpp"
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+#   include <Shlobj.h>
+#endif
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+fs::path getKnownFolder(KnownFolder folder) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+    switch (folder)
+    {
+    case KnownFolder::USER_HOME:
+        if (const char* val = std::getenv("HOME"); val != nullptr)
+        {
+            return val;
+        }
+        return "/";
+    case KnownFolder::TEMP:
+        for (const char* varname : {"TMPDIR", "TEMP", "TMP"})
+        {
+            if (const char* val = std::getenv(varname); val != nullptr)
+            {
+                return val;
+            }
+        }
+        return "/tmp";
+    case KnownFolder::CACHE_ROOT:
+        if (const char* val = std::getenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME"); val != nullptr)
+        {
+            return val;
+        }
+        return getKnownFolder(KnownFolder::USER_HOME) / ".cache";
+    case KnownFolder::USER_CONFIG_ROOT:
+        if (const char* val = std::getenv("XDG_CONFIG_HOME"); val != nullptr)
+        {
+            return val;
+        }
+        return getKnownFolder(KnownFolder::USER_HOME) / ".config";
+    case KnownFolder::USER_DATA_ROOT:
+        if (const char* val = std::getenv("XDG_DATA_HOME"); val != nullptr)
+        {
+            return val;
+        }
+        return getKnownFolder(KnownFolder::USER_HOME) / ".local/share";
+    }
+    MIJIN_ERROR("Invalid value passed to getKnownFolder().");
+    return {};
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+    // TODO: this is 100% untested on Windows
+
+    auto getKnownFolderPath = [](REFKNOWNFOLDERID rfid) -> fs::path
+    {
+        WCHAR* path = nullptr;
+        if (!SUCCEEDED(SHGetKnownFolderPath(rfid, KF_FLAG_DEFAULT, nullptr, &path)))
+        {
+            CoTaskMemFree(path);
+            return {};
+        }
+        fs::path result(path);
+        CoTaskMemFree(path);
+        return result;
+    };
+
+    switch (folder)
+    {
+    case KnownFolder::USER_HOME:
+        if (const fs::path path = getKnownFolderPath(FOLDERID_Profile); !path.empty())
+        {
+            return path;
+        }
+        return "C:\\";
+    case KnownFolder::TEMP:
+    case KnownFolder::CACHE_ROOT:
+        for (const char* varname : {"TMPDIR", "TEMP", "TMP"})
+        {
+            if (const char* val = std::getenv(varname); val != nullptr)
+            {
+                return val;
+            }
+        }
+        return getKnownFolder(KnownFolder::USER_DATA_ROOT) / "Temp";
+    case KnownFolder::USER_CONFIG_ROOT:
+    case KnownFolder::USER_DATA_ROOT:
+        if (const fs::path path = getKnownFolderPath(FOLDERID_LocalAppData); !path.empty())
+        {
+            return path;
+        }
+        return getKnownFolder(KnownFolder::USER_HOME) / "AppData" / "Local";
+    }
+    MIJIN_ERROR("Invalid value passed to getKnownFolder().");
+    return {};
+#else
+    MIJIN_ERROR("Known folders not implemented for this platform.");
+    return {}; // don't know :/
+#endif
+}
+
+std::vector<fs::path> getAllConfigFolders(IncludeUser includeUser, IncludeSystem includeSystem) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    std::vector<fs::path> result;
+    if (includeUser)
+    {
+        result.push_back(getKnownFolder(KnownFolder::USER_CONFIG_ROOT));
+    }
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+    if (includeSystem)
+    {
+        if (const char* val = std::getenv("XDG_CONFIG_DIRS"); val != nullptr)
+        {
+            for (auto part : std::ranges::split_view(std::string_view(val), ':'))
+            {
+                result.emplace_back(part.begin(), part.end());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#else
+    (void) includeSystem;
+#endif
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::vector<fs::path> getAllDataFolders(IncludeUser includeUser, IncludeSystem includeSystem) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    std::vector<fs::path> result;
+    if (includeUser)
+    {
+        result.push_back(getKnownFolder(KnownFolder::USER_DATA_ROOT));
+    }
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+    if (includeSystem)
+    {
+        if (const char* val = std::getenv("XDG_DATA_DIRS"); val != nullptr)
+        {
+            for (auto part : std::ranges::split_view(std::string_view(val), ':'))
+            {
+                result.emplace_back(part.begin(), part.end());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#else
+    (void) includeSystem;
+#endif
+    return result;
+}
+}

source/mijin/platform/folders.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_PLATFORM_FOLDERS_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_PLATFORM_FOLDERS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../util/flag.hpp"
+
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace fs = std::filesystem;
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+enum class KnownFolder
+{
+    USER_HOME,
+    TEMP,
+    CACHE_ROOT,
+    USER_CONFIG_ROOT,
+    USER_DATA_ROOT
+};
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_FLAG(IncludeUser);
+MIJIN_DEFINE_FLAG(IncludeSystem);
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+fs::path getKnownFolder(KnownFolder folder) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+std::vector<fs::path> getAllConfigFolders(IncludeUser includeUser = IncludeUser::YES,
+                                          IncludeSystem includeSystem = IncludeSystem::YES) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+std::vector<fs::path> getAllDataFolders(IncludeUser includeUser = IncludeUser::YES,
+                                          IncludeSystem includeSystem = IncludeSystem::YES) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+}
+
+#endif // defined(MIJIN_PLATFORM_FOLDERS_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/types/name.cpp

@@ -8,9 +8,6 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-// note: the implementation assumes that std::vector moves the strings on resize and that strings don't reallocate when moved
-// while that should be the case for any sane STL implementation it may cause dangling pointers if it's not
-
 namespace mijin
 {
 
@@ -52,9 +49,9 @@ static std::shared_mutex& getGlobalNamesMutex()
     return mutex;
 }
 
-static std::unordered_map<std::string_view, std::size_t>& getLocalNameCache()
+static std::unordered_map<std::string, std::size_t>& getLocalNameCache()
 {
-    static std::unordered_map<std::string_view, std::size_t> cache;
+    static std::unordered_map<std::string, std::size_t> cache;
     return cache;
 }
 
@@ -78,14 +75,14 @@ static std::size_t getOrCreateStringID(std::string_view string)
     {
         if (getLocalNames()[idx] == string)
         {
-            getLocalNameCache()[std::string(string)] = idx;
+            getLocalNameCache().emplace(std::string(string), idx);
             return idx;
         }
     }
 
     // 3. copy global state and check local again
     {
-        std::shared_lock lock(getGlobalNamesMutex());
+        const std::shared_lock lock(getGlobalNamesMutex());
         copyNamesToLocal();
     }
 
@@ -93,17 +90,17 @@ static std::size_t getOrCreateStringID(std::string_view string)
     {
         if (getLocalNames()[idx] == string)
         {
-            getLocalNameCache()[std::string(string)] = idx;
+            getLocalNameCache().emplace(std::string(string), idx);
             return idx;
         }
     }
 
     // 4. insert a new ID
-    std::unique_lock lock(getGlobalNamesMutex());
+    const std::unique_lock lock(getGlobalNamesMutex());
     const std::size_t idx = getGlobalNames().size();
     getGlobalNames().emplace_back(string);
     copyNamesToLocal();
-    getLocalNameCache()[std::string(string)] = idx;
+    getLocalNameCache().emplace(std::string(string), idx);
 
     return idx;
 }

source/mijin/types/name.hpp

@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@
 
 #include <limits>
 #include <string_view>
+#if __has_include(<fmt/format.h>)
+#   include <fmt/format.h>
+#endif
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -31,9 +35,11 @@ public:
     Name(const Name&) = default;
     Name(std::string_view string);
     Name(const char* cStr) : Name(std::string_view(cStr)) {}
-    
+
     Name& operator=(const Name&) = default;
     auto operator<=>(const Name&) const = default;
+    constexpr operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return id_ != std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max(); }
+    constexpr bool operator!() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !static_cast<bool>(*this); }
 
     [[nodiscard]] std::string_view stringView() const;
     [[nodiscard]] const char* c_str() const {
@@ -49,15 +55,24 @@ public:
 
 } // namespace mijin
 
-namespace std
-{
 template<>
-struct hash<mijin::Name> : hash<std::size_t>
+struct std::hash<mijin::Name> : hash<std::size_t>
 {
-    std::size_t operator()(mijin::Name name) const noexcept {
+    std::size_t operator()(mijin::Name name) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
         return hash<std::size_t>::operator()(name.getID());
     }
 };
-}
+
+#if __has_include(<fmt/format.h>)
+template<>
+struct fmt::formatter<mijin::Name> : fmt::formatter<std::string_view>
+{
+    template<typename TContext>
+    auto format(mijin::Name name, TContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out())
+    {
+        return fmt::formatter<std::string_view>::format(name.stringView(), ctx);
+    }
+};
+#endif // __has_include(<fmt/format.h>)
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_TYPES_NAME_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/types/result.hpp

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <variant>
 
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+
 namespace mijin
 {
 
@@ -30,37 +32,45 @@ private:
 
     std::variant<Empty, TSuccess, TError> state_;
 public:
-    ResultBase() = default;
+    ResultBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    ResultBase(const ResultBase&) = default;
+    ResultBase(const ResultBase&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    ResultBase(ResultBase&&) = default;
+    ResultBase(ResultBase&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    ResultBase(TSuccess successValue) noexcept : state_(std::move(successValue)) {}
+    ResultBase(TSuccess successValue) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : state_(std::move(successValue)) {}
-    ResultBase(TError errorValue) noexcept : state_(std::move(errorValue)) {}
+    ResultBase(TError errorValue) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : state_(std::move(errorValue)) {}
 
     ResultBase& operator=(const ResultBase&) = default;
     ResultBase& operator=(ResultBase&&) = default;
 
-    bool operator==(const ResultBase& other) const noexcept { return state_ == other.state_; }
+    bool operator==(const ResultBase& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return state_ == other.state_; }
-    bool operator!=(const ResultBase& other) const noexcept { return state_ != other.state_; }
+    bool operator!=(const ResultBase& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return state_ != other.state_; }
-    operator bool() const noexcept { return isSuccess(); }
+    operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return isSuccess(); }
-    bool operator!() const noexcept { return !isSuccess(); }
+    bool operator!() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !isSuccess(); }
-    TSuccess& operator*() noexcept { return getValue(); }
+    TSuccess& operator*() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return getValue(); }
-    const TSuccess& operator*() const noexcept { return getValue(); }
+    const TSuccess& operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return getValue(); }
-    TSuccess* operator->() noexcept { return &getValue(); }
+    TSuccess* operator->() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return &getValue(); }
-    const TSuccess* operator->() const noexcept { return &getValue(); }
+    const TSuccess* operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return &getValue(); }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] bool isEmpty() const noexcept { return std::holds_alternative<Empty>(state_); }
+    [[nodiscard]] bool isEmpty() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::holds_alternative<Empty>(state_); }
-    [[nodiscard]] bool isSuccess() const noexcept { return std::holds_alternative<TSuccess>(state_); }
+    [[nodiscard]] bool isSuccess() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::holds_alternative<TSuccess>(state_); }
-    [[nodiscard]] bool isError() const noexcept { return std::holds_alternative<TError>(state_); }
+    [[nodiscard]] bool isError() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::holds_alternative<TError>(state_); }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] TSuccess& getValue() noexcept { return std::get<TSuccess>(state_); }
+    [[nodiscard]] TSuccess& getValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::get<TSuccess>(state_); }
-    [[nodiscard]] TError& getError() noexcept { return std::get<TError>(state_); }
+    [[nodiscard]] TError& getError() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::get<TError>(state_); }
-    [[nodiscard]] const TSuccess& getValue() const noexcept { return std::get<TSuccess>(state_); }
+    [[nodiscard]] const TSuccess& getValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::get<TSuccess>(state_); }
-    [[nodiscard]] const TError& getError() const noexcept { return std::get<TError>(state_); }
+    [[nodiscard]] const TError& getError() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::get<TError>(state_); }
 };
 
 struct ResultError
 {
     std::string message;
+
+    ResultError() : message("Unknown error") {}
+    ResultError(const ResultError&) = default;
+    ResultError(ResultError&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ResultError(std::string msg) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : message(std::move(msg)) {}
+
+    ResultError& operator=(const ResultError&) = default;
+    ResultError& operator=(ResultError&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 };
 
 template<typename TSuccess>

source/mijin/types/script_value.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#ifndef MIJIN_TYPES_SCRIPT_VALUE_HPP_INCLUDED
+#define MIJIN_TYPES_SCRIPT_VALUE_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <charconv>
+#include <span>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <variant>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../container/map_view.hpp"
+#include "../container/optional.hpp"
+#include "../container/vector_map.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+#include "../util/variant.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+//
+// public types
+//
+
+
+template<typename TConcrete, typename... TAdditional>
+class ScriptValue;
+
+template<typename TScriptValue>
+struct ArrayValue
+{
+    std::vector<TScriptValue> values;
+    
+    auto operator<=>(const ArrayValue&) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+};
+
+template<typename TScriptValue>
+struct MapValue
+{
+    VectorMap<std::string, TScriptValue> values;
+
+    auto operator<=>(const MapValue&) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+};
+
+struct UndefinedValue
+{
+    auto operator<=>(const UndefinedValue&) const = default;
+};
+
+inline constexpr UndefinedValue UNDEFINED_VALUE;
+
+using script_int_t = long long;
+using script_float_t = double;
+
+template<typename TConcrete, typename... TAdditional>
+using script_value_base_t = std::variant<
+    UndefinedValue,
+    bool,
+    script_int_t,
+    script_float_t,
+    std::string,
+    ArrayValue<TConcrete>,
+    MapValue<TConcrete>,
+    TAdditional...
+>;
+
+template<typename TConcrete, typename... TAdditional>
+class ScriptValue
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = script_value_base_t<TConcrete, TAdditional...>;
+    using concrete_t = TConcrete;
+    using array_t = ArrayValue<TConcrete>;
+    using map_t = MapValue<TConcrete>;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    static constexpr bool can_hold_type_v = variant_contains_v<std::remove_cv_t<T>, base_t> || std::is_arithmetic_v<T>;
+private:
+    base_t base_ = UndefinedValue();
+public:
+    ScriptValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ScriptValue(const ScriptValue&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ScriptValue(ScriptValue&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    template<typename TValue>
+    ScriptValue(TValue&& value);
+
+    ScriptValue& operator=(const ScriptValue&) = default;
+    ScriptValue& operator=(ScriptValue&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    // MSVC doesn't like this :/ (internal compiler error)
+    // std::partial_ordering operator<=>(const ScriptValue& other) const = default;
+    bool operator==(const ScriptValue& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ == other.base_; }
+    bool operator!=(const ScriptValue& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ != other.base_; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool isUndefined() const noexcept
+    {
+        return std::holds_alternative<UndefinedValue>(base_);
+    }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool isBool() const noexcept
+    {
+        return std::holds_alternative<bool>(base_);
+    }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool isInteger() const noexcept
+    {
+        return std::holds_alternative<script_int_t>(base_);
+    }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool isFloat() const noexcept
+    {
+        return std::holds_alternative<script_float_t>(base_);
+    }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool isString() const noexcept
+    {
+        return std::holds_alternative<std::string>(base_);
+    }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool isArray() const noexcept
+    {
+        return std::holds_alternative<array_t>(base_);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool isMap() const noexcept
+    {
+        return std::holds_alternative<map_t>(base_);
+    }
+
+    template<typename TFunction>
+    auto visit(TFunction&& function) const
+    {
+        return std::visit(function, base_);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    Optional<script_int_t> toInt() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return visit([&](auto&& value) -> Optional<script_int_t>
+        {
+            using type_t = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+            if constexpr (std::is_arithmetic_v<type_t>)
+            {
+                return static_cast<script_int_t>(value);
+            }
+            else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<type_t, std::string>)
+            {
+                script_int_t result = 0;
+                const std::from_chars_result fromCharsResult = std::from_chars(&*value.begin(), &*value.end(), result);
+                if (fromCharsResult.ec != std::errc{})
+                {
+                    return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    Optional<script_float_t> toFloat() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return visit([&](auto&& value) -> Optional<script_float_t>
+        {
+            using type_t = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+            if constexpr (std::is_arithmetic_v<type_t>)
+            {
+                return static_cast<script_float_t>(value);
+            }
+            else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<type_t, std::string>)
+            {
+                script_float_t result = 0;
+                const std::from_chars_result fromCharsResult = std::from_chars(&*value.begin(), &*value.end(), result);
+                if (fromCharsResult.ec != std::errc{})
+                {
+                    return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    Optional<std::string> toString() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return visit([](auto&& value) -> Optional<std::string>
+        {
+            using type_t = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<type_t, UndefinedValue>)
+            {
+                return std::string("");
+            }
+            else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<type_t, bool>)
+            {
+                return std::string(value ? "true" : "false");
+            }
+            else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<type_t, script_int_t> || std::is_same_v<type_t, script_float_t>)
+            {
+                return std::to_string(value);
+            }
+            else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<type_t, std::string>)
+            {
+                return value;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    Optional<std::decay_t<T>> to() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        using type_t = std::decay_t<T>;
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<type_t, script_int_t>)
+        {
+            return toInt();
+        }
+        else if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<type_t>)
+        {
+            return toInt().then([](script_int_t val) -> Optional<std::decay_t<T>> { return static_cast<type_t>(val); });
+        }
+        else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<type_t, script_float_t>)
+        {
+            return toFloat();
+        }
+        else if constexpr (std::is_floating_point_v<type_t>)
+        {
+            return toFloat().then([](script_float_t val) -> Optional<std::decay_t<T>> { return static_cast<type_t>(val); });
+        }
+        else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<type_t, std::string>)
+        {
+            return toString();
+        }
+        else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<type_t, TConcrete>)
+        {
+            return *static_cast<copy_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(*this)>, TConcrete>*>(this);
+        }
+        else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<type_t, array_t> || std::is_same_v<type_t, map_t>
+                || is_any_type_v<T, TAdditional...>)
+        {
+            if (std::holds_alternative<T>(base_))
+            {
+                return std::get<T>(base_);
+            }
+            return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static_assert(mijin::always_false_v<T>, "Cannot convert to this type.");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    template<typename T>
+    Optional<const T&> toRef() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (std::holds_alternative<T>(base_))
+        {
+            return std::get<T>(base_);
+        }
+        return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    concrete_t& operator[](std::size_t index) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(isArray(), "Called operator[size_t] on a non-array value.");
+        return std::get<array_t>(base_).values[index];
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const concrete_t& operator[](std::size_t index) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(isArray(), "Called operator[size_t] on a non-array value.");
+        return std::get<array_t>(base_).values[index];
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    concrete_t& operator[](const std::string& key)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(isMap(), "Called operator[string] on a non-map value.");
+        return std::get<map_t>(base_).values.at(key);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const concrete_t& operator[](const std::string& key) const
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(isMap(), "Called operator[string] on a non-map value.");
+        return std::get<map_t>(base_).values.at(key);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    std::span<concrete_t> arrayView() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(isArray(), "Called iterateArray() on a non-array value.");
+        return std::get<array_t>(base_).values;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    std::span<const concrete_t> arrayView() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(isArray(), "Called iterateArray() on a non-array value.");
+        return std::get<array_t>(base_).values;
+    }
+
+    MapView<std::string, concrete_t> mapView() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(isMap(), "Called iterateMap() on a non-map value.");
+        return std::get<map_t>(base_).values;
+    }
+
+    auto mapView() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(isMap(), "Called iterateMap() on a non-map value.");
+        return MapView(std::get<map_t>(base_).values);
+    }
+};
+
+//
+// public functions
+//
+template<typename TConcrete, typename... TAdditional>
+template<typename TValue>
+ScriptValue<TConcrete, TAdditional...>::ScriptValue(TValue&& value) : base_(std::forward<TValue>(value))
+{
+}
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // MIJIN_TYPES_SCRIPT_VALUE_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/types/typedef.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_TYPES_TYPEDEF_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_TYPES_TYPEDEF_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <utility>
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+//
+// public defines
+//
+
+#define MIJIN_TYPEDEF(name_, base_)                       \
+namespace impl { struct name_ ## _tag; }                  \
+using name_ = mijin::TypeDef<base_, impl::name_ ## _tag>
+
+//
+// public constants
+//
+
+//
+// public types
+//
+
+template<typename TBase, typename TTag>
+class TypeDef
+{
+private:
+    TBase value;
+public:
+    TypeDef() = default;
+    TypeDef(const TypeDef&) = default;
+    TypeDef(TypeDef&&) = default;
+
+    template<typename... TArgs>
+    constexpr TypeDef(TArgs&&... args) : value(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...) {}
+
+    TypeDef& operator=(const TypeDef&) = default;
+    TypeDef& operator=(TypeDef&&) = default;
+
+    template<typename TArg>
+    constexpr TypeDef& operator=(TArg&& arg)
+    {
+        value = std::forward<TArg>(arg);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    explicit constexpr operator const TBase&() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return value; }
+    explicit constexpr operator TBase&() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return value; }
+    auto operator<=>(const TypeDef&) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+};
+
+template<typename TBase, typename TTag> requires (!std::is_fundamental_v<TBase>)
+class TypeDef<TBase, TTag> : public TBase
+{
+public:
+    TypeDef() = default;
+    TypeDef(const TypeDef&) = default;
+    TypeDef(TypeDef&&) = default;
+    template<typename... TArgs>
+    constexpr TypeDef(TArgs&&... args) : TBase(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...) {}
+
+    TypeDef& operator=(const TypeDef&) = default;
+    TypeDef& operator=(TypeDef&&) = default;
+
+    template<typename TArg>
+    constexpr TypeDef& operator=(TArg&& arg)
+    {
+        TBase::operator=(std::forward<TArg>(arg));
+        return *this;
+    }
+};
+
+//
+// public functions
+//
+
+} // namespace mijin
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_TYPES_TYPEDEF_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/align.hpp

@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_ALIGN_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_UTIL_ALIGN_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+
 namespace mijin
 {
 template<typename T>
-constexpr T alignUp(T value, T alignTo) noexcept
+constexpr T alignUp(T value, T alignTo) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     if (value % alignTo != 0)
     {
@@ -16,6 +18,7 @@ constexpr T alignUp(T value, T alignTo) noexcept
     return value;
 }
 
+#define MIJIN_STRIDEOF(T) mijin::alignUp(sizeof(T), alignof(T))
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_ALIGN_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/bitarray.hpp

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 
 #include <array>
 #include <atomic>
-#include <cassert>
 #include <cstddef>
 
 namespace mijin
@@ -32,8 +31,9 @@ private:
     using byte_type = std::conditional_t<threadSafe, std::atomic_uint8_t, std::uint8_t>;
     std::array<byte_type, (numBits + 7) / 8> bytes;
 public:
-    [[nodiscard]] bool get(std::size_t index) const {
+    [[nodiscard]] bool get(std::size_t index) const
-        assert(index < numBits);
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(index < numBits, "BitArray: index out of range.");
         return (bytes[index / 8] & (1 << (index % 8)));
     }
     void set(std::size_t index, bool value)

source/mijin/util/bitflags.hpp

@@ -5,8 +5,11 @@
 #define MIJIN_UTIL_BITFLAGS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
 #include <bit>
+#include <compare>
 #include <cstddef>
 
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+
 namespace mijin
 {
 
@@ -25,6 +28,8 @@ namespace mijin
 template<typename TBits>
 struct BitFlags
 {
+    using bits_t = TBits;
+
     constexpr TBits& operator |=(const BitFlags& other) {
         for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < sizeof(TBits); ++idx) {
             *(std::bit_cast<std::byte*>(asBits()) + idx) |= *(std::bit_cast<const std::byte*>(other.asBits()) + idx);
@@ -66,7 +71,7 @@ struct BitFlags
         return copy;
     }
 
-    constexpr operator bool() const {
+    explicit constexpr operator bool() const {
         for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < sizeof(TBits); ++idx) {
             if (*(std::bit_cast<const std::byte*>(asBits()) + idx) != std::byte(0)) {
                 return true;
@@ -78,15 +83,50 @@ struct BitFlags
     constexpr bool operator!() const {
         return !static_cast<bool>(*this);
     }
+
+    auto operator<=>(const BitFlags&) const noexcept = default;
 private:
     constexpr TBits* asBits() { return static_cast<TBits*>(this); }
     constexpr const TBits* asBits() const { return static_cast<const TBits*>(this); }
 };
 
+template<typename T>
+constexpr bool is_bitflags_v = std::is_base_of_v<BitFlags<T>, T>;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept BitFlagsType = is_bitflags_v<T>;
+
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
+template<std::integral TInt, BitFlagsType T>
+TInt bitFlagsToInt(const BitFlags<T>& flags) noexcept
+{
+    static constexpr std::size_t BYTES = std::min(sizeof(T), sizeof(TInt));
+    TInt result = 0;
+
+    for (std::size_t off = 0; off < BYTES; ++off)
+    {
+        result |= static_cast<TInt>(*(std::bit_cast<const std::byte*>(&flags) + off)) << (off * 8);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+template<BitFlagsType T, std::integral TInt>
+T bitFlagsFromInt(TInt intVal) noexcept
+{
+    static constexpr std::size_t BYTES = std::min(sizeof(T), sizeof(TInt));
+    T result = {};
+
+    for (std::size_t off = 0; off < BYTES; ++off)
+    {
+        (*(std::bit_cast<std::byte*>(&result) + off)) = static_cast<std::byte>(intVal >> (off * 8));
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_BITFLAGS_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/common_macros.hpp

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_COMMON_MACROS_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_UTIL_COMMON_MACROS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
-#define MIJIN_CONCAT2(a, b) a ## b
+#define MIJIN_CONCAT_DETAIL(a, b) a ## b
-#define MIJIN_CONCAT(a, b) MIJIN_CONCAT2(a, b)
+#define MIJIN_CONCAT(a, b) MIJIN_CONCAT_DETAIL(a, b)
+#define MIJIN_CONCAT3(a, b, c) MIJIN_CONCAT(a, MIJIN_CONCAT(b, c))
 
 #endif // defined(MIJIN_UTIL_COMMON_MACROS_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/exception.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#ifndef MIJIN_UTIL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED
+#define MIJIN_UTIL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+#include "../debug/stacktrace.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+//
+// public defines
+//
+
+//
+// public types
+//
+
+class Exception : public std::runtime_error
+{
+private:
+    Result<Stacktrace> stacktrace_;
+    std::exception_ptr cause_;
+public:
+    Exception(const std::string& what) : std::runtime_error(what), stacktrace_(captureStacktrace(1)), cause_(std::current_exception()) {}
+    Exception(const char* what) : Exception(std::string(what)) {}
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const Result<Stacktrace>& getStacktrace() const noexcept { return stacktrace_; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const std::exception_ptr& getCause() const noexcept { return cause_; }
+};
+
+//
+// public functions
+//
+
+template<typename TCondition, typename TException = std::runtime_error, typename... TExceptionArgs>
+inline decltype(auto) ensure(TCondition&& condition, TExceptionArgs&&... args)
+{
+    if (!static_cast<bool>(std::forward<TCondition>(condition)))
+    {
+        throw TException(std::forward<TExceptionArgs>(args)...);
+    }
+    return std::forward<TCondition>(condition);
+}
+
+template<typename TFunc>
+void walkExceptionCause(const std::exception_ptr& cause, TFunc func)
+{
+    if (cause)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            std::rethrow_exception(cause);
+        }
+        catch(Exception& exc)
+        {
+            func(exc);
+            walkExceptionCause(exc.getCause(), std::move(func));
+        }
+        catch(std::exception& exc)
+        {
+            func(exc);
+        }
+        catch(...)
+        {
+            func(nullptr);
+        }
+    }
+}
+} // namespace mijin
+#endif // MIJIN_UTIL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/util/flag.hpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include "./traits.hpp"
 #include "./types.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -15,23 +16,23 @@ namespace mijin
 // public defines
 //
 
-#define MIJIN_DEFINE_FLAG(name)                  \
+#define MIJIN_DEFINE_FLAG(name)                        \
-struct name : mijin::Flag                        \
+struct name : mijin::Flag                              \
-{                                                \
+{                                                      \
-private:                                         \
+private:                                               \
-    struct Proxy_ {                              \
+    struct Proxy_ {                                    \
-        uint8_t value;                           \
+        uint8_t value;                                 \
-    };                                           \
+    };                                                 \
-public:                                          \
+public:                                                \
-    constexpr name() = default;                  \
+    constexpr name() = default;                        \
-    constexpr name(const name&) = default;       \
+    constexpr name(const name&) = default;             \
-    constexpr name(Proxy_ proxy)                 \
+    constexpr name(Proxy_ proxy) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT        \
-            : Flag(proxy.value) {}               \
+            : Flag(proxy.value) {}                     \
-    constexpr explicit name(bool value) noexcept \
+    constexpr explicit name(bool value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT \
-        : Flag(value) {}                         \
+        : Flag(value) {}                               \
-    name& operator=(const name&) = default;      \
+    name& operator=(const name&) = default;            \
-    static constexpr Proxy_ YES{1};              \
+    static constexpr Proxy_ YES{1};                    \
-    static constexpr Proxy_ NO{0};               \
+    static constexpr Proxy_ NO{0};                     \
 }
 
 //
@@ -48,23 +49,23 @@ struct Flag
 
     Flag() = default;
     Flag(const Flag&) = default;
-    explicit constexpr Flag(uint8_t value) noexcept : value(value) {}
+    explicit constexpr Flag(uint8_t value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : value(value) {}
 
     Flag& operator=(const Flag&) = default;
     
-    constexpr bool operator ==(const Flag& other) const noexcept
+    constexpr bool operator ==(const Flag& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return value == other.value;
     }
-    constexpr bool operator !=(const Flag& other) const noexcept
+    constexpr bool operator !=(const Flag& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return value != other.value;
     }
-    constexpr bool operator !() const noexcept
+    constexpr bool operator !() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return !value;
     }
-    constexpr operator bool() const noexcept
+    constexpr operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return value != 0;
     }
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ private:
     using base_t = FlagSetStorage<offset + 1, TMore...>;
     static constexpr typename base_t::data_t BIT = (1 << offset);
 public:
-    constexpr void set(TFirst value) noexcept
+    constexpr void set(TFirst value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         if (value)
         {
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ public:
             base_t::data_ &= ~BIT;
         }
     }
-    constexpr bool get(TFirst) noexcept
+    constexpr bool get(TFirst) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return (base_t::data_ & BIT) != 0;
     }
@@ -134,19 +135,19 @@ public:
 public:
     FlagSet& operator=(const FlagSet&) = default;
     template<FlagType T> requires is_any_type_v<T, TFlags...>
-    FlagSet& operator=(T flag) noexcept
+    FlagSet& operator=(T flag) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         reset(flag);
         return *this;
     }
     template<FlagType T> requires is_any_type_v<T, TFlags...>
-    FlagSet& operator|=(T flag) noexcept
+    FlagSet& operator|=(T flag) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         set(flag);
         return *this;
     }
     template<FlagType T> requires is_any_type_v<T, TFlags...>
-    FlagSet& operator&=(T flag) noexcept
+    FlagSet& operator&=(T flag) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         unset(flag);
     }

source/mijin/util/iterators.hpp

@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@
 #include <span>
 #include <string_view>
 #include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
 #include <variant>
 #include "../container/optional.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -96,50 +98,50 @@ struct EnumeratingIterator
     TIdx idx;
     TIterator base;
 
-    EnumeratingIterator(TIdx idx_, TIterator base_) noexcept : idx(idx_), base(base_) {}
+    EnumeratingIterator(TIdx idx_, TIterator base_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : idx(idx_), base(base_) {}
-    EnumeratingIterator(const EnumeratingIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    EnumeratingIterator(const EnumeratingIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    EnumeratingIterator& operator=(const EnumeratingIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    EnumeratingIterator& operator=(const EnumeratingIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    auto operator*() const noexcept
+    auto operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return std::tie(idx, *base);
     }
 
-    EnumeratingIterator& operator++() noexcept
+    EnumeratingIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         ++idx;
         ++base;
         return *this;
     }
 
-    EnumeratingIterator operator++(int) noexcept
+    EnumeratingIterator operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         EnumeratingIterator copy(*this);
         ++(*this);
         return copy;
     }
 
-    EnumeratingIterator& operator--() noexcept
+    EnumeratingIterator& operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         --idx;
         --base;
         return *this;
     }
 
-    EnumeratingIterator operator--(int) noexcept
+    EnumeratingIterator operator--(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         EnumeratingIterator copy(*this);
         --(*this);
         return copy;
     }
 
-    bool operator==(const EnumeratingIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator==(const EnumeratingIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return base == other.base; // note: ignoring idx so we don't have to find it out for end()
     }
 
-    bool operator!=(const EnumeratingIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator!=(const EnumeratingIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return base != other.base; // note: ignoring idx so we don't have to find it out for end()
     }
@@ -152,12 +154,12 @@ struct Enumeratable : RangeAdapter
 {
     RangeRef<TIterable> base;
 
-    auto begin() const noexcept
+    auto begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return EnumeratingIterator(TIdx(0), base.begin());
     }
 
-    auto end() const noexcept
+    auto end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return EnumeratingIterator(TIdx(0), base.end());
     }
@@ -169,6 +171,86 @@ Enumeratable<TIdx, TIterable> enumerate(TIterable&& iterable)
     return {.base = {std::forward<TIterable>(iterable)}};
 }
 
+template<typename TFirstIterator, typename TSecondIterator>
+struct ZippingIterator
+{
+    TFirstIterator first;
+    TSecondIterator second;
+
+    ZippingIterator(TFirstIterator first_, TSecondIterator second_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : first(first_), second(second_) {}
+    ZippingIterator(const ZippingIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    ZippingIterator& operator=(const ZippingIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    decltype(auto) operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return std::tie(*first, *second);
+    }
+
+    ZippingIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ++first;
+        ++second;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    ZippingIterator operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ZippingIterator copy(*this);
+        ++(*this);
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    ZippingIterator& operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        --first;
+        --second;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    ZippingIterator operator--(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ZippingIterator copy(*this);
+        --(*this);
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    bool operator==(const ZippingIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return first == other.first || second == other.second; // note: this uses or so reaching the end on one range also ends the zipped one.
+    }
+
+    bool operator!=(const ZippingIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !(*this == other);
+    }
+};
+template<typename TFirstIterator, typename TSecondIterator>
+ZippingIterator(TFirstIterator, TSecondIterator) -> ZippingIterator<TFirstIterator, TSecondIterator>;
+
+template<typename TFirst, typename TSecond>
+struct ZippingRange : RangeAdapter
+{
+    RangeRef<TFirst> first;
+    RangeRef<TSecond> second;
+
+    auto begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return ZippingIterator(first.begin(), second.begin());
+    }
+
+    auto end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return ZippingIterator(first.end(), second.end());
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TFirst, typename TSecond>
+ZippingRange<TFirst, TSecond> zip(TFirst&& first, TSecond&& second)
+{
+    return {.first = {std::forward<TFirst>(first)}, .second = {std::forward<TSecond>(second)}};
+}
+
 template<typename TIterator>
 struct ReplacingIterator
 {
@@ -182,12 +264,12 @@ struct ReplacingIterator
     value_type what;
     value_type with;
 
-    ReplacingIterator(TIterator base_, value_type what_, value_type with_) noexcept : base(base_), what(what_), with(with_) {}
+    ReplacingIterator(TIterator base_, value_type what_, value_type with_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : base(base_), what(what_), with(with_) {}
-    ReplacingIterator(const ReplacingIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    ReplacingIterator(const ReplacingIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    ReplacingIterator& operator=(const ReplacingIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    ReplacingIterator& operator=(const ReplacingIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    pointer operator->() const noexcept
+    pointer operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         if (*base == what) {
             return &with;
@@ -195,7 +277,7 @@ struct ReplacingIterator
         return &*base;
     }
 
-    reference operator*() const noexcept
+    reference operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         if (*base == what) {
             return with;
@@ -203,38 +285,38 @@ struct ReplacingIterator
         return *base;
     }
 
-    ReplacingIterator& operator++() noexcept
+    ReplacingIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         ++base;
         return *this;
     }
 
-    ReplacingIterator operator++(int) noexcept
+    ReplacingIterator operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         ReplacingIterator copy(*this);
         ++(*this);
         return copy;
     }
 
-    ReplacingIterator& operator--() noexcept
+    ReplacingIterator& operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         --base;
         return *this;
     }
 
-    ReplacingIterator operator--(int) noexcept
+    ReplacingIterator operator--(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         ReplacingIterator copy(*this);
         --(*this);
         return copy;
     }
 
-    bool operator==(const ReplacingIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator==(const ReplacingIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return what == other.what && with == other.with && base == other.base;
     }
 
-    bool operator!=(const ReplacingIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator!=(const ReplacingIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return !(*this == other);
     }
@@ -249,12 +331,12 @@ struct ReplacingRange : RangeAdapter
     value_type what;
     value_type with;
 
-    auto begin() const noexcept
+    auto begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return ReplacingIterator(base.begin(), what, with);
     }
 
-    auto end() const noexcept
+    auto end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return ReplacingIterator(base.end(), what, with);
     }
@@ -288,14 +370,14 @@ struct MappingIterator
     TFunctor functor;
     mutable Optional<value_type> result;
 
-    MappingIterator(TIterator base_, TFunctor functor_) noexcept : base(base_), functor(std::move(functor_)) {}
+    MappingIterator(TIterator base_, TFunctor functor_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : base(base_), functor(std::move(functor_)) {}
-    MappingIterator(const MappingIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    MappingIterator(const MappingIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    MappingIterator(MappingIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    MappingIterator(MappingIterator&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    MappingIterator& operator=(const MappingIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    MappingIterator& operator=(const MappingIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    MappingIterator& operator=(MappingIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    MappingIterator& operator=(MappingIterator&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    reference operator*() const noexcept
+    reference operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         if (result.empty()) {
             result = std::invoke(functor, *base);
@@ -303,40 +385,40 @@ struct MappingIterator
         return *result;
     }
 
-    MappingIterator& operator++() noexcept
+    MappingIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         ++base;
         result.reset();
         return *this;
     }
 
-    MappingIterator operator++(int) noexcept
+    MappingIterator operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         MappingIterator copy(*this);
         ++(*this);
         return copy;
     }
 
-    MappingIterator& operator--() noexcept
+    MappingIterator& operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         --base;
         result.reset();
         return *this;
     }
 
-    MappingIterator operator--(int) noexcept
+    MappingIterator operator--(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         MappingIterator copy(*this);
         --(*this);
         return copy;
     }
 
-    bool operator==(const MappingIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator==(const MappingIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return base == other.base; // TODO: compare functor? -> doesn't always work and may be useless
     }
 
-    bool operator!=(const MappingIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator!=(const MappingIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return !(*this == other);
     }
@@ -346,22 +428,23 @@ template<typename TIterable, typename TFunctor>
 struct MappingRange : RangeAdapter
 {
     // using value_type = typename std::iterator_traits<decltype(std::begin(std::declval<TIterable>()))>::value_type;
-    using value_type = typename std::iterator_traits<decltype(std::declval<RangeRef<TIterable>>().begin())>::value_type;
+    using in_value_type = typename std::iterator_traits<decltype(std::declval<RangeRef<TIterable>>().begin())>::value_type;
+    using value_type = std::invoke_result_t<TFunctor, in_value_type>;
 
     RangeRef<TIterable> base;
     TFunctor functor;
 
-    auto begin() const noexcept
+    auto begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return MappingIterator(base.begin(), functor);
     }
 
-    auto end() const noexcept
+    auto end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return MappingIterator(base.end(), functor);
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept {
+    [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
         return base.begin() == base.end();
     }
 };
@@ -392,7 +475,7 @@ struct OptionalMappingIterator
     TFunctor functor;
     mutable optional_type result; // must be mutable so dereferencing can stay const, not nice :/
 
-    OptionalMappingIterator(TIterator base_, TIterator end_, TFunctor functor_) noexcept : base(base_), end(end_), functor(std::move(functor_)) {
+    OptionalMappingIterator(TIterator base_, TIterator end_, TFunctor functor_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : base(base_), end(end_), functor(std::move(functor_)) {
         if (base != end)
         {
             result = functor(*base);
@@ -401,18 +484,18 @@ struct OptionalMappingIterator
             }
         }
     }
-    OptionalMappingIterator(const OptionalMappingIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    OptionalMappingIterator(const OptionalMappingIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    OptionalMappingIterator(OptionalMappingIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    OptionalMappingIterator(OptionalMappingIterator&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    OptionalMappingIterator& operator=(const OptionalMappingIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    OptionalMappingIterator& operator=(const OptionalMappingIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    OptionalMappingIterator& operator=(OptionalMappingIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    OptionalMappingIterator& operator=(OptionalMappingIterator&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    reference operator*() const noexcept
+    reference operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return *result;
     }
 
-    OptionalMappingIterator& operator++() noexcept
+    OptionalMappingIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         do
         {
@@ -422,19 +505,19 @@ struct OptionalMappingIterator
         return *this;
     }
 
-    OptionalMappingIterator operator++(int) noexcept
+    OptionalMappingIterator operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         OptionalMappingIterator copy(*this);
         ++(*this);
         return copy;
     }
 
-    bool operator==(const OptionalMappingIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator==(const OptionalMappingIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return base == other.base && end == other.end; // TODO: compare functor? -> doesn't always work and may be useless
     }
 
-    bool operator!=(const OptionalMappingIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator!=(const OptionalMappingIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return !(*this == other);
     }
@@ -449,12 +532,12 @@ struct OptionalMappingRange : RangeAdapter
     RangeRef<TIterable> base;
     TFunctor functor;
 
-    auto begin() const noexcept
+    auto begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return OptionalMappingIterator(base.begin(), base.end(), functor);
     }
 
-    auto end() const noexcept
+    auto end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return OptionalMappingIterator(base.end(), base.end(), functor);
     }
@@ -481,23 +564,23 @@ struct FilteringIterator
     TIterator end;
     TPredicate predicate;
 
-    FilteringIterator(TIterator base_, TIterator end_, TPredicate predicate_) noexcept : base(base_), end(end_), predicate(std::move(predicate_)) {
+    FilteringIterator(TIterator base_, TIterator end_, TPredicate predicate_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : base(base_), end(end_), predicate(std::move(predicate_)) {
         if (base != end && !predicate(*base)) {
             ++(*this);
         }
     }
-    FilteringIterator(const FilteringIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    FilteringIterator(const FilteringIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    FilteringIterator(FilteringIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    FilteringIterator(FilteringIterator&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    FilteringIterator& operator=(const FilteringIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    FilteringIterator& operator=(const FilteringIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    FilteringIterator& operator=(FilteringIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    FilteringIterator& operator=(FilteringIterator&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    reference operator*() const noexcept
+    reference operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return *base;
     }
 
-    FilteringIterator& operator++() noexcept
+    FilteringIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         do
         {
@@ -506,19 +589,19 @@ struct FilteringIterator
         return *this;
     }
 
-    FilteringIterator operator++(int) noexcept
+    FilteringIterator operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         FilteringIterator copy(*this);
         ++(*this);
         return copy;
     }
 
-    bool operator==(const FilteringIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator==(const FilteringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return base == other.base && end == other.end; // TODO: compare predicate?
     }
 
-    bool operator!=(const FilteringIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator!=(const FilteringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return !(*this == other);
     }
@@ -533,12 +616,12 @@ struct FilteringRange : RangeAdapter
     RangeRef<TIterable> base;
     TPredicate predicate;
 
-    auto begin() const noexcept
+    auto begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return FilteringIterator(base.begin(), base.end(), predicate);
     }
 
-    auto end() const noexcept
+    auto end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return FilteringIterator(base.end(), base.end(), predicate);
     }
@@ -557,9 +640,9 @@ template<typename TFirstIterator, typename TSecondIterator>
 struct ChainingIterator
 {
     using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
-    using value_type = typename std::iterator_traits<TFirstIterator>::value_type;
+    using value_type = std::remove_reference_t<typename std::iterator_traits<TFirstIterator>::reference>;
-    using pointer = std::add_const_t<value_type>*;
+    using pointer = value_type*;
-    using reference = std::add_const_t<value_type>&;
+    using reference = value_type&;
     using iterator_category = std::bidirectional_iterator_tag; // TODO?
 
     TFirstIterator firstBase;
@@ -567,13 +650,13 @@ struct ChainingIterator
     TSecondIterator secondBase;
     TSecondIterator secondBegin;
 
-    ChainingIterator(TFirstIterator firstBase_, TFirstIterator firstEnd_, TSecondIterator secondBase_, TSecondIterator secondBegin_) noexcept
+    ChainingIterator(TFirstIterator firstBase_, TFirstIterator firstEnd_, TSecondIterator secondBase_, TSecondIterator secondBegin_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
         : firstBase(firstBase_), firstEnd(firstEnd_), secondBase(secondBase_), secondBegin(secondBegin_) {}
-    ChainingIterator(const ChainingIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    ChainingIterator(const ChainingIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    ChainingIterator& operator=(const ChainingIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    ChainingIterator& operator=(const ChainingIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    pointer operator->() const noexcept
+    pointer operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         if (firstBase == firstEnd)
         {
@@ -582,7 +665,7 @@ struct ChainingIterator
         return &*firstBase;
     }
 
-    reference operator*() const noexcept
+    reference operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         if (firstBase == firstEnd)
         {
@@ -591,7 +674,7 @@ struct ChainingIterator
         return *firstBase;
     }
 
-    ChainingIterator& operator++() noexcept
+    ChainingIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         if (firstBase == firstEnd) {
             ++secondBase;
@@ -602,14 +685,14 @@ struct ChainingIterator
         return *this;
     }
 
-    ChainingIterator operator++(int) noexcept
+    ChainingIterator operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         ChainingIterator copy(*this);
         ++(*this);
         return copy;
     }
 
-    ChainingIterator& operator--() noexcept
+    ChainingIterator& operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         if (secondBase == secondBegin) {
             --firstBase;
@@ -620,19 +703,19 @@ struct ChainingIterator
         return *this;
     }
 
-    ChainingIterator operator--(int) noexcept
+    ChainingIterator operator--(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         ChainingIterator copy(*this);
         --(*this);
         return copy;
     }
 
-    bool operator==(const ChainingIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator==(const ChainingIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return firstBase == other.firstBase && secondBase == other.secondBase; // should be enough
     }
 
-    bool operator!=(const ChainingIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator!=(const ChainingIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return !(*this == other);
     }
@@ -646,12 +729,12 @@ struct ChainedRange : RangeAdapter
     RangeRef<TFirstRange> first;
     RangeRef<TSecondRange> second;
 
-    auto begin() const noexcept
+    auto begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return ChainingIterator(first.begin(), first.end(), second.begin(), second.begin());
     }
 
-    auto end() const noexcept
+    auto end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return ChainingIterator(first.end(), first.end(), second.end(), second.begin());
     }
@@ -684,23 +767,23 @@ struct TypeFilteringIterator
     TIterator base;
     TIterator end;
 
-    TypeFilteringIterator(TIterator base_, TIterator end_) noexcept : base(base_), end(end_) {
+    TypeFilteringIterator(TIterator base_, TIterator end_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : base(base_), end(end_) {
         if (base != end && !isCastable()) {
             ++(*this);
         }
     }
-    TypeFilteringIterator(const TypeFilteringIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    TypeFilteringIterator(const TypeFilteringIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    TypeFilteringIterator(TypeFilteringIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    TypeFilteringIterator(TypeFilteringIterator&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    TypeFilteringIterator& operator=(const TypeFilteringIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    TypeFilteringIterator& operator=(const TypeFilteringIterator&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
-    TypeFilteringIterator& operator=(TypeFilteringIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    TypeFilteringIterator& operator=(TypeFilteringIterator&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    reference operator*() const noexcept
+    reference operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return static_cast<reference>(*base);
     }
 
-    TypeFilteringIterator& operator++() noexcept
+    TypeFilteringIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         do
         {
@@ -709,19 +792,19 @@ struct TypeFilteringIterator
         return *this;
     }
 
-    TypeFilteringIterator operator++(int) noexcept
+    TypeFilteringIterator operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         FilteringIterator copy(*this);
         ++(*this);
         return copy;
     }
 
-    bool operator==(const TypeFilteringIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator==(const TypeFilteringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return base == other.base && end == other.end;
     }
 
-    bool operator!=(const TypeFilteringIterator& other) const noexcept
+    bool operator!=(const TypeFilteringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return !(*this == other);
     }
@@ -747,12 +830,12 @@ struct TypeFilteringRange : RangeAdapter
 
     RangeRef<TIterable> iterable;
 
-    auto begin() const noexcept
+    auto begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return TypeFilteringIterator<TType, decltype(iterable.begin())>(iterable.begin(), iterable.end());
     }
 
-    auto end() const noexcept
+    auto end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         return TypeFilteringIterator<TType, decltype(iterable.begin())>(iterable.end(), iterable.end());
     }

source/mijin/util/os.cpp

@@ -2,13 +2,16 @@
 #include "os.hpp"
 
 #include <filesystem>
-#include "../detect.hpp"
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
 
 #if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+    #include <mutex>
     #include <dlfcn.h>
     #include <pthread.h>
 #elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
-// TODO
+    #include <array>
+    #include <windows.h>
+    #include "../util/winundef.hpp"
 #endif
 
 namespace fs = std::filesystem;
@@ -32,6 +35,13 @@ namespace mijin
 // internal variables
 //
 
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+namespace
+{
+std::mutex gDlErrorMutex; // dlerror may not be thread-safe
+}
+#endif // MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+
 //
 // internal functions
 //
@@ -40,32 +50,85 @@ namespace mijin
 // public functions
 //
 
-LibraryHandle openSharedLibrary(std::string_view libraryFile) noexcept
+Result<LibraryHandle> openSharedLibrary(std::string_view libraryFile) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+    const std::unique_lock dlErrorLock(gDlErrorMutex);
+    dlerror(); // NOLINT(concurrency-mt-unsafe) we take care of that
+
     const fs::path libraryPath = fs::absolute(libraryFile);
-    return {.data = dlopen(libraryPath.c_str(), RTLD_NOW)};
+    void* ptr = dlopen(libraryPath.c_str(), RTLD_NOW);
+    if (ptr == nullptr)
+    {
+        return ResultError(dlerror()); // NOLINT(concurrency-mt-unsafe) we take care of that
+    }
+    return LibraryHandle{.data = dlopen(libraryPath.c_str(), RTLD_NOW)};
 #elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+	// TODO
+	(void) libraryFile;
+	return {};
 #endif
 }
 
-void* loadSymbolFromLibrary(const LibraryHandle library, const char* symbolName) noexcept
+bool closeSharedLibrary(const LibraryHandle library) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+    return dlclose(library.data) == 0;
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+    (void) library;
+    return true;
+#endif
+}
+
+void* loadSymbolFromLibrary(const LibraryHandle library, const char* symbolName) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
     return dlsym(library.data, symbolName);
 #elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+	(void) library;
+	(void) symbolName;
+	return nullptr;
 #endif
 }
 
-void setCurrentThreadName(const char* threadName) noexcept
+void setCurrentThreadName(const char* threadName) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
     pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), threadName);
 #elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+	(void) threadName;
 #endif
 }
 
-[[nodiscard]] std::string makeLibraryFilename(std::string_view libraryName) noexcept
+std::string getExecutablePath() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+    return fs::canonical("/proc/self/exe").string();
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+    // TODO: this is completely untested
+    std::array<char, 1024> buffer;
+    if (FAILED(GetModuleFileNameA(nullptr, buffer.data(), static_cast<DWORD>(buffer.size()))))
+    {
+        std::vector<char> buffer2;
+        buffer2.resize(1024);
+        do
+        {
+            if (buffer2.size() >= 10240)
+            {
+                MIJIN_ERROR("Something is wrong.");
+                return "";
+            }
+            buffer2.resize(buffer2.size() + 1024);
+        }
+        while (FAILED(GetModuleFileNameA(nullptr, buffer.data(), static_cast<DWORD>(buffer.size()))));
+        return buffer2.data();
+    }
+    return buffer.data();
+#else
+#endif
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] std::string makeLibraryFilename(std::string_view libraryName) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
     return "lib" + std::string(libraryName) + ".so";

source/mijin/util/os.hpp

@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@
 #include <csignal>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
+#include <utility>
 #include "../detect.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../types/result.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -20,6 +23,15 @@ namespace mijin
 // public constants
 //
 
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+inline const std::string_view LIBRARY_EXT = "so";
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+inline const std::string_view LIBRARY_EXT = "dll";
+#else
+[[deprecated("OS not supported.")]]
+inline const int LIBRARY_EXT = 0;
+#endif
+
 //
 // public types
 //
@@ -28,20 +40,77 @@ struct LibraryHandle
 {
     void* data = nullptr;
 
-    constexpr operator bool() const noexcept { return data != nullptr; }
+    constexpr operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return data != nullptr; }
-    constexpr bool operator!() const noexcept { return data == nullptr; }
+    constexpr bool operator!() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return data == nullptr; }
+};
+
+class SharedLibrary
+{
+private:
+    LibraryHandle mHandle;
+public:
+    SharedLibrary() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    SharedLibrary(const SharedLibrary&) = delete;
+    SharedLibrary(SharedLibrary&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : mHandle(std::exchange(other.mHandle, {})) {}
+    inline ~SharedLibrary() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+
+    SharedLibrary& operator=(const SharedLibrary&) = delete;
+    SharedLibrary& operator=(SharedLibrary&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        mHandle = std::exchange(other.mHandle, {});
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<bool>(mHandle); }
+    constexpr bool operator!() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !mHandle; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] inline Result<bool> open(std::string_view libraryFile) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    inline bool close() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    [[nodiscard]] inline void* loadSymbol(const char* symbolName) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 };
 
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
-[[nodiscard]] LibraryHandle openSharedLibrary(std::string_view libraryFile) noexcept;
+[[nodiscard]] Result<LibraryHandle> openSharedLibrary(std::string_view libraryFile) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-[[nodiscard]] void* loadSymbolFromLibrary(const LibraryHandle library, const char* symbolName) noexcept;
+bool closeSharedLibrary(const LibraryHandle library) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-void setCurrentThreadName(const char* threadName) noexcept;
+[[nodiscard]] void* loadSymbolFromLibrary(const LibraryHandle library, const char* symbolName) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+void setCurrentThreadName(const char* threadName) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+[[nodiscard]] std::string getExecutablePath() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
-[[nodiscard]] std::string makeLibraryFilename(std::string_view libraryName) noexcept;
+[[nodiscard]] std::string makeLibraryFilename(std::string_view libraryName) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
+SharedLibrary::~SharedLibrary() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    close();
+}
+
+Result<bool> SharedLibrary::open(std::string_view libraryFile) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    close();
+    Result<LibraryHandle> openResult = openSharedLibrary(libraryFile);
+    if (openResult.isSuccess())
+    {
+        mHandle = openResult.getValue();
+        return true;
+    }
+    return ResultError(openResult.getError());
+}
+
+bool SharedLibrary::close() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (mHandle)
+    {
+        return closeSharedLibrary(std::exchange(mHandle, {}));
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+void* SharedLibrary::loadSymbol(const char* symbolName) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return loadSymbolFromLibrary(mHandle, symbolName);
+}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_OS_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/property.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#ifndef MIJIN_UTIL_PROPERTY_HPP_INCLUDED
+#define MIJIN_UTIL_PROPERTY_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+//
+// public defines
+//
+
+//
+// public types
+//
+
+template<typename T, typename TGet = const T&, typename TSet = T>
+class PropertyStorage
+{
+public:
+    using value_t = T;
+    using get_t = TGet;
+    using set_t = TSet;
+
+    virtual ~PropertyStorage() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual TGet getValue() = 0;
+    virtual void setValue(TSet value) = 0;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+class SimplePropertyStorage : public PropertyStorage<T>
+{
+private:
+    T value_;
+public:
+    SimplePropertyStorage() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    SimplePropertyStorage(const SimplePropertyStorage& other) MIJIN_CONDITIONAL_NOEXCEPT(noexcept(T(other.value_))) = default;
+    SimplePropertyStorage(SimplePropertyStorage&& other) MIJIN_CONDITIONAL_NOEXCEPT(noexcept(T(std::move(other.value_)))) = default;
+    explicit SimplePropertyStorage(T value) MIJIN_CONDITIONAL_NOEXCEPT(noexcept(T(std::move(value)))) : value_(std::move(value)) {}
+
+    SimplePropertyStorage& operator=(const SimplePropertyStorage& other) MIJIN_CONDITIONAL_NOEXCEPT(noexcept(value_ = other.value_)) = default;
+    SimplePropertyStorage& operator=(SimplePropertyStorage&& other) MIJIN_CONDITIONAL_NOEXCEPT(noexcept(value_ = std::move(other.value_))) = default;
+
+    const T& getValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override { return value_; }
+    void setValue(T value) override { value_ = std::move(value); }
+};
+
+template<typename T, typename TGet = const T&, typename TSet = T>
+class Property
+{
+private:
+    using storage_t = PropertyStorage<T, TGet, TSet>;
+    using storage_ptr_t = std::unique_ptr<storage_t>;
+
+    storage_ptr_t storage_;
+public:
+    class PropertyProxy
+    {
+    private:
+        Property* base_;
+    public:
+        explicit PropertyProxy(Property* base) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : base_(base) {}
+
+        operator TGet() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_->get(); }
+        PropertyProxy& operator=(TSet value) MIJIN_CONDITIONAL_NOEXCEPT(noexcept(std::declval<T&>() = std::move(value)))
+        {
+            base_->set(std::move(value));
+            return *this;
+        }
+    };
+
+    Property() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    explicit Property(storage_ptr_t storage) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : storage_(std::move(storage)) {}
+    Property(Property&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    Property& operator=(Property&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    PropertyProxy operator*() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return PropertyProxy(this); }
+    std::remove_reference_t<TGet>* operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return &get(); }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] TGet get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(storage_ != nullptr, "Cannot get value from an unset property.");
+        return storage_->getValue();
+    }
+    void set(TSet value) MIJIN_CONDITIONAL_NOEXCEPT(noexcept(std::declval<T&>() = std::move(value)))
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(storage_ != nullptr, "Cannot set value of an unset property.");
+        storage_->setValue(std::move<TSet>(value));
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TStorage>
+Property(std::unique_ptr<TStorage>) -> Property<typename TStorage::value_t, typename TStorage::get_t, typename TStorage::set_t>;
+
+template<typename T>
+Property<T> makeSimpleProperty(T value) MIJIN_CONDITIONAL_NOEXCEPT(noexcept(std::declval<T&>() = std::move(value)))
+{
+    return Property(std::make_unique<SimplePropertyStorage<T>>(std::move(value)));
+}
+}
+
+#endif // MIJIN_UTIL_PROPERTY_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/util/scope_guard.hpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 #include <functional>
 #include "./common_macros.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 #define MIJIN_SCOPE_EXIT_NAMED(name) \
 const mijin::ScopeExitGuard name = [&]()
@@ -19,20 +20,20 @@ private:
     mutable std::function<void(void)> func; // variable is declared const to make clang-tidy happy, but we still want to be able to reset()
 public:
     template<typename TFunc>
-    inline ScopeExitGuard(TFunc&& func_) noexcept : func(std::forward<TFunc>(func_)) {}
+    inline ScopeExitGuard(TFunc&& func_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : func(std::forward<TFunc>(func_)) {}
-    ScopeExitGuard(const ScopeExitGuard&) noexcept = delete;
+    ScopeExitGuard(const ScopeExitGuard&) = delete;
-    ScopeExitGuard(ScopeExitGuard&&) noexcept = delete;
+    ScopeExitGuard(ScopeExitGuard&&) = delete;
-    inline ~ScopeExitGuard() noexcept
+    inline ~ScopeExitGuard() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         if (func) {
             func();
         }
     }
 
-    ScopeExitGuard& operator=(const ScopeExitGuard&) noexcept = delete;
+    ScopeExitGuard& operator=(const ScopeExitGuard&) = delete;
-    ScopeExitGuard& operator=(ScopeExitGuard&&) noexcept = delete;
+    ScopeExitGuard& operator=(ScopeExitGuard&&) = delete;
 
-    inline void reset() const noexcept
+    inline void reset() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         func = {};
     }

source/mijin/util/string.hpp

@@ -4,9 +4,19 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_STRING_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_UTIL_STRING_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <charconv>
 #include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <locale>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "./iterators.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -19,16 +29,29 @@ namespace mijin
 // public constants
 //
 
+//
+// public traits
+//
+
+template<typename TString>
+using char_type_t = decltype(std::string_view(std::declval<TString>()))::value_type;
+
 //
 // public types
 //
 
+struct SplitOptions
+{
+    std::size_t limitParts = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
+    bool ignoreEmpty = true;
+};
+
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
 template <typename TRange, typename TValue = typename TRange::value_type>
-std::string join(const TRange& elements, const char* const delimiter)
+[[nodiscard]] std::string join(const TRange& elements, const char* const delimiter)
 {
     std::ostringstream oss;
     auto first = std::begin(elements);
@@ -47,13 +70,330 @@ std::string join(const TRange& elements, const char* const delimiter)
     return oss.str();
 }
 
+namespace detail
+{
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TOutIterator>
+void splitImpl(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> stringView,
+               std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> separator,
+               const SplitOptions& options,
+               TOutIterator outIterator,
+               std::size_t& numEmitted)
+{
+    using sv_t = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits>;
+
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(options.limitParts > 0, "Cannot split to zero parts.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(!separator.empty(), "Separator cannot be empty.");
+
+    if (separator.empty())
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto emit = [&](std::string_view result)
+    {
+        *outIterator = result;
+        ++outIterator;
+        ++numEmitted;
+    };
+
+    if (options.limitParts <= 1)
+    {
+        emit(stringView);
+        return;
+    }
+    auto start = stringView.begin();
+    auto pos = start;
+    const auto end = stringView.end();
+
+    auto seperatorFound = [&]()
+    {
+        return pos <= (end - separator.size()) && sv_t(pos, pos + separator.size()) == separator;
+    };
+
+    while (pos != end)
+    {
+        if (seperatorFound())
+        {
+            if (!options.ignoreEmpty || pos != start)
+            {
+                emit(std::string_view(start, pos));
+            }
+            start = pos = (pos + separator.size());
+            if (numEmitted == options.limitParts - 1)
+            {
+                if (options.ignoreEmpty)
+                {
+                    while (seperatorFound())
+                    {
+                        pos += separator.size();
+                    }
+                }
+                emit(std::string_view(pos, end));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!options.ignoreEmpty && pos == end)
+            {
+                // skipped a separator at the very end, add an empty entry
+                emit("");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            ++pos;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (start != end)
+    {
+        emit(std::string_view(start, end));
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits>
+std::vector<std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits>> splitImpl(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> stringView,
+                                                              std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> separator,
+                                                              const SplitOptions& options)
+{
+    std::vector<std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits>> result;
+    std::size_t numEmitted = 0;
+    splitImpl(stringView, separator, options, std::back_inserter(result), numEmitted);
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+template<std::size_t count, typename TChar, typename TTraits>
+std::array<std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits>, count> splitFixedImpl(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> stringView,
+                                                                         std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> separator,
+                                                                         SplitOptions options,
+                                                                         std::size_t* outNumResults)
+{
+    options.limitParts = count;
+
+    std::array<std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits>, count> result;
+    std::size_t numEmitted = 0;
+    splitImpl(stringView, separator, options, result.begin(), numEmitted);
+    if (outNumResults != nullptr)
+    {
+        *outNumResults = numEmitted;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraitsA, typename TTraitsB>
+bool equalsIgnoreCaseImpl(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraitsA> stringA, std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraitsB> stringB) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (stringA.size() != stringB.size())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (const auto [charA, charB] : zip(stringA, stringB))
+    {
+        if (std::tolower(charA) != std::tolower(charB))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits>
+std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> trimPrefixImpl(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> stringView,
+                                                      std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> charsToTrim)
+{
+    stringView.remove_prefix(std::min(stringView.find_first_not_of(charsToTrim), stringView.size()));
+    return stringView;
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits>
+std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> trimSuffixImpl(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> stringView,
+                                                      std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> charsToTrim)
+{
+    stringView.remove_suffix(stringView.size() - std::min(stringView.find_last_not_of(charsToTrim) + 1, stringView.size()));
+    return stringView;
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits>
+std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> trimImpl(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> stringView,
+                                                std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> charsToTrim)
+{
+    return trimPrefixImpl(trimSuffixImpl(stringView, charsToTrim), charsToTrim);
+}
+
+template<typename TChar>
+static const std::array DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA = {TChar(' '), TChar('\t'), TChar('\r'), TChar('\n')};
+
+template<typename TChar>
+static const std::basic_string_view<TChar, std::char_traits<TChar>> DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS
+    = {DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.begin(), DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.end()};
+}
+
+template<typename TLeft, typename TRight>
+[[nodiscard]] auto split(TLeft&& stringView, TRight&& separator, const SplitOptions& options = {})
+{
+    return detail::splitImpl(std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TLeft>(stringView)),
+                             std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TRight>(separator)), options);
+}
+
+template<std::size_t count, typename TLeft, typename TRight>
+[[nodiscard]] auto splitFixed(TLeft&& stringView, TRight&& separator, SplitOptions options = {}, std::size_t* outNumResults = nullptr)
+{
+    return detail::splitFixedImpl<count>(std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TLeft>(stringView)),
+                                         std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TRight>(separator)), options, outNumResults);
+}
+
+template<typename TString, typename TChars>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto trimPrefix(TString&& string, TChars&& chars)
+{
+    return detail::trimPrefixImpl(std::string_view(std::forward<TString>(string)), std::string_view(std::forward<TChars>(chars)));
+}
+
+template<typename TString>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto trimPrefix(TString&& string)
+{
+    return trimPrefix(string, detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<char_type_t<TString>>);
+}
+
+template<typename TString, typename TChars>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto trimSuffix(TString&& string, TChars&& chars)
+{
+    return detail::trimSuffixImpl(std::string_view(std::forward<TString>(string)), std::string_view(std::forward<TChars>(chars)));
+}
+
+template<typename TString>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto trimSuffix(TString&& string)
+{
+    return trimSuffix(string, detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<char_type_t<TString>>);
+}
+
+template<typename TString, typename TChars>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto trim(TString&& string, TChars&& chars)
+{
+    return detail::trimImpl(std::string_view(std::forward<TString>(string)), std::string_view(std::forward<TChars>(chars)));
+}
+
+template<typename TString>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto trim(TString&& string)
+{
+    return trim(string, detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<char_type_t<TString>>);
+}
+
+template<typename TLeft, typename TRight>
+[[nodiscard]] bool equalsIgnoreCase(TLeft&& left, TRight&& right) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return detail::equalsIgnoreCaseImpl(std::string_view(left), std::string_view(right));
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator>
+constexpr void makeLower(std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>& string)
+{
+    std::transform(string.begin(), string.end(), string.begin(), [locale = std::locale()](TChar chr)
+    {
+        return std::tolower<TChar>(chr, locale);
+    });
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator>
+constexpr void makeUpper(std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>& string)
+{
+    std::transform(string.begin(), string.end(), string.begin(), [locale = std::locale()](TChar chr)
+    {
+        return std::toupper<TChar>(chr, locale);
+    });
+}
+
+template<typename... TArgs>
+[[nodiscard]]
+constexpr auto toLower(TArgs&&... args)
+{
+    std::basic_string string(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
+    makeLower(string);
+    return string;
+}
+
+template<typename... TArgs>
+[[nodiscard]]
+constexpr auto toUpper(TArgs&&... args)
+{
+    std::basic_string string(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
+    makeUpper(string);
+    return string;
+}
+
+
+template<std::integral TNumber>
+[[nodiscard]]
+constexpr bool toNumber(std::string_view stringView, TNumber& outNumber, int base = 10) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    const char* start = &*stringView.begin();
+    const char* end = start + stringView.size();
+    const std::from_chars_result res = std::from_chars(start, end, outNumber, base);
+    return res.ec == std::errc{} && res.ptr == end;
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, std::integral TNumber>
+[[nodiscard]]
+constexpr bool toNumber(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> stringView, TNumber& outNumber, int base = 10) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT requires (!std::is_same_v<TChar, char>)
+{
+    std::string asString;
+    asString.resize(stringView.size());
+    // should only contain number symbols, so just cast down to char
+    std::transform(stringView.begin(), stringView.end(), asString.begin(), [](TChar chr) { return static_cast<char>(chr); });
+    return toNumber(asString, outNumber, base);
+}
+
+template<std::floating_point TNumber>
+[[nodiscard]]
+constexpr bool toNumber(std::string_view stringView, TNumber& outNumber, std::chars_format fmt = std::chars_format::general) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    const char* start = &*stringView.begin();
+    const char* end = start + stringView.size();
+    const std::from_chars_result res = std::from_chars(start, end, outNumber, fmt);
+    return res.ec == std::errc{} && res.ptr == end;
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, std::floating_point TNumber>
+[[nodiscard]]
+constexpr bool toNumber(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> stringView, TNumber& outNumber, std::chars_format fmt = std::chars_format::general) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT requires (!std::is_same_v<TChar, char>)
+{
+    std::string asString;
+    asString.resize(stringView.size());
+    // should only contain number symbols, so just cast down to char
+    std::transform(stringView.begin(), stringView.end(), asString.begin(), [](TChar chr) { return static_cast<char>(chr); });
+    return toNumber(asString, outNumber, fmt);
+}
+
+template<typename TChar>
+[[nodiscard]]
+constexpr bool isDecimalChar(TChar chr) noexcept
+{
+    return (chr >= TChar('0') && chr <= TChar('9'));
+}
+
+template<typename TChar>
+[[nodiscard]]
+constexpr bool isHexadecimalChar(TChar chr) noexcept
+{
+    return isDecimalChar(chr)
+        || (chr >= TChar('A') && chr <= TChar('F'))
+        || (chr >= TChar('a') && chr <= TChar('f'));
+}
+
 namespace pipe
 {
 struct Join
 {
     const char* delimiter;
 
-    explicit Join(const char* delimiter_) noexcept : delimiter(delimiter_) {}
+    explicit Join(const char* delimiter_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : delimiter(delimiter_) {}
 };
 
 template<typename TIterable>
@@ -62,7 +402,6 @@ auto operator|(TIterable&& iterable, const Join& joiner)
     return join(std::forward<TIterable>(iterable), joiner.delimiter);
 }
 }
-
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_STRING_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/traits.hpp

@@ -112,6 +112,42 @@ struct is_type_member<TElement, TCollection<Ts...>>
 template<typename TElement, typename TCollection>
 constexpr bool is_type_member_v = is_type_member<TElement, TCollection>::value;
 
+template<typename TFrom, typename TTo>
+using copy_const_t = std::conditional_t<std::is_const_v<TFrom>, std::add_const_t<TTo>, std::remove_const_t<TTo>>;
+
+template<typename TFrom, typename TTo>
+using copy_volatile_t = std::conditional_t<std::is_volatile_v<TFrom>, std::add_volatile_t<TTo>, std::remove_volatile_t<TTo>>;
+
+template<typename TFrom, typename TTo>
+using copy_cv_t = copy_const_t<TFrom, copy_volatile_t<TFrom, TTo>>;
+
+template<typename TActual, typename TDelay>
+using delay_type_t = TActual;
+
+
+template<std::size_t I, typename TArg, typename... TArgs>
+struct TypeAtHelper
+{
+    using type_t = typename TypeAtHelper<I-1, TArgs...>::type_t;
+};
+
+template<typename TArg, typename... TArgs>
+struct TypeAtHelper<0, TArg, TArgs...>
+{
+    using type_t = TArg;
+};
+template<std::size_t I, typename... TArgs>
+using type_at_t = TypeAtHelper<I, TArgs...>::type_t;
+
+template<template<typename...> typename TTemplate, typename TType>
+struct is_template_instance : std::false_type {};
+
+template<template<typename...> typename TTemplate, typename... TArgs>
+struct is_template_instance<TTemplate, TTemplate<TArgs...>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template<template<typename...> typename TTemplate, typename TType>
+constexpr bool is_template_instance_v = is_template_instance<TTemplate, TType>::value; 
+
 //
 // public functions
 //

source/mijin/util/variant.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_VARIANT_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_UTIL_VARIANT_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <variant>
+#include "./traits.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+//
+// public traits
+//
+
+template<typename TSearch, typename TVariant>
+inline constexpr bool variant_contains_v = false;
+
+template<typename TSearch, typename... TVariantTypes>
+inline constexpr bool variant_contains_v<TSearch, std::variant<TVariantTypes...>> = mijin::is_any_type_v<TSearch, TVariantTypes...>;
+
+//
+// public types
+//
+template<typename... TCallable>
+struct Visitor : TCallable ...
+{
+    using TCallable::operator()...;
+};
+}
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_VARIANT_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/winerr.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_WINERR_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_UTIL_WINERR_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <format>
+
+#include <windows.h>
+#include "./winundef.hpp"
+
+#include "./exception.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+//
+// public types
+//
+
+class HRException : public Exception
+{
+private:
+    HRESULT hResult_;
+public:
+    explicit inline HRException(HRESULT hResult);
+    inline HRException(std::string_view message, HRESULT hResult);
+};
+
+//
+// public functions
+//
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+inline std::string getHResultMessage(HRESULT hResult)
+{
+    if (hResult == S_OK)
+    {
+        return "Success (0x0)";
+    }
+    return std::format("Unknown error (0x{:x}", hResult);
+}
+
+inline HRESULT ensureHR(HRESULT hResult, std::string_view message = {})
+{
+    if (!SUCCEEDED(hResult))
+    {
+        if (message.empty())
+        {
+            throw HRException(hResult);
+        }
+        throw HRException(message, hResult);
+    }
+    return hResult;
+}
+
+HRException::HRException(HRESULT hResult) : Exception(getHResultMessage(hResult)), hResult_(hResult)
+{
+
+}
+
+HRException::HRException(std::string_view message, HRESULT hResult)
+    : Exception(std::format("{} {}", message, getHResultMessage(hResult))), hResult_(hResult)
+{
+
+}
+}
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_WINERR_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/winundef.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+#if defined(NEAR)
+#undef NEAR
+#endif
+
+#if defined(FAR)
+#undef FAR
+#endif
+
+#if defined(ERROR)
+#undef ERROR
+#endif
+
+#if defined(IGNORE)
+#undef IGNORE
+#endif
+
+#if defined(ABSOLUTE)
+#undef ABSOLUTE
+#endif
+
+#if defined(RELATIVE)
+#undef RELATIVE
+#endif

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/filesystem.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 
 #include "./filesystem.hpp"
 
+#include "../platform/folders.hpp"
+
 namespace mijin
 {
 
@@ -28,23 +30,16 @@ namespace mijin
 // public functions
 //
 
-std::vector<fs::path> OSFileSystemAdapter::getRoots()
-{
-    return {
-        "/" // TODO: other OSs
-    };
-}
-
 fs::path OSFileSystemAdapter::getHomeFolder()
 {
-    return "/home/mewin"; // very TODO
+    return getKnownFolder(KnownFolder::USER_HOME);
 }
 
 std::vector<FileInfo> OSFileSystemAdapter::listFiles(const fs::path& folder)
 {
     std::vector<FileInfo> entries;
     std::error_code err;
-    fs::directory_iterator iterator(folder, fs::directory_options::skip_permission_denied, err);
+    const fs::directory_iterator iterator(folder, fs::directory_options::skip_permission_denied, err);
     if (err) {
         return {}; // TODO: propagate?
     }
@@ -57,18 +52,24 @@ std::vector<FileInfo> OSFileSystemAdapter::listFiles(const fs::path& folder)
         info.isSymlink = entry.is_symlink(err);
         info.isSpecial = !info.isFolder && !entry.is_regular_file(err);
         info.isHidden = info.path.filename().string().starts_with('.'); // at least for Linux
-        if (info.isFolder) {
+        if (info.isFolder)
-            try {
+        {
-                info.size = std::distance(fs::directory_iterator(info.path), fs::directory_iterator());
+            std::error_code errorCode;
+            fs::directory_iterator dirIt(info.path, errorCode);
+            if (errorCode != std::error_code{})
+            {
+                info.size = std::distance(dirIt, fs::directory_iterator());
             }
-            catch(std::runtime_error&) {
+            else
+            {
                 info.size = 0;
             }
         }
         else if (!info.isSpecial)
         {
             info.size = entry.file_size(err);
-            if (err) {
+            if (err)
+            {
                 info.size = 0;
             }
         }
@@ -89,10 +90,12 @@ FileInfo OSFileSystemAdapter::getFileInfo(const fs::path& file)
         info.isSpecial = !info.isFolder && !fs::is_regular_file(file, err);
         info.isHidden = info.path.filename().string().starts_with('.'); // at least for Linux
         if (info.isFolder) {
-            try {
+            MIJIN_TRY
+            {
                 info.size = std::distance(fs::directory_iterator(info.path), fs::directory_iterator());
             }
-            catch(std::runtime_error&) {
+            MIJIN_CATCH(std::runtime_error&)
+            {
                 info.size = 0;
             }
         }
@@ -107,6 +110,11 @@ FileInfo OSFileSystemAdapter::getFileInfo(const fs::path& file)
     return info;
 }
 
+Optional<fs::path> OSFileSystemAdapter::getNativePath(const fs::path& file)
+{
+    return file;
+}
+
 StreamError OSFileSystemAdapter::open(const fs::path& path, FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream)
 {
     const std::string pathStr = path.string();

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/filesystem.hpp

@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
+#include "../container/optional.hpp"
 #include "../io/stream.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../util/hash.hpp"
 
 namespace fs = std::filesystem;
 
@@ -40,25 +43,65 @@ struct FileInfo
     bool isHidden : 1 = false;
 };
 
+// basically just a thin wrapper around adapter + path, for utility
+class PathReference
+{
+private:
+    class FileSystemAdapter* adapter_ = nullptr;
+    fs::path path_ = {};
+public:
+    PathReference() = default;
+    PathReference(const PathReference&) = default;
+    PathReference(PathReference&&) = default;
+    PathReference(class FileSystemAdapter* adapter, fs::path path) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : adapter_(adapter), path_(std::move(path)) {}
+
+    PathReference& operator=(const PathReference&) = default;
+    PathReference& operator=(PathReference&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    auto operator<=>(const PathReference& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return adapter_ == nullptr; }
+    [[nodiscard]] class FileSystemAdapter* getAdapter() const noexcept { return adapter_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] const fs::path& getPath() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return path_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] inline FileInfo getInfo() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] inline Optional<fs::path> getNativePath() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] inline StreamError open(FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream) const;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    PathReference operator/(const fs::path& more) const
+    {
+        return PathReference(adapter_, path_ / more);
+    }
+};
+
 class FileSystemAdapter
 {
 public:
     virtual ~FileSystemAdapter() = default;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::vector<fs::path> getRoots() = 0;
     [[nodiscard]] virtual fs::path getHomeFolder() = 0;
     [[nodiscard]] virtual std::vector<FileInfo> listFiles(const fs::path& folder) = 0;
     [[nodiscard]] virtual FileInfo getFileInfo(const fs::path& file) = 0;
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual Optional<fs::path> getNativePath(const fs::path& /* file */) { return NULL_OPTIONAL; }
     [[nodiscard]] virtual StreamError open(const fs::path& path, FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream) = 0;
+    virtual void getAllPaths(const fs::path& path, std::vector<PathReference>& outPaths) { outPaths.push_back(getPath(path)); }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] PathReference getPath(fs::path path) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return PathReference(this, std::move(path)); }
+    [[nodiscard]] std::vector<PathReference> getAllPaths(const fs::path& path)
+    {
+        std::vector<PathReference> paths;
+        getAllPaths(path, paths);
+        return paths;
+    }
 };
 
 class OSFileSystemAdapter : public FileSystemAdapter
 {
 public:
-    std::vector<fs::path> getRoots() override;
     fs::path getHomeFolder() override;
     std::vector<FileInfo> listFiles(const fs::path& folder) override;
     FileInfo getFileInfo(const fs::path& file) override;
+    Optional<fs::path> getNativePath(const fs::path& file) override;
     StreamError open(const fs::path& path, FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream) override;
 
     static OSFileSystemAdapter& getInstance();
@@ -68,6 +111,21 @@ public:
 // public functions
 //
 
+inline FileInfo PathReference::getInfo() const
+{
+    return adapter_->getFileInfo(path_);
+}
+
+Optional<fs::path> PathReference::getNativePath() const
+{
+    return adapter_->getNativePath(path_);
+}
+
+inline StreamError PathReference::open(FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream) const
+{
+    return adapter_->open(path_, mode, outStream);
+}
+
 inline std::string formatFileType(const FileInfo& info)
 {
     if (info.isFolder) {
@@ -100,6 +158,42 @@ inline std::string formatFileSize(std::size_t sizeInBytes)
     return oss.str();
 }
 
+namespace vfs_pipe
+{
+template<typename TReal, typename TAdapter = FileSystemAdapter>
+struct Builder
+{
+    using adapter_t = TAdapter;
+
+    operator std::unique_ptr<FileSystemAdapter>()
+    {
+        return static_cast<TReal&>(*this).build();
+    }
+};
+
+struct OSBuilder : Builder<OSBuilder, OSFileSystemAdapter>
+{
+    std::unique_ptr<OSFileSystemAdapter> build()
+    {
+        return std::make_unique<OSFileSystemAdapter>();
+    }
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+inline OSBuilder os() noexcept { return {}; }
+}
 } // namespace mijin
 
+template<>
+struct std::hash<mijin::PathReference>
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(const mijin::PathReference& pathRef) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        std::size_t hash = 0;
+        mijin::hashCombine(hash, pathRef.getAdapter());
+        mijin::hashCombine(hash, pathRef.getPath());
+        return hash;
+    }
+};
+
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_VIRTUAL_FILESYSTEM_FILESYSTEM_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/mapping.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_VIRTUAL_FILESYSTEM_MAPPING_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_VIRTUAL_FILESYSTEM_MAPPING_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include "./filesystem.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+//
+// public defines
+//
+
+//
+// public constants
+//
+
+//
+// public types
+//
+
+template<typename TWrapped>
+class MappingFileSystemAdapter : public FileSystemAdapter
+{
+private:
+    TWrapped wrapped_;
+    fs::path root_;
+public:
+    template<typename... TArgs>
+    explicit MappingFileSystemAdapter(fs::path root, TArgs&&... args)
+            : wrapped_(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...), root_(std::move(root)) {}
+    MappingFileSystemAdapter(const MappingFileSystemAdapter&) = default;
+    MappingFileSystemAdapter(MappingFileSystemAdapter&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    MappingFileSystemAdapter& operator=(const MappingFileSystemAdapter&) = default;
+    MappingFileSystemAdapter& operator=(MappingFileSystemAdapter&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    fs::path getHomeFolder() override;
+    std::vector<FileInfo> listFiles(const fs::path& folder) override;
+    FileInfo getFileInfo(const fs::path& file) override;
+    Optional<fs::path> getNativePath(const fs::path& file) override;
+    StreamError open(const fs::path& path, FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream) override;
+private:
+    bool adjustPath(fs::path& path) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+};
+
+//
+// public functions
+//
+
+template<typename TWrapped>
+fs::path MappingFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::getHomeFolder()
+{
+    return "/";
+}
+
+template<typename TWrapped>
+std::vector<FileInfo> MappingFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::listFiles(const fs::path& folder)
+{
+    fs::path adjusted = folder;
+    if (!adjustPath(adjusted))
+    {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    std::vector<FileInfo> result;
+    result = wrapped_.listFiles(adjusted);
+    for (FileInfo& fileInfo : result)
+    {
+        if (fileInfo.path.is_absolute())
+        {
+            fileInfo.path = fs::relative(fileInfo.path, "/");
+        }
+        fileInfo.path = root_ / fileInfo.path;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+template<typename TWrapped>
+FileInfo MappingFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::getFileInfo(const fs::path& file)
+{
+    fs::path adjusted = file;
+    if (!adjustPath(adjusted))
+    {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    return wrapped_.getFileInfo(adjusted);
+}
+
+template<typename TWrapped>
+Optional<fs::path> MappingFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::getNativePath(const fs::path& file)
+{
+    fs::path adjusted = file;
+    if (!adjustPath(adjusted))
+    {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    return wrapped_.getNativePath(adjusted);
+}
+
+template<typename TWrapped>
+StreamError MappingFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::open(const fs::path& path, FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream)
+{
+    fs::path adjusted = path;
+    if (!adjustPath(adjusted))
+    {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    return wrapped_.open(adjusted, mode, outStream);
+}
+
+template<typename TWrapped>
+bool MappingFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::adjustPath(fs::path& path) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (path.empty() || *path.generic_string().c_str() != '/')
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // checks whether path starts with root
+    auto [itRoot, itPath] = std::mismatch(root_.begin(), root_.end(), path.begin(), path.end());
+    if (itRoot != root_.end())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::error_code error;
+    fs::path wrapped = fs::relative(path, root_, error);
+
+    if (wrapped.empty() || error)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    path = std::move(wrapped);
+    return true;
+}
+
+namespace vfs_pipe
+{
+template<typename TBase>
+struct MappingBuilder : Builder<MappingBuilder<TBase>, MappingFileSystemAdapter<typename TBase::adapter_t>>
+{
+    fs::path root;
+    TBase base;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<MappingFileSystemAdapter<typename TBase::adapter_t>> build()
+    {
+        return std::make_unique<MappingFileSystemAdapter<typename TBase::adapter_t>>(root, std::move(*base.build()));
+    }
+};
+
+struct MappingOptions
+{
+    fs::path root;
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+inline MappingOptions map_to(fs::path root) noexcept
+{
+    return {.root = std::move(root) };
+}
+
+template<typename TBase>
+[[nodiscard]]
+MappingBuilder<TBase> operator|(TBase other, MappingOptions options) noexcept
+{
+    return {.root = std::move(options.root), .base = std::move(other) };
+}
+}
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_VIRTUAL_FILESYSTEM_MAPPING_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/relative.hpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #define MIJIN_VIRTUAL_FILESYSTEM_RELATIVE_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
 #include "./filesystem.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -32,28 +33,24 @@ public:
     explicit RelativeFileSystemAdapter(fs::path root, TArgs&&... args)
         : wrapped_(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...), root_(std::move(root)) {}
     RelativeFileSystemAdapter(const RelativeFileSystemAdapter&) = default;
-    RelativeFileSystemAdapter(RelativeFileSystemAdapter&&) noexcept = default;
+    RelativeFileSystemAdapter(RelativeFileSystemAdapter&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
     RelativeFileSystemAdapter& operator=(const RelativeFileSystemAdapter&) = default;
-    RelativeFileSystemAdapter& operator=(RelativeFileSystemAdapter&&) noexcept = default;
+    RelativeFileSystemAdapter& operator=(RelativeFileSystemAdapter&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 
-    std::vector<fs::path> getRoots() override;
     fs::path getHomeFolder() override;
     std::vector<FileInfo> listFiles(const fs::path& folder) override;
     FileInfo getFileInfo(const fs::path& file) override;
+    Optional<fs::path> getNativePath(const fs::path& file) override;
     StreamError open(const fs::path& path, FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream) override;
+private:
+    fs::path appendPath(const fs::path& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 };
 
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
-template<typename TWrapped>
-std::vector<fs::path> RelativeFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::getRoots()
-{
-    return { root_ };
-}
-
 template<typename TWrapped>
 fs::path RelativeFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::getHomeFolder()
 {
@@ -63,7 +60,9 @@ fs::path RelativeFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::getHomeFolder()
 template<typename TWrapped>
 std::vector<FileInfo> RelativeFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::listFiles(const fs::path& folder)
 {
-    std::vector<FileInfo> result = wrapped_.listFiles(root_ / folder);
+    std::vector<FileInfo> result;
+
+    result = wrapped_.listFiles(appendPath(folder));
     for (FileInfo& fileInfo : result) {
         fileInfo.path = "/" / fileInfo.path.lexically_relative(root_);
     }
@@ -73,15 +72,66 @@ std::vector<FileInfo> RelativeFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::listFiles(const fs::p
 template<typename TWrapped>
 FileInfo RelativeFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::getFileInfo(const fs::path& file)
 {
-    return wrapped_.getFileInfo(root_ / file);
+    return wrapped_.getFileInfo(appendPath(file));
+}
+
+template<typename TWrapped>
+Optional<fs::path> RelativeFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::getNativePath(const fs::path& file)
+{
+    return wrapped_.getNativePath(appendPath(file));
 }
 
 template<typename TWrapped>
 StreamError RelativeFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::open(const fs::path& path, FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream)
 {
-    return wrapped_.open(root_ / path, mode, outStream);
+    return wrapped_.open(appendPath(path), mode, outStream);
 }
 
+template<typename TWrapped>
+fs::path RelativeFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::appendPath(const fs::path& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    fs::path combinedPath = root_;
+    if (other.is_absolute()) {
+        combinedPath += other;
+    }
+    else {
+        combinedPath /= other;
+    }
+    return combinedPath;
+}
+
+namespace vfs_pipe
+{
+template<typename TBase>
+struct RelativeBuilder : Builder<RelativeBuilder<TBase>, RelativeFileSystemAdapter<typename TBase::adapter_t>>
+{
+    fs::path root;
+    TBase base;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<RelativeFileSystemAdapter<typename TBase::adapter_t>> build()
+    {
+        return std::make_unique<RelativeFileSystemAdapter<typename TBase::adapter_t>>(root, std::move(*base.build()));
+    }
+};
+
+struct RelativeOptions
+{
+    fs::path root;
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+inline RelativeOptions relative_to(fs::path root) noexcept
+{
+    return {.root = std::move(root) };
+}
+
+template<typename TBase>
+[[nodiscard]]
+RelativeBuilder<TBase> operator|(TBase other, RelativeOptions options) noexcept
+{
+    return {.root = std::move(options.root), .base = std::move(other) };
+}
+}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_VIRTUAL_FILESYSTEM_RELATIVE_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/stacked.cpp

@@ -30,24 +30,6 @@ namespace mijin
 // public functions
 //
 
-std::vector<fs::path> StackedFileSystemAdapter::getRoots()
-{
-    std::vector<fs::path> roots;
-
-    for (auto& adapter : adapters_)
-    {
-        for (const fs::path& root : adapter->getRoots())
-        {
-            auto it = std::find(roots.begin(), roots.end(), root);
-            if (it == roots.end()) {
-                roots.push_back(root);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    return roots;
-}
-
 fs::path StackedFileSystemAdapter::getHomeFolder()
 {
     if (adapters_.empty()) {
@@ -68,7 +50,7 @@ std::vector<FileInfo> StackedFileSystemAdapter::listFiles(const fs::path& folder
             {
                 return existing.path == file.path;
             });
-            if (it != files.end()) {
+            if (it == files.end()) {
                 files.push_back(file);
             }
         }
@@ -90,16 +72,52 @@ FileInfo StackedFileSystemAdapter::getFileInfo(const fs::path& file)
     return {};
 }
 
-StreamError StackedFileSystemAdapter::open(const fs::path& path, FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream)
+Optional<fs::path> StackedFileSystemAdapter::getNativePath(const fs::path& file)
 {
     for (auto& adapter : adapters_)
     {
-        FileInfo fileInfo = adapter->getFileInfo(path);
+        Optional<fs::path> result = adapter->getNativePath(file);
-        if (fileInfo.exists) {
+        if (!result.empty())
+        {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL_OPTIONAL;
+}
+
+StreamError StackedFileSystemAdapter::open(const fs::path& path, FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream)
+{
+    // try to open existing files first
+    for (auto& adapter : adapters_)
+    {
+        const FileInfo fileInfo = adapter->getFileInfo(path);
+        if (fileInfo.exists)
+        {
             return adapter->open(path, mode, outStream);
         }
     }
+
+    // if that doesn't work we attempt to write, try creating it
+    if (mode == FileOpenMode::WRITE || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE)
+    {
+        for (auto& adapter : adapters_)
+        {
+            const StreamError error = adapter->open(path, mode, outStream);
+            if (error == StreamError::SUCCESS)
+            {
+                return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+            }
+        }
+    }
     return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
 }
 
+void StackedFileSystemAdapter::getAllPaths(const fs::path& path, std::vector<PathReference>& outPaths)
+{
+    for (auto& adapter : adapters_)
+    {
+        adapter->getAllPaths(path, outPaths);
+    }
+}
+
 } // namespace mijin

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/stacked.hpp

@@ -28,11 +28,13 @@ class StackedFileSystemAdapter : public FileSystemAdapter
 private:
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<FileSystemAdapter>> adapters_;
 public:
-    std::vector<fs::path> getRoots() override;
     fs::path getHomeFolder() override;
     std::vector<FileInfo> listFiles(const fs::path& folder) override;
     FileInfo getFileInfo(const fs::path& file) override;
+    Optional<fs::path> getNativePath(const fs::path& file) override;
     StreamError open(const fs::path& path, FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream) override;
+    void getAllPaths(const fs::path &path, std::vector<PathReference> &outPaths) override;
+    using FileSystemAdapter::getAllPaths;
 
     inline void addAdapter(std::unique_ptr<FileSystemAdapter>&& adapter) {
         adapters_.push_back(std::move(adapter));