Fixed compilation using GCC due to duplicate template parameter name.

Made throwOnError() throw Exception instead of std::runtime_error.

LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 Patrick Wuttke
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

LibConf

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-
-Import('env')
-
-mijin_sources = Split("""
-    source/mijin/async/coroutine.cpp
-    source/mijin/debug/stacktrace.cpp
-    source/mijin/debug/symbol_info.cpp
-    source/mijin/io/process.cpp
-    source/mijin/io/stream.cpp
-    source/mijin/net/http.cpp
-    source/mijin/net/ip.cpp
-    source/mijin/net/socket.cpp
-    source/mijin/util/os.cpp
-    source/mijin/types/name.cpp
-    source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/filesystem.cpp
-    source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/stacked.cpp
-""")
-
-dependencies = []
-if env['COMPILER_FAMILY'] in ('gcc', 'clang'):
-	lib_libbacktrace = env.Cook('libbacktrace')
-	dependencies.append(lib_libbacktrace)
-
-cppdefines = []
-if env['BUILD_TYPE'] == 'debug':
-    cppdefines += ['MIJIN_DEBUG=1', 'MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS=1']
-
-
-lib_mijin = env.UnityStaticLibrary(
-    target = env['LIB_DIR']  + '/mijin',
-    source = mijin_sources,
-    dependencies = dependencies,
-    CPPDEFINES = list(env['CPPDEFINES']) + cppdefines
-)
-
-LIB_CONFIG = {
-    'CPPPATH': [env.Dir('source')],
-    'CPPDEFINES': cppdefines,
-    'DEPENDENCIES': [lib_mijin]
-}
-
-Return('LIB_CONFIG')

SModule

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ mijin_sources = Split("""
     source/mijin/util/os.cpp
     source/mijin/types/name.cpp
     source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/filesystem.cpp
+    source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/memory.cpp
     source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/stacked.cpp
 """)
 

source/mijin/async/boxed_signal.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_ASYNC_BOXED_SIGNAL_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_ASYNC_BOXED_SIGNAL_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./signal.hpp"
+#include "../container/boxed_object.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+//
+// public defines
+//
+
+//
+// public constants
+//
+
+//
+// public types
+//
+
+
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
+class BaseBoxedSignal : private BoxedObject<BaseSignal<TAllocator, TArgs...>>
+{
+private:
+    using base_t = BoxedObject<BaseSignal<TAllocator, TArgs...>>;
+public:
+    using base_t::construct;
+    using base_t::destroy;
+    using base_t::moveTo;
+
+    MIJIN_BOXED_PROXY_FUNC(connect)
+    MIJIN_BOXED_PROXY_FUNC(disconnect)
+    MIJIN_BOXED_PROXY_FUNC(emit)
+};
+
+template<typename... TArgs>
+using BoxedSignal = BaseBoxedSignal<MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR, TArgs...>;
+
+//
+// public functions
+//
+
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_ASYNC_BOXED_SIGNAL_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/async/coroutine.cpp

@@ -26,205 +26,15 @@ namespace mijin
 
 namespace impl
 {
-thread_local TaskLoop::StoredTask* gCurrentTask = nullptr;
+thread_local std::shared_ptr<TaskSharedState> gCurrentTaskState;
 }
 
 //
 // internal functions
 //
 
-void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::managerThread(std::stop_token stopToken) // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
-{
-    setCurrentThreadName("Task Manager");
-
-    while (!stopToken.stop_requested())
-    {
-        // first clear out any parked tasks that are actually finished
-        auto itRem = std::remove_if(parkedTasks_.begin(), parkedTasks_.end(), [](StoredTask& task) {
-            return !task.task || task.task->status() == TaskStatus::FINISHED;
-        });
-        parkedTasks_.erase(itRem, parkedTasks_.end());
-
-        // then try to push any task from the buffer into the queue, if possible
-        for (auto it = parkedTasks_.begin(); it != parkedTasks_.end();)
-        {
-            if (!it->task->canResume())
-            {
-                ++it;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (readyTasks_.tryPushMaybeMove(*it)) {
-                it = parkedTasks_.erase(it);
-            }
-            else {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // then clear the incoming task queue
-        while (true)
-        {
-            std::optional<StoredTask> task = queuedTasks_.tryPop();
-            if (!task.has_value()) {
-                break;
-            }
-            
-            // try to directly move it into the next queue
-            if (readyTasks_.tryPushMaybeMove(*task)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // otherwise park it
-            parkedTasks_.push_back(std::move(*task));
-        }
-
-        // next collect tasks returning from the worker threads
-        while (true)
-        {
-            std::optional<StoredTask> task = returningTasks_.tryPop();
-            if (!task.has_value()) {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            if (task->task == nullptr || task->task->status() == TaskStatus::FINISHED) {
-                continue; // task has been transferred or finished
-            }
-
-            if (task->task->canResume() && readyTasks_.tryPushMaybeMove(*task)) {
-                continue; // instantly resume, no questions asked
-            }
-
-            // otherwise park it for future processing
-            parkedTasks_.push_back(std::move(*task));
-        }
-
-        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
-    }
-}
-
-void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::workerThread(std::stop_token stopToken, std::size_t workerId) // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-value-param)
-{
-    currentLoopStorage() = this; // forever (on this thread)
-    
-    std::array<char, 16> threadName;
-    (void) std::snprintf(threadName.data(), 16, "Task Worker %lu", static_cast<unsigned long>(workerId));
-    setCurrentThreadName(threadName.data());
-
-    while (!stopToken.stop_requested())
-    {
-        // try to fetch a task to run
-        std::optional<StoredTask> task = readyTasks_.tryPop();
-        if (!task.has_value())
-        {
-            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // run it
-        impl::gCurrentTask = &*task;
-        tickTask(*task);
-        impl::gCurrentTask = nullptr;
-
-        // and give it back
-        returningTasks_.push(std::move(*task));
-    }
-}
-
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
-void SimpleTaskLoop::transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-{
-    assertCorrectThread();
-
-    if (&otherLoop == this) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(currentTask_ != tasks_.end(), "Trying to call transferCurrentTask() while not running a task!");
-
-    // now start the transfer, first disown the task
-    StoredTask storedTask = std::move(*currentTask_);
-    currentTask_->task = nullptr; // just to be sure
-
-    // then send it over to the other loop
-    otherLoop.addStoredTask(std::move(storedTask));
-}
-
-void SimpleTaskLoop::addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-{
-    storedTask.task->setLoop(this);
-    if (threadId_ == std::thread::id() || threadId_ == std::this_thread::get_id())
-    {
-        // same thread, just copy it over
-        if (currentLoopStorage() != nullptr) {
-            // currently running, can't append to tasks_ directly
-            newTasks_.push_back(std::move(storedTask));
-        }
-        else {
-            tasks_.push_back(std::move(storedTask));
-        }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        // other thread, better be safe
-        queuedTasks_.push(std::move(storedTask));
-    }
-}
-
-std::size_t SimpleTaskLoop::getActiveTasks() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-{
-    std::size_t sum = 0;
-    for (const StoredTask& task : mijin::chain(tasks_, newTasks_))
-    {
-        const TaskStatus status = task.task ? task.task->status() : TaskStatus::FINISHED;
-        if (status == TaskStatus::SUSPENDED || status == TaskStatus::RUNNING)
-        {
-            ++sum;
-        }
-    }
-    return sum;
-}
-
-void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::transferCurrentTask(TaskLoop& otherLoop) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-{
-    if (&otherLoop == this) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(impl::gCurrentTask != nullptr, "Trying to call transferCurrentTask() while not running a task!");
-
-    // now start the transfer, first disown the task
-    StoredTask storedTask = std::move(*impl::gCurrentTask);
-    impl::gCurrentTask->task = nullptr; // just to be sure
-
-    // then send it over to the other loop
-    otherLoop.addStoredTask(std::move(storedTask));
-}
-
-void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::addStoredTask(StoredTask&& storedTask) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-{
-    storedTask.task->setLoop(this);
-    
-    // just assume we are not on the manager thread, as that wouldn't make sense
-    queuedTasks_.push(std::move(storedTask));
-}
-
-void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::start(std::size_t numWorkerThreads)
-{
-    managerThread_ = std::jthread([this](std::stop_token stopToken) { managerThread(std::move(stopToken)); });
-    workerThreads_.reserve(numWorkerThreads);
-    for (std::size_t workerId = 0; workerId < numWorkerThreads; ++workerId) {
-        workerThreads_.emplace_back([this, workerId](std::stop_token stopToken) { workerThread(std::move(stopToken), workerId); });
-    }
-}
-
-void MultiThreadedTaskLoop::stop()
-{
-    workerThreads_.clear(); // will also set the stop token
-    managerThread_ = {}; // this too
-}
-
 } // namespace mijin

source/mijin/async/future.hpp

@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_ASYNC_FUTURE_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_ASYNC_FUTURE_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
-#include <optional>
+#include <exception>
 #include <memory>
+#include <optional>
+#include <tuple>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include "./signal.hpp"
 #include "../container/optional.hpp"
@@ -26,47 +28,118 @@ namespace mijin
 //
 // public types
 //
-template<typename TValue>
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR, bool exceptions = false>
 class Future;
 
 // TODO: add support for mutexes and waiting for futures
 namespace impl
 {
-template<typename TValue>
+template<typename TValue, bool exceptions>
 struct FutureStorage
 {
     Optional<TValue> value;
 
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool hasValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !value.empty();
+    }
+
     void setValue(TValue value_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { value = std::move(value_); }
     [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return value.get(); }
 
 };
 
-// template<typename TValue>
+template<>
-// struct FutureStorage<TValue&>
+struct FutureStorage<void, false>
-// {
+{
-//     Optional<TValue*> value;
+    bool isSet = false;
-//
+
-//     void setValue(TValue& value_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { value = &value_; }
+    [[nodiscard]]
-//     [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return *value.get(); }
+    bool hasValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-// };
+    {
+        return isSet;
+    }
+    void setValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        isSet = true;
+    }
+    void getValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
+};
+
+#if MIJIN_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS
+template<typename TValue>
+struct FutureStorage<TValue, true>
+{
+    Optional<TValue> value;
+    std::exception_ptr exception;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool hasValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (exception) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return !value.empty();
+    }
+
+    void setException(std::exception_ptr exc) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        exception = std::move(exc);
+    }
+    void setValue(TValue value_) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { value = std::move(value_); }
+    [[nodiscard]] TValue& getValue()
+    {
+        if (exception) {
+            std::rethrow_exception(exception);
+        }
+        return value.get();
+    }
+
+};
 
 template<>
-struct FutureStorage<void>
+struct FutureStorage<void, true>
 {
+    bool isSet = false;
+    std::exception_ptr exception;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool hasValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (exception) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return isSet;
+    }
+    void setException(std::exception_ptr exc) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        exception = std::move(exc);
+    }
+    void setValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        isSet = true;
+    }
+    void getValue()
+    {
+        if (exception) {
+            std::rethrow_exception(exception);
+        }
+    }
 };
+#endif
 } // namespace impl
 
-template<typename TValue>
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator, bool exceptions>
 class Future
 {
 private:
-    impl::FutureStorage<TValue> value_;
+    impl::FutureStorage<TValue, exceptions> value_;
-    bool isSet_ = false;
 public:
     Future() = default;
     Future(const Future&) = delete;
     Future(Future&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    explicit Future(TAllocator<void> allocator) : sigSet(std::move(allocator)) {}
 public:
     Future& operator=(const Future&) = delete;
     Future& operator=(Future&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
@@ -78,10 +151,12 @@ public:
     constexpr bool operator!() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !ready(); }
 public: // access
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr decltype(auto) get() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    constexpr decltype(auto) get() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(!exceptions)
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(isSet_, "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(ready(), "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
-        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>) {
+        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
+        {
+            value_.getValue(); // in case of exceptions
             return;
         }
         else {
@@ -89,10 +164,12 @@ public: // access
         }
     }
     [[nodiscard]]
-    constexpr decltype(auto) get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    constexpr decltype(auto) get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(!exceptions)
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(isSet_, "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(ready(), "Attempting to get from future that is not ready.");
-        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>) {
+        if constexpr(std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
+        {
+            value_.getValue(); // in case of exceptions
             return;
         }
         else {
@@ -102,22 +179,22 @@ public: // access
     [[nodiscard]]
     constexpr bool ready() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
-        return isSet_;
+        return value_.hasValue();
     }
 public: // modification
     template<typename TArg> requires (!std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
     constexpr void set(TArg&& value) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(!isSet_, "Trying to set a future twice!");
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!ready(), "Trying to set a future twice!");
         value_.setValue(std::move(value));
-        isSet_ = true;
         sigSet.emit();
     }
     constexpr void set() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT requires (std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
     {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(!isSet_, "Trying to set a future twice!");
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!ready(), "Trying to set a future twice!");
-        isSet_ = true;
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TValue, void>)
-        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TValue, void>) {
+        {
+            value_.setValue();
             sigSet.emit();
         }
         else {
@@ -125,17 +202,79 @@ public: // modification
             MIJIN_ERROR("Attempting to call set(void) on future with value.");
         }
     }
+    constexpr void setException(std::exception_ptr exception) requires (exceptions)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(!ready(), "Trying to set a future twice!");
+        if constexpr (exceptions)
+        {
+            value_.setException(std::move(exception));
+        }
+    }
 public: // signals
-    Signal<> sigSet;
+    BaseSignal<TAllocator> sigSet;
 };
 
-template<typename TValue>
+template<typename TValue = void, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR, bool exceptions = false>
-using FuturePtr = std::shared_ptr<Future<TValue>>;
+using FuturePtr = std::shared_ptr<Future<TValue, TAllocator, exceptions>>;
+
+template<typename TValue = void, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+using ExceptFuture = Future<TValue, TAllocator, true>;
+
+template<typename TValue = void, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+using ExceptFuturePtr = std::shared_ptr<Future<TValue, TAllocator, true>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_future : std::false_type {};
+
+template<typename TValue, template<typename> typename TAllocator, bool exceptions>
+struct is_future<Future<TValue, TAllocator, exceptions>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template<typename T>
+inline constexpr bool is_future_t = is_future<T>::value;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept FutureType = is_future<T>::value;
 
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
+namespace impl
+{
+template<typename... TResult>
+struct MultiFutureHelper
+{
+    template<std::size_t... indices>
+    static bool allReady(const std::tuple<FuturePtr<TResult>...>& futures, std::index_sequence<indices...>) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return (std::get<indices>(futures)->ready() && ...);
+    }
+
+    template<std::size_t... indices>
+    static std::tuple<std::remove_reference_t<TResult>...> getAll(const std::tuple<FuturePtr<TResult>...>& futures, std::index_sequence<indices...>) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return std::make_tuple(std::move(std::get<indices>(futures)->get())...);
+    }
+};
+}
+
+template<typename T, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+constexpr FuturePtr<T> makeSharedFuture(TAllocator<Future<T>> allocator = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return std::allocate_shared<Future<T>>(std::move(allocator));
+}
+
+template<typename... TResult>
+constexpr bool allReady(const std::tuple<FuturePtr<TResult>...>& futures) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return impl::MultiFutureHelper<TResult...>::allReady(futures, std::index_sequence_for<TResult...>());
+}
+
+template<typename... TResult>
+constexpr std::tuple<std::remove_reference_t<TResult>...> getAll(const std::tuple<FuturePtr<TResult>...>& futures) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return impl::MultiFutureHelper<TResult...>::getAll(futures, std::index_sequence_for<TResult...>());
+}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_ASYNC_FUTURE_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/async/message_queue.hpp

@@ -79,15 +79,20 @@ class MessageQueue
 public:
     using message_t = TMessage;
     using iterator_t = MessageQueueIterator<MessageQueue<TMessage, bufferSize>>;
+    static constexpr std::size_t BUFFER_SIZE = bufferSize;
 private:
-    std::array<TMessage, bufferSize> messages;
+    std::array<TMessage, bufferSize> messages_;
-    mijin::BitArray<bufferSize, true> messageReady;
+    mijin::BitArray<bufferSize, true> messageReady_;
-    std::atomic_uint writePos = 0;
+    std::atomic_uint writePos_ = 0;
-    std::atomic_uint readPos = 0;
+    std::atomic_uint readPos_ = 0;
 public:
     MessageQueue() = default;
     MessageQueue(const MessageQueue&) = delete;
     MessageQueue(MessageQueue&&) = delete;
+    explicit MessageQueue(const std::array<TMessage, bufferSize>& messages) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<TMessage>)
+            : messages_(messages) {}
+    explicit MessageQueue(std::array<TMessage, bufferSize>&& messages) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TMessage>)
+            : messages_(std::move(messages)) {}
 
     MessageQueue& operator=(const MessageQueue&) = delete;
     MessageQueue& operator=(MessageQueue&&) = delete;
@@ -118,22 +123,22 @@ struct TaskMessageQueue
 template<typename TMessage, std::size_t bufferSize>
 bool MessageQueue<TMessage, bufferSize>::tryPushMaybeMove(TMessage& message)
 {
-    unsigned oldWritePos = writePos.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    unsigned oldWritePos = writePos_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
     unsigned newWritePos = 0;
     do
     {
         newWritePos = (oldWritePos + 1) % bufferSize;
-        if (newWritePos == readPos) {
+        if (newWritePos == readPos_) {
             return false;
         }
-    } while (!writePos.compare_exchange_weak(oldWritePos, newWritePos, std::memory_order_release, std::memory_order_relaxed));
+    } while (!writePos_.compare_exchange_weak(oldWritePos, newWritePos, std::memory_order_release, std::memory_order_relaxed));
 
-    while (messageReady.get(oldWritePos)) {
+    while (messageReady_.get(oldWritePos)) {
         std::this_thread::yield(); // someone is still reading, wait...
     }
 
-    messages[oldWritePos] = std::move(message);
+    messages_[oldWritePos] = std::move(message);
-    messageReady.set(oldWritePos, true);
+    messageReady_.set(oldWritePos, true);
     
     return true;
 }
@@ -149,22 +154,22 @@ void MessageQueue<TMessage, bufferSize>::push(TMessage message)
 template<typename TMessage, std::size_t bufferSize>
 std::optional<TMessage> MessageQueue<TMessage, bufferSize>::tryPop()
 {
-    unsigned oldReadPos = readPos.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    unsigned oldReadPos = readPos_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
     unsigned newReadPos = 0;
     do
     {
-        if (oldReadPos == writePos) {
+        if (oldReadPos == writePos_) {
             return std::nullopt;
         }
         newReadPos = (oldReadPos + 1) % bufferSize;
-    } while (!readPos.compare_exchange_weak(oldReadPos, newReadPos, std::memory_order_release, std::memory_order_relaxed));
+    } while (!readPos_.compare_exchange_weak(oldReadPos, newReadPos, std::memory_order_release, std::memory_order_relaxed));
 
-    while (!messageReady.get(oldReadPos)) {
+    while (!messageReady_.get(oldReadPos)) {
         std::this_thread::yield(); // no harm in busy-waiting here, should be fast
     };
 
-    TMessage message = std::move(messages[oldReadPos]);
+    TMessage message = std::move(messages_[oldReadPos]);
-    messageReady.set(oldReadPos, false);
+    messageReady_.set(oldReadPos, false);
     return message;
 }
 

source/mijin/async/signal.hpp

@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ inline constexpr signal_token_t INVALID_SIGNAL_TOKEN = std::numeric_limits<signa
 
 MIJIN_DEFINE_FLAG(Oneshot);
 
-template<typename... TArgs>
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
-class Signal
+class BaseSignal
 {
 public:
-    using handler_t = std::function<void(TArgs...)>;
+    using handler_t = std::function<void(TArgs...)>; // TODO: write a custom function wrapper with allocator support
     using token_t = signal_token_t;
 private:
     struct RegisteredHandler
@@ -47,36 +47,41 @@ private:
         token_t token;
         Oneshot oneshot = Oneshot::NO;
     };
-    using handler_vector_t = std::vector<RegisteredHandler>;
+    using handler_vector_t = std::vector<RegisteredHandler, TAllocator<RegisteredHandler>>;
 private:
     handler_vector_t handlers_;
     token_t nextToken = 1;
     std::mutex handlersMutex_;
 public:
-    Signal() = default;
+    explicit BaseSignal(TAllocator<void> allocator = {}) : handlers_(TAllocator<RegisteredHandler>(std::move(allocator))) {}
-    Signal(const Signal&) = delete;
+    BaseSignal(const BaseSignal&) = delete;
-    Signal(Signal&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    BaseSignal(BaseSignal&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 public:
-    Signal& operator=(const Signal&) = delete;
+    BaseSignal& operator=(const BaseSignal&) = delete;
-    Signal& operator=(Signal&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    BaseSignal& operator=(BaseSignal&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 public:
     template<typename THandler, typename TWeak = void>
     inline token_t connect(THandler handler, Oneshot oneshot = Oneshot::NO, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced = std::weak_ptr<TWeak>()) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
     template<typename TObject, typename TWeak = void>
     inline token_t connect(TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)(TArgs...), Oneshot oneshot = Oneshot::NO, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced = std::weak_ptr<TWeak>()) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    template<typename TObject, typename TWeak = void>
+    inline token_t connect(TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)(TArgs...) const, Oneshot oneshot = Oneshot::NO, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced = std::weak_ptr<TWeak>()) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
     inline void disconnect(token_t token) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
     template<typename... TArgs2>
     inline void emit(TArgs2&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 };
 
+template<typename... TArgs>
+using Signal = BaseSignal<MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR, TArgs...>;
+
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
-template<typename... TArgs>
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
 template<typename THandler, typename TWeak>
-inline auto Signal<TArgs...>::connect(THandler handler, Oneshot oneshot, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> token_t
+inline auto BaseSignal<TAllocator, TArgs...>::connect(THandler handler, Oneshot oneshot, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> token_t
 {
     std::lock_guard lock(handlersMutex_);
 
@@ -91,9 +96,9 @@ inline auto Signal<TArgs...>::connect(THandler handler, Oneshot oneshot, std::we
     return nextToken++;
 }
 
-template<typename... TArgs>
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
 template<typename TObject, typename TWeak>
-inline auto Signal<TArgs...>::connect(TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)(TArgs...), Oneshot oneshot, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> token_t
+inline auto BaseSignal<TAllocator, TArgs...>::connect(TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)(TArgs...), Oneshot oneshot, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> token_t
 {
     std::lock_guard lock(handlersMutex_);
 
@@ -111,8 +116,28 @@ inline auto Signal<TArgs...>::connect(TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)
     return nextToken++;
 }
 
-template<typename... TArgs>
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
-inline void Signal<TArgs...>::disconnect(token_t token) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+template<typename TObject, typename TWeak>
+inline auto BaseSignal<TAllocator, TArgs...>::connect(TObject& object, void (TObject::* handler)(TArgs...) const, Oneshot oneshot, std::weak_ptr<TWeak> referenced) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> token_t
+{
+    std::lock_guard lock(handlersMutex_);
+
+    auto callable = [object = &object, handler](TArgs... args)
+    {
+        std::invoke(handler, object, std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
+    };
+    handlers_.push_back({
+        .callable = std::move(callable),
+        .referenced = std::move(referenced),
+        .token = nextToken,
+        .oneshot = oneshot
+    });
+
+    return nextToken++;
+}
+
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
+inline void BaseSignal<TAllocator, TArgs...>::disconnect(token_t token) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     std::lock_guard lock(handlersMutex_);
 
@@ -123,9 +148,9 @@ inline void Signal<TArgs...>::disconnect(token_t token) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     handlers_.erase(it, handlers_.end());
 }
 
-template<typename... TArgs>
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
 template<typename... TArgs2>
-inline void Signal<TArgs...>::emit(TArgs2&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+inline void BaseSignal<TAllocator, TArgs...>::emit(TArgs2&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     std::lock_guard lock(handlersMutex_);
     

source/mijin/container/boxed_object.hpp

@@ -16,8 +16,26 @@ namespace mijin
 //
 
 #if !defined(MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG)
+#if defined(MIJIN_DEBUG)
 #define MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG MIJIN_DEBUG
+#else
+#define MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG 0
 #endif
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG)
+
+#define MIJIN_BOXED_PROXY_FUNC(funcname)                             \
+template<typename... TFuncArgs>                                      \
+decltype(auto) funcname(TFuncArgs&&... args)                         \
+{                                                                    \
+    return base_t::get().funcname(std::forward<TFuncArgs>(args)...); \
+}
+
+#define MIJIN_BOXED_PROXY_FUNC_CONST(funcname)                       \
+template<typename... TFuncArgs>                                      \
+decltype(auto) funcname(TFuncArgs&&... args) const                   \
+{                                                                    \
+    return base_t::get().funcname(std::forward<TFuncArgs>(args)...); \
+}
 
 //
 // public constants
@@ -39,8 +57,8 @@ private:
     bool constructed = false;
 #endif
 public:
-    BoxedObject() noexcept : placeholder_() {};
+    constexpr BoxedObject() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : placeholder_() {};
-    explicit BoxedObject(T object)
+    explicit constexpr BoxedObject(T object) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T>)
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
     : constructed(true)
 #endif
@@ -51,7 +69,7 @@ public:
     BoxedObject(BoxedObject&&) = delete;
 
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
-    ~BoxedObject()
+    constexpr ~BoxedObject() noexcept
     {
         MIJIN_ASSERT(!constructed, "BoxedObject::~BoxedObject(): Object has not been destroyed prior to destructor!");
     }
@@ -60,13 +78,13 @@ public:
     BoxedObject& operator=(const BoxedObject&) = delete;
     BoxedObject& operator=(BoxedObject&&) = delete;
 
-    T& operator*() noexcept { return get(); }
+    constexpr T& operator*() noexcept { return get(); }
-    const T& operator*() const noexcept { return get(); }
+    constexpr const T& operator*() const noexcept { return get(); }
-    T* operator->() noexcept { return &get(); }
+    constexpr T* operator->() noexcept { return &get(); }
-    const T* operator->() const noexcept { return &get(); }
+    constexpr const T* operator->() const noexcept { return &get(); }
 
     template<typename... TArgs>
-    void construct(TArgs&&... args)
+    constexpr void construct(TArgs&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<T, TArgs...>))
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
         MIJIN_ASSERT(!constructed, "BoxedObject::construct(): Attempt to construct an already constructed object!");
@@ -75,7 +93,7 @@ public:
         std::construct_at(&object_, std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
     }
 
-    void destroy()
+    constexpr void destroy() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
         MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::destroy(): Attempt to destroy a not constructed object!");
@@ -84,7 +102,7 @@ public:
         std::destroy_at(&object_);
     }
 
-    void copyTo(BoxedObject& other) const
+    constexpr void copyTo(BoxedObject& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<T>)
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
         MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::copy(): Attempt to copy a not constructed object!");
@@ -92,7 +110,7 @@ public:
         other.construct(object_);
     }
 
-    void moveTo(BoxedObject& other)
+    constexpr void moveTo(BoxedObject& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T>)
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
         MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::copy(): Attempt to copy a not constructed object!");
@@ -101,7 +119,7 @@ public:
         destroy();
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] T& get()
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr T& get() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
         MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::get(): Attempt to access a not constructed object!");
@@ -109,7 +127,7 @@ public:
         return object_;
     }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] const T& get() const
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr const T& get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
 #if MIJIN_BOXED_OBJECT_DEBUG
         MIJIN_ASSERT(constructed, "BoxedObject::get(): Attempt to access a not constructed object!");
@@ -131,38 +149,38 @@ private:
     BoxedObject<T>* end_ = nullptr;
 #endif
 public:
-    BoxedObjectIterator() = default;
+    BoxedObjectIterator() noexcept = default;
-    explicit constexpr BoxedObjectIterator(BoxedObject<T>* box, BoxedObject<T>* start, BoxedObject<T>* end)
+    explicit constexpr BoxedObjectIterator(BoxedObject<T>* box, BoxedObject<T>* start, BoxedObject<T>* end) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
         : box_(box)
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     , start_(start), end_(end)
 #endif
     {}
-    BoxedObjectIterator(const BoxedObjectIterator&) = default;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator(const BoxedObjectIterator&) noexcept = default;
-    BoxedObjectIterator(BoxedObjectIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator(BoxedObjectIterator&&) noexcept = default;
 
-    BoxedObjectIterator& operator=(const BoxedObjectIterator&) = default;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator& operator=(const BoxedObjectIterator&) noexcept = default;
-    BoxedObjectIterator& operator=(BoxedObjectIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator& operator=(BoxedObjectIterator&&) noexcept = default;
-    BoxedObjectIterator& operator+=(difference_type diff);
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator& operator+=(difference_type diff) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-    BoxedObjectIterator& operator-=(difference_type diff) { return (*this += -diff); }
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator& operator-=(difference_type diff) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return (*this += -diff); }
 
     constexpr auto operator<=>(const BoxedObjectIterator& other) const noexcept = default;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] T& operator*() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr T& operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-    [[nodiscard]] T* operator->() const;
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr T* operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-    BoxedObjectIterator& operator++();
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-    BoxedObjectIterator operator++(int);
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-    BoxedObjectIterator& operator--();
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator& operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-    BoxedObjectIterator operator--(int);
+    constexpr BoxedObjectIterator operator--(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] difference_type operator-(const BoxedObjectIterator& other) const { return box_ - other.box_; }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr difference_type operator-(const BoxedObjectIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return box_ - other.box_; }
-    [[nodiscard]] BoxedObjectIterator operator+(difference_type diff) const;
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr BoxedObjectIterator operator+(difference_type diff) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-    [[nodiscard]] BoxedObjectIterator operator-(difference_type diff) const { return (*this + -diff); }
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr BoxedObjectIterator operator-(difference_type diff) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return (*this + -diff); }
 
-    [[nodiscard]] T& operator[](difference_type diff) const { return *(*this + diff); }
+    [[nodiscard]] T& operator[](difference_type diff) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return *(*this + diff); }
 };
 template<typename T>
-inline BoxedObjectIterator<T> operator+(std::iter_difference_t<T> diff, const BoxedObjectIterator<T>& iter) {
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T> operator+(std::iter_difference_t<T> diff, const BoxedObjectIterator<T>& iter) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
     return iter + diff;
 }
 static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<BoxedObjectIterator<int>>);
@@ -172,7 +190,7 @@ static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<BoxedObjectIterator<int>>);
 //
 
 template<typename T>
-BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator+=(difference_type diff)
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator+=(difference_type diff) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     MIJIN_ASSERT(diff <= (end_ - box_) && diff >= (box_ - start_), "BoxedObjectIterator::operator+=(): Attempt to iterate out of range.");
@@ -182,7 +200,7 @@ BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator+=(difference_type diff)
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-T& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator*() const
+constexpr T& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     MIJIN_ASSERT(box_ >= start_ && box_ < end_, "BoxedObjectIterator::operator->(): Attempt to dereference out-of-range iterator.");
@@ -191,7 +209,7 @@ T& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator*() const
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator++()
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     MIJIN_ASSERT(box_ < end_, "BoxedObjectIterator::operator++(): Attempt to iterator past the end.");
@@ -200,7 +218,7 @@ BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator++()
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator++(int)
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator++(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     MIJIN_ASSERT(box_ < end_, "BoxedObjectIterator::operator++(int): Attempt to iterator past the end.");
@@ -211,7 +229,7 @@ BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator++(int)
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator--()
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     MIJIN_ASSERT(box_ > start_, "BoxedObjectIterator::operator--(): Attempt to iterator past start.");
@@ -220,7 +238,7 @@ BoxedObjectIterator<T>& BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator--()
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator--(int)
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator--(int) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
 #if MIJIN_CHECKED_ITERATORS
     MIJIN_ASSERT(box_ > start_, "BoxedObjectIterator::operator--(int): Attempt to iterator past start.");
@@ -231,7 +249,7 @@ BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator--(int)
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator+(difference_type diff) const
+constexpr BoxedObjectIterator<T> BoxedObjectIterator<T>::operator+(difference_type diff) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     BoxedObjectIterator copy(*this);
     copy += diff;

source/mijin/container/memory_view.hpp

@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 #define MIJIN_CONTAINER_MEMORY_VIEW_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
 #include <bit>
-#include <cstddef>
 #include <span>
+#include <string_view>
 #include "../debug/assert.hpp"
-#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -25,60 +25,172 @@ namespace mijin
 // public types
 //
 
-template<typename TBytes>
+template<typename T>
-class MemoryViewBase
+concept MemoryViewable = requires(const T& object)
+{
+    { object.data() } -> std::convertible_to<const void*>;
+    { object.byteSize() } -> std::convertible_to<std::size_t>;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+concept RWMemoryViewable = MemoryViewable<T> && requires(T& object)
+{
+    { object.data() } -> std::convertible_to<void*>;
+};
+
+template<typename TConcrete>
+class MixinMemoryView
+{
+public:
+    static constexpr bool WRITABLE = requires(TConcrete& object) { { object.data() } -> std::convertible_to<void*>; };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    auto makeSpan();
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    auto makeSpan() const;
+
+    template<typename TChar = char, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> makeStringView() const ;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    auto& dataAt(std::size_t offset) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    auto& dataAt(std::size_t offset) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    auto bytes() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        using return_t = mijin::copy_const_t<std::remove_pointer_t<decltype(static_cast<TConcrete*>(this)->data())>, std::byte>;
+        return static_cast<return_t*>(static_cast<TConcrete*>(this)->data());
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    auto bytes() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        using return_t = mijin::copy_const_t<std::remove_pointer_t<decltype(static_cast<const TConcrete*>(this)->data())>, std::byte>;
+        return static_cast<return_t*>(static_cast<const TConcrete*>(this)->data());
+    }
+private:
+    std::size_t byteSizeImpl() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return static_cast<const TConcrete*>(this)->byteSize();
+    }
+};
+
+class MemoryView : public MixinMemoryView<MemoryView>
 {
 public:
     using size_type = std::size_t;
 private:
-    std::span<TBytes> bytes_;
+    void* data_ = nullptr;
+    std::size_t byteSize_ = 0;
 public:
-    MemoryViewBase() noexcept = default;
+    MemoryView() noexcept = default;
-    MemoryViewBase(const MemoryViewBase&) noexcept = default;
+    MemoryView(const MemoryView&) = default;
-    MemoryViewBase(copy_const_t<TBytes, void>* data, std::size_t size) noexcept : bytes_(static_cast<TBytes*>(data), size) {}
+    MemoryView(void* data, std::size_t byteSize) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : data_(data), byteSize_(byteSize) {}
+    template<typename T> requires(!std::is_const_v<T>)
+    MemoryView(std::span<T> span) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : data_(span.data()), byteSize_(span.size_bytes()) {}
+    template<RWMemoryViewable T>
+    MemoryView(T& memoryViewable) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : data_(memoryViewable.data()), byteSize_(memoryViewable.byteSize()) {}
 
-    MemoryViewBase& operator=(const MemoryViewBase&) noexcept = default;
+    MemoryView& operator=(const MemoryView&) = default;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] void* data() noexcept { return bytes_.data(); }
+    [[nodiscard]]
-    [[nodiscard]] const void* data() const noexcept { return bytes_.data(); }
+    void* data() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return data_; }
-    [[nodiscard]] size_type byteSize() const noexcept { return bytes_.size(); }
-    [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept { return bytes_.empty(); }
 
-    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]]
-    [[nodiscard]] std::span<T> makeSpan();
+    size_type byteSize() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return byteSize_; }
-
+};
-    template<typename T>
+
-    [[nodiscard]] std::span<const T> makeSpan() const;
+class ConstMemoryView : public MixinMemoryView<ConstMemoryView>
+{
+public:
+    using size_type = std::size_t;
+private:
+    const void* data_;
+    std::size_t byteSize_;
+public:
+    ConstMemoryView() noexcept = default;
+    ConstMemoryView(const ConstMemoryView&) = default;
+    ConstMemoryView(void* data, std::size_t byteSize) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : data_(data), byteSize_(byteSize) {}
+    template<typename T>
+    ConstMemoryView(std::span<T> span) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : data_(span.data()), byteSize_(span.size_bytes()) {}
+    template<MemoryViewable T>
+    ConstMemoryView(const T& memoryViewable) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : data_(memoryViewable.data()), byteSize_(memoryViewable.byteSize()) {}
+
+    ConstMemoryView& operator=(const ConstMemoryView& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const void* data() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return data_; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    size_type byteSize() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return byteSize_; }
 };
-using MemoryView = MemoryViewBase<std::byte>;
-using ConstMemoryView = MemoryViewBase<const std::byte>;
 
 //
 // public functions
 //
 
-template<typename TBytes>
+template<typename TConcrete>
 template<typename T>
-std::span<T> MemoryViewBase<TBytes>::makeSpan()
+auto MixinMemoryView<TConcrete>::makeSpan()
 {
-    static_assert(!std::is_const_v<TBytes>, "Cannot create writable spans from const memory views.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(byteSizeImpl() % sizeof(T) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(T) == 0, "MemoryView cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
+    using return_t = mijin::copy_const_t<decltype(*bytes()), T>;
-    return {
+    return std::span<return_t>{
-        std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data()),
+        std::bit_cast<return_t*>(bytes()),
-        std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size())
+        std::bit_cast<return_t*>(bytes() + byteSizeImpl())
     };
 }
 
-template<typename TBytes>
+template<typename TConcrete>
 template<typename T>
-std::span<const T> MemoryViewBase<TBytes>::makeSpan() const
+auto MixinMemoryView<TConcrete>::makeSpan() const
 {
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(T) == 0, "MemoryView cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(byteSizeImpl() % sizeof(T) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
-    return {
+    using return_t = mijin::copy_const_t<decltype(*bytes()), T>;
-        std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data()),
+    return std::span<return_t>{
-        std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size())
+        std::bit_cast<return_t*>(bytes()),
+        std::bit_cast<return_t*>(bytes() + byteSizeImpl())
     };
 }
+
+template<typename TConcrete>
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits>
+std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> MixinMemoryView<TConcrete>::makeStringView() const
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(byteSizeImpl() % sizeof(TChar) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this char type.");
+    return {std::bit_cast<const TChar*>(bytes()), byteSizeImpl() / sizeof(TChar)};
+}
+
+template<typename TConcrete>
+template<typename T>
+auto& MixinMemoryView<TConcrete>::dataAt(std::size_t offset) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset % alignof(T) == 0, "Offset must be correctly aligned.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset + sizeof(T) < byteSizeImpl(), "Buffer access out-of-range.");
+
+    using return_t = mijin::copy_const_t<decltype(*bytes()), T>;
+    return *std::bit_cast<return_t*>(bytes().data() + offset);
+}
+
+template<typename TConcrete>
+template<typename T>
+auto& MixinMemoryView<TConcrete>::dataAt(std::size_t offset) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset % alignof(T) == 0, "Offset must be correctly aligned.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset + sizeof(T) < byteSizeImpl(), "Buffer access out-of-range.");
+
+    using return_t = mijin::copy_const_t<decltype(*bytes()), T>;
+    return *std::bit_cast<return_t*>(bytes().data() + offset);
+}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_MEMORY_VIEW_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/container/typeless_buffer.hpp

@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
 #include <span>
 #include <string_view>
 #include <vector>
+#include "./memory_view.hpp"
 #include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -27,17 +29,26 @@ namespace mijin
 // public types
 //
 
-template<typename T>
+template<typename T, template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
 class BufferView;
 
-class TypelessBuffer
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR>
+class BaseTypelessBuffer : public MixinMemoryView<BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>>
 {
 public:
     using size_type = std::size_t;
 private:
-    std::vector<std::byte> bytes_;
+    std::vector<std::byte, TAllocator<std::byte>> bytes_;
 public:
-    auto operator<=>(const TypelessBuffer&) const noexcept = default;
+    BaseTypelessBuffer() noexcept = default;
+    BaseTypelessBuffer(const BaseTypelessBuffer&) = default;
+    BaseTypelessBuffer(BaseTypelessBuffer&&) = default;
+    explicit BaseTypelessBuffer(TAllocator<std::byte> allocator) : bytes_(std::move(allocator)) {}
+
+    BaseTypelessBuffer& operator=(const BaseTypelessBuffer&) = default;
+    BaseTypelessBuffer& operator=(BaseTypelessBuffer&&) = default;
+
+    auto operator<=>(const BaseTypelessBuffer&) const noexcept = default;
     
     [[nodiscard]] void* data() noexcept { return bytes_.data(); }
     [[nodiscard]] const void* data() const noexcept { return bytes_.data(); }
@@ -50,26 +61,13 @@ public:
     template<typename T>
     [[nodiscard]] BufferView<T> makeBufferView() { return BufferView<T>(this); }
     
-    template<typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] std::span<T> makeSpan();
-
-    template<typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] std::span<const T> makeSpan() const;
-    
-    template<typename TChar = char, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
-    [[nodiscard]] std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> makeStringView() const ;
-    
     template<typename T>
     void append(std::span<const T> data);
-
-    template<typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] T& dataAt(size_type offset) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
-
-    template<typename T>
-    [[nodiscard]] const T& dataAt(size_type offset) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 };
 
-template<typename T>
+using TypelessBuffer = BaseTypelessBuffer<>;
+
+template<typename T, template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 class BufferView
 {
 public:
@@ -84,10 +82,10 @@ public:
     using iterator = T*;
     using const_iterator = const T*;
 private:
-    class TypelessBuffer* buffer_ = nullptr;
+    class BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>* buffer_ = nullptr;
 public:
     BufferView() = default;
-    explicit BufferView(class TypelessBuffer* buffer) : buffer_(buffer) {}
+    explicit BufferView(class BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>* buffer) : buffer_(buffer) {}
     BufferView(const BufferView&) = default;
 
     BufferView& operator=(const BufferView&) = default;
@@ -131,57 +129,13 @@ public:
 // public functions
 //
 
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
 template<typename T>
-std::span<T> TypelessBuffer::makeSpan()
+void BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>::append(std::span<const T> data)
-{
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(T) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
-    return {
-        std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data()),
-        std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size())
-    };
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-std::span<const T> TypelessBuffer::makeSpan() const
-{
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(T) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this type.");
-    return {
-        std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data()),
-        std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size())
-    };
-}
-
-template<typename TChar, typename TTraits>
-std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> TypelessBuffer::makeStringView() const
-{
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(bytes_.size() % sizeof(TChar) == 0, "Buffer cannot be divided into elements of this char type.");
-    return {std::bit_cast<const TChar*>(bytes_.data()), bytes_.size() / sizeof(TChar)};
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-void TypelessBuffer::append(std::span<const T> data)
 {
     bytes_.resize(bytes_.size() + data.size_bytes());
     std::memcpy(bytes_.data() + bytes_.size() - data.size_bytes(), data.data(), data.size_bytes());
 }
-
-template<typename T>
-T& TypelessBuffer::dataAt(size_type offset) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-{
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset % alignof(T) == 0, "Offset must be correctly aligned.");
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset + sizeof(T) < bytes_.size(), "Buffer access out-of-range.");
-
-    return *std::bit_cast<T*>(bytes_.data() + offset);
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-const T& TypelessBuffer::dataAt(size_type offset) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
-{
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset % alignof(T) == 0, "Offset must be correctly aligned.");
-    MIJIN_ASSERT(offset + sizeof(T) < bytes_.size(), "Buffer access out-of-range.");
-
-    return *std::bit_cast<const T*>(bytes_.data() + offset);
-}
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_TYPELESS_BUFFER_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/container/vector_map.hpp

@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_CONTAINER_VECTOR_MAP_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_CONTAINER_VECTOR_MAP_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
+
 #include "./boxed_object.hpp"
 #include "./optional.hpp"
 
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
-template<typename TKey, typename TValue, typename TKeyAllocator = std::allocator<TKey>, typename TValueAllocator = std::allocator<TValue>>
+template<typename TKey, typename TValue, typename TKeyAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<TKey>, typename TValueAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<TValue>>
 class VectorMap
 {
 public:
@@ -118,15 +120,21 @@ private:
     std::vector<TKey, TKeyAllocator> keys_;
     std::vector<TValue, TValueAllocator> values_;
 public:
-    VectorMap() noexcept = default;
+    explicit VectorMap(TKeyAllocator keyAllocator = {})
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TKeyAllocator> && std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<TValueAllocator, const TKeyAllocator&>))
+        : keys_(std::move(keyAllocator)), values_(TValueAllocator(keys_.get_allocator())) {}
+    VectorMap(TKeyAllocator keyAllocator, TValueAllocator valueAllocator)
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TKeyAllocator> && std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TValueAllocator>)
+        : keys_(std::move(keyAllocator)), values_(std::move(valueAllocator)) {}
     VectorMap(const VectorMap&) = default;
-    VectorMap(VectorMap&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    VectorMap(VectorMap&&) = default;
     
     VectorMap& operator=(const VectorMap&) = default;
-    VectorMap& operator=(VectorMap&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    VectorMap& operator=(VectorMap&&) = default;
     auto operator<=>(const VectorMap& other) const noexcept = default;
     
-    TValue& operator[](const TKey& key)
+    template<typename TIndex>
+    TValue& operator[](const TIndex& key)
     {
         auto it = find(key);
         if (it != end())
@@ -136,11 +144,22 @@ public:
         return emplace(key, TValue()).first->second;
     }
     
-    const TValue& operator[](const TKey& key) const
+    template<typename TIndex>
+    const TValue& operator[](const TIndex& key) const
     {
         return at(key);
     }
 
+    TValue& operator[](TKey&& key)
+    {
+        auto it = find(key);
+        if (it != end())
+        {
+            return it->second;
+        }
+        return emplace(std::move(key), TValue()).first->second;
+    }
+    
     [[nodiscard]]
     iterator begin() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return {keys_.data(), values_.data()}; }
     [[nodiscard]]
@@ -234,7 +253,9 @@ public:
         return eraseImpl(idx, count);
     }
 
-    iterator find(const TKey& key) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    template<typename TSearch>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    iterator find(const TSearch& key) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < keys_.size(); ++idx)
         {
@@ -246,7 +267,9 @@ public:
         return end();
     }
 
-    const_iterator find(const TKey& key) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    template<typename TSearch>
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const_iterator find(const TSearch& key) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {
         for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < keys_.size(); ++idx)
         {
@@ -257,6 +280,12 @@ public:
         }
         return end();
     }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    bool contains(const TKey& key) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return std::ranges::contains(keys_, key);
+    }
 private:
     iterator eraseImpl(std::ptrdiff_t idx, std::ptrdiff_t count = 1) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     {

source/mijin/debug/assert.hpp

@@ -99,10 +99,10 @@ if (!static_cast<bool>(condition))                                          \
     MIJIN_FATAL("Debug assertion failed: " #condition "\nMessage: " msg);   \
 }
 #else // MIJIN_DEBUG
-#define MIJIN_ERROR(...)
+#define MIJIN_ERROR(...) ((void)0)
 #define MIJIN_FATAL(...) std::abort()
-#define MIJIN_ASSERT(...)
+#define MIJIN_ASSERT(...) ((void)0)
-#define MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(...)
+#define MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(...) ((void)0)
 #endif // !MIJIN_DEBUG  
 
 //

source/mijin/debug/stacktrace.cpp

@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
 #include "../detect.hpp"
+#include "../util/string.hpp"
 
-#if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG || MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_GCC
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS != MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS && (MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG || MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_GCC)
 #define MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE 1
 #else
 #define MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE 0
@@ -13,6 +14,14 @@
 
 #if MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
     #include <backtrace.h>
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+    #include <array>
+    #include <cstddef>
+    #include <mutex>
+    #include <Windows.h>
+    #include <DbgHelp.h>
+    #include "../util/winundef.hpp"
+    #pragma comment(lib, "dbghelp")
 #endif
 
 
@@ -32,11 +41,15 @@ namespace
 // internal types
 //
 
+#if MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
 struct BacktraceData
 {
     std::optional<std::string> error;
     std::vector<Stackframe> stackframes;
 };
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+HANDLE gProcessHandle = nullptr;
+#endif
 
 //
 // internal variables
@@ -44,6 +57,11 @@ struct BacktraceData
 
 thread_local Optional<Stacktrace> gCurrentExceptionStackTrace;
 
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+std::mutex gDbgHelpMutex;
+bool gDbgHelpInitCalled = false;
+#endif
+
 //
 // internal functions
 //
@@ -68,6 +86,49 @@ void backtraceErrorCallback(void* data, const char* msg, int /* errnum */)
 }
 
 thread_local backtrace_state* gBacktraceState = nullptr;
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+void cleanupDbgHelp() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (!SymCleanup(gProcessHandle))
+    {
+        [[maybe_unused]] const DWORD error = GetLastError();
+        MIJIN_ERROR("Error cleaning up DbgHelp.");
+    }
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+bool initDbgHelp() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (gDbgHelpInitCalled)
+    {
+        return gProcessHandle != nullptr; // if init was successful, process handle is not null
+    }
+    gDbgHelpInitCalled = true;
+
+    SymSetOptions(SYMOPT_UNDNAME | SYMOPT_DEFERRED_LOADS);
+
+    HANDLE hCurrentProcess = GetCurrentProcess();
+    HANDLE hCopy = nullptr;
+    if (!DuplicateHandle(hCurrentProcess, hCurrentProcess, hCurrentProcess, &hCopy, 0, FALSE, DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS))
+    {
+        [[maybe_unused]] const DWORD error = GetLastError();
+        MIJIN_ERROR("Error duplicating process handle.");
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!SymInitialize(hCopy, nullptr, true))
+    {
+        [[maybe_unused]] const DWORD error = GetLastError();
+        MIJIN_ERROR("Error initializing DbHelp.");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    [[maybe_unused]] const int result = std::atexit(&cleanupDbgHelp);
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(result == 0, "Error registering DbgHelp cleanup handler.");
+
+    // only copy in the end so we can still figure out if initialization was successful
+    gProcessHandle = hCopy;
+    return true;
+}
 #endif // MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
 } // namespace
 
@@ -98,9 +159,87 @@ Result<Stacktrace> captureStacktrace(unsigned skipFrames) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     }
 
     return Stacktrace(std::move(btData.stackframes));
-#else // MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
+#elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+    if (!initDbgHelp())
+    {
+        return ResultError("error initializing DbgHelp");
+    }
+
+    const HANDLE hThread = GetCurrentThread();
+
+    CONTEXT context;
+    RtlCaptureContext(&context);
+
+    STACKFRAME64 stackFrame = {
+        .AddrPC = {
+            .Offset = context.Rip,
+            .Mode = AddrModeFlat
+        },
+        .AddrFrame = {
+            .Offset = context.Rbp,
+            .Mode = AddrModeFlat
+        },
+        .AddrStack = {
+            .Offset = context.Rsp,
+            .Mode = AddrModeFlat
+        }
+    };
+
+    ++skipFrames; // always skip the first frame (the current function)
+
+    // for symbol info
+    DWORD64 displacement64 = 0;
+    static constexpr std::size_t SYMBOL_BUFFER_SIZE = sizeof(SYMBOL_INFO) + (MAX_SYM_NAME * sizeof(char));
+    std::array<std::byte, SYMBOL_BUFFER_SIZE> symbolBuffer alignas(SYMBOL_INFO);
+    SYMBOL_INFO& symbolInfo = *std::bit_cast<SYMBOL_INFO*>(symbolBuffer.data());
+    symbolInfo.SizeOfStruct = sizeof(SYMBOL_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    symbolInfo.MaxNameLen = MAX_SYM_NAME;
+
+    // for file and line info
+    DWORD displacement = 0;
+    IMAGEHLP_LINE64 line64;
+    line64.SizeOfStruct = sizeof(IMAGEHLP_LINE64);
+
+    std::vector<Stackframe> stackframes;
+    while (StackWalk64(
+            /* MachineType                = */ IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_AMD64,
+            /* hProcess                   = */ gProcessHandle,
+            /* hThread                    = */ hThread,
+            /* StackFrame                 = */ &stackFrame,
+            /* ContextRecord              = */ &context,
+            /* ReadMemoryRoutine          = */ nullptr,
+            /* FunctionTableAccessRoutine = */ &SymFunctionTableAccess64,
+            /* GetModuleBaseRoutine       = */ &SymGetModuleBase64,
+            /* TranslateAddress           = */ nullptr
+        ))
+    {
+        if (skipFrames > 0)
+        {
+            --skipFrames;
+            continue;
+        }
+        Stackframe& frame = stackframes.emplace_back();
+        const DWORD64 baseAddress = SymGetModuleBase64(gProcessHandle, stackFrame.AddrPC.Offset);
+        const DWORD64 relativeAddress = stackFrame.AddrPC.Offset - baseAddress;
+
+        frame.address = std::bit_cast<void*>(relativeAddress);
+
+        if (SymFromAddr(gProcessHandle, stackFrame.AddrPC.Offset, &displacement64, &symbolInfo))
+        {
+            frame.function = symbolInfo.Name;
+        }
+
+        if (SymGetLineFromAddr64(gProcessHandle, stackFrame.AddrPC.Offset, &displacement, &line64))
+        {
+            frame.filename = line64.FileName;
+            frame.lineNumber = static_cast<int>(line64.LineNumber);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return Stacktrace(std::move(stackframes));
+#else // MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE || (MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS)
 	(void) skipFrames;
-	return {}; // TODO
+	return ResultError("not implemented");
 #endif // MIJIN_USE_LIBBACKTRACE
 }
 

source/mijin/debug/stacktrace.hpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #define MIJIN_DEBUG_STACKTRACE_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
 #include <cmath>
+#include <format>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <vector>
 #if __has_include(<fmt/format.h>)
@@ -87,6 +88,68 @@ TStream& operator<<(TStream& stream, const Stacktrace& stacktrace)
 
 } // namespace mijin
 
+template<typename TChar>
+struct std::formatter<mijin::Stackframe, TChar>
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+
+    template<typename TContext>
+    constexpr TContext::iterator parse(TContext& ctx)
+    {
+        auto it = ctx.begin();
+        auto end = ctx.end();
+
+        if (it != end && *it != MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, '}'))
+        {
+            throw std::format_error("invalid format");
+        }
+
+        return it;
+    }
+
+    template<typename TContext>
+    TContext::iterator format(const mijin::Stackframe& stackframe, TContext& ctx) const
+    {
+        auto it = ctx.out();
+        it = std::format_to(it, MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "[{}] {}:{} in {}"), stackframe.address, stackframe.filename,
+                            stackframe.lineNumber, mijin::demangleCPPIdentifier(stackframe.function.c_str()));
+        return it;
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar>
+struct std::formatter<mijin::Stacktrace, TChar>
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+
+    template<class TContext>
+    constexpr TContext::iterator parse(TContext& ctx)
+    {
+        auto it = ctx.begin();
+        auto end = ctx.end();
+
+        if (it != end && *it != MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, '}'))
+        {
+            throw std::format_error("invalid format");
+        }
+
+        return it;
+    }
+
+    template<typename TContext>
+    TContext::iterator format(const mijin::Stacktrace& stacktrace, TContext& ctx) const
+    {
+        const int numDigits = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(std::log10(stacktrace.getFrames().size())));
+        auto it = ctx.out();
+        it = std::format_to(it, MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "[{} frames]"), stacktrace.getFrames().size());
+        for (const auto& [idx, frame] : mijin::enumerate(stacktrace.getFrames()))
+        {
+            it = std::format_to(it, MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "\n  #{:<{}} at {}"), idx, numDigits, frame);
+        }
+        return it;
+    }
+};
+
 #if __has_include(<fmt/format.h>)
 template<>
 struct fmt::formatter<mijin::Stackframe>

source/mijin/detect.hpp

@@ -61,6 +61,26 @@ namespace mijin
     #endif
 #endif
 
+#if !defined(MIJIN_RTTI)
+    #if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_GCC
+        #if defined(__GXX_RTTI)
+            #define MIJIN_RTTI 1
+        #else
+            #define MIJIN_RTTI 0
+        #endif
+    #elif MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG
+        #define MIJIN_RTTI (__has_feature(cxx_rtti))
+    #elif MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_MSVC
+        #if defined(_CPPRTTI)
+            #define MIJIN_RTTI 1
+        #else
+            #define MIJIN_RTTI 0
+        #endif
+    #else
+        #define MIJIN_RTTI 0
+    #endif
+#endif
+
 //
 // public constants
 //

source/mijin/internal/common.hpp

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include "./config.hpp"
+#include "./helpers.hpp"
 #include "./exception.hpp"
+#include "./version_support.hpp"

source/mijin/internal/config.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_INTERNAL_CONFIG_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_INTERNAL_CONFIG_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#define MIJIN_QUOTED_ACTUAL(x) #x
+#define MIJIN_QUOTED(x) MIJIN_QUOTED_ACTUAL(x)
+
+#if defined(MIJIN_CONFIG_HEADER)
+#include MIJIN_QUOTED(MIJIN_CONFIG_HEADER)
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR)
+#define MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR std::allocator
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE)
+#define MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE char
+#endif
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_INTERNAL_CONFIG_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/internal/exception.hpp

@@ -23,10 +23,12 @@
 #else
 #if defined(MIJIN_TEST_NO_NOEXCEPT) // only use for testing
 #define MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+#define MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(x)
 #define MIJIN_THROWS
 #define MIJIN_CONDITIONAL_NOEXCEPT(...)
 #else
 #define MIJIN_NOEXCEPT noexcept
+#define MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(x) noexcept(x)
 #define MIJIN_THROWS noexcept
 #define MIJIN_CONDITIONAL_NOEXCEPT(...) noexcept(__VA_ARGS__)
 #endif

source/mijin/internal/helpers.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_INTERNAL_HELPERS_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_INTERNAL_HELPERS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+
+#define MIJIN_IDENTITY(what) what
+#define MIJIN_NULLIFY(what)
+
+#define MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(chr_type, text)                                      \
+[]<typename TChar__>(TChar__) consteval                                        \
+{                                                                              \
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TChar__, char>)                               \
+    {                                                                          \
+        return text;                                                           \
+    }                                                                          \
+    else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TChar__, wchar_t>)                       \
+    {                                                                          \
+        return L ## text;                                                      \
+    }                                                                          \
+    else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TChar__, char8_t>)                       \
+    {                                                                          \
+        return u8 ## text;                                                     \
+    }                                                                          \
+    else                                                                       \
+    {                                                                          \
+        static_assert(::mijin::always_false_v<TChar__>, "Invalid char type."); \
+    }                                                                          \
+}(chr_type())
+
+#define MIJIN_SMART_STRINGIFY(chr_type, text) MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(chr_type, #text)
+
+#define MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_IMPL(type_name, prefix_a, prefix_b, prefix_c, set_args) \
+prefix_a prefix_b(char) prefix_c                                                           \
+using C ## type_name = Base ## type_name <set_args(char)>;                                 \
+                                                                                           \
+prefix_a prefix_b(wchar_t) prefix_c                                                        \
+using W ## type_name = Base ## type_name <set_args(wchar_t)>;                              \
+                                                                                           \
+prefix_a prefix_b(char8_t) prefix_c                                                        \
+using U ## type_name = Base ## type_name <set_args(char8_t)>;                              \
+                                                                                           \
+using type_name = Base ## type_name<>;
+
+#define MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(type_name, remaining_args, set_args) \
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_IMPL(type_name, template<, remaining_args, >, set_args)
+
+#define MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_CUSTOM(type_name, set_args)   \
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_IMPL(type_name, , MIJIN_NULLIFY, , set_args)
+
+#define MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(type_name) \
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_CUSTOM(type_name, MIJIN_IDENTITY)
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_INTERNAL_HELPERS_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/internal/version_support.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_INTERNAL_VERSION_SUPPORT_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_INTERNAL_VERSION_SUPPORT_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "../detect.hpp"
+
+#if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wc++26-extensions"
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__cpp_deleted_function)
+#define MIJIN_DELETE(reason) = delete(reason)
+#else
+#define MIJIN_DELETE(reason) = delete
+#endif
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_INTERNAL_VERSION_SUPPORT_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/io/stream.cpp

@@ -113,6 +113,42 @@ StreamError Stream::writeBinaryString(std::string_view str)
     return writeSpan(str.begin(), str.end());
 }
 
+StreamError Stream::readZString(std::string& outString)
+{
+    char chr = '\0';
+    std::string result;
+
+    while (true)
+    {
+        if (isAtEnd())
+        {
+            return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
+        }
+
+        if (StreamError error = read(chr); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        if (chr == '\0')
+        {
+            outString = std::move(result);
+            return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+        }
+        result.push_back(chr);
+    }
+}
+
+StreamError Stream::writeZString(std::string_view str)
+{
+    static const char ZERO = '\0';
+
+    if (StreamError error = writeRaw(str.data(), str.size() * sizeof(char)); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        return error;
+    }
+    return write(ZERO);
+}
+
 mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readBinaryString(std::string& outString)
 {
     std::uint32_t length; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-init-variables)
@@ -161,76 +197,6 @@ StreamError Stream::getTotalLength(std::size_t& outLength)
     return StreamError::SUCCESS;
 }
 
-StreamError Stream::readRest(TypelessBuffer& outBuffer)
-{
-    // first try to allocate everything at once
-    std::size_t length = 0;
-    if (const StreamError lengthError = getTotalLength(length); lengthError == StreamError::SUCCESS)
-    {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().tell, "How did you find the length if you cannot tell()?");
-        length -= tell();
-        outBuffer.resize(length);
-        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(outBuffer.data(), length); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
-        {
-            return error;
-        }
-        return StreamError::SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    // could not determine the size, read chunk-wise
-    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
-    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
-
-    while (!isAtEnd())
-    {
-        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
-        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
-        {
-            return error;
-        }
-
-        outBuffer.resize(outBuffer.byteSize() + bytesRead);
-        const std::span<std::byte> bufferBytes = outBuffer.makeSpan<std::byte>();
-        std::copy_n(chunk.begin(), bytesRead, bufferBytes.end() - static_cast<long>(bytesRead));
-    }
-    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
-}
-
-mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readRest(TypelessBuffer& outBuffer)
-{
-    // first try to allocate everything at once
-    std::size_t length = 0;
-    if (StreamError lengthError = getTotalLength(length); lengthError == StreamError::SUCCESS)
-    {
-        MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().tell, "How did you find the length if you cannot tell()?");
-        length -= tell();
-        outBuffer.resize(length);
-        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(outBuffer.data(), length); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
-        {
-            co_return error;
-        }
-        co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
-    }
-
-    // could not determine the size, read chunk-wise
-    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
-    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
-
-    while (!isAtEnd())
-    {
-        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
-        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
-        {
-            co_return error;
-        }
-
-        outBuffer.resize(outBuffer.byteSize() + bytesRead);
-        std::span<std::byte> bufferBytes = outBuffer.makeSpan<std::byte>();
-        std::copy_n(chunk.begin(), bytesRead, bufferBytes.end() - static_cast<long>(bytesRead));
-    }
-    co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
-}
-
 StreamError Stream::readLine(std::string& outString)
 {
     MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().readOptions.peek, "Stream needs to support peeking.");
@@ -324,6 +290,29 @@ mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readLine(std::string& outString)
     co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
 }
 
+StreamError Stream::copyTo(Stream& other)
+{
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().read, "Stream must support reading.");
+    MIJIN_ASSERT(other.getFeatures().write, "Other stream must support writing.");
+
+    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
+
+    while (!isAtEnd())
+    {
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        if (const StreamError error = other.writeRaw(chunk.data(), bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
 FileStream::~FileStream()
 {
     if (handle) {
@@ -475,7 +464,7 @@ StreamFeatures FileStream::getFeatures()
     if (handle)
     {
         return {
-            .read = (mode == FileOpenMode::READ),
+            .read = (mode == FileOpenMode::READ || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE),
             .write = (mode == FileOpenMode::WRITE || mode == FileOpenMode::APPEND || mode == FileOpenMode::READ_WRITE),
             .tell = true,
             .seek = true,

source/mijin/io/stream.hpp

@@ -133,7 +133,8 @@ public:
         return readRaw(&*range.begin(), bytes, {.partial = partial}, outBytesRead);
     }
 
-    StreamError readRaw(TypelessBuffer& buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {})
+    template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+    StreamError readRaw(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {})
     {
         return readRaw(buffer.data(), buffer.byteSize(), options);
     }
@@ -145,7 +146,8 @@ public:
         return c_readRaw(&*range.begin(), bytes, options, outBytesRead);
     }
 
-    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRaw(TypelessBuffer& buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {})
+    template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRaw(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& buffer, const ReadOptions& options = {})
     {
         return c_readRaw(buffer.data(), buffer.byteSize(), options);
     }
@@ -219,7 +221,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     template<typename T>
-    StreamError write(const T& value) requires(std::is_trivial_v<T>)
+    StreamError write(const T& value)
     {
         return writeRaw(&value, sizeof(T));
     }
@@ -259,6 +261,9 @@ public:
     StreamError readBinaryString(std::string& outString);
     StreamError writeBinaryString(std::string_view str);
 
+    StreamError readZString(std::string& outString);
+    StreamError writeZString(std::string_view str);
+
     mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readBinaryString(std::string& outString);
     mijin::Task<StreamError> c_writeBinaryString(std::string_view str);
 
@@ -269,17 +274,23 @@ public:
     inline StreamError writeString(std::string_view str) { return writeBinaryString(str); }
 
     StreamError getTotalLength(std::size_t& outLength);
-    StreamError readRest(TypelessBuffer& outBuffer);
+
-    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRest(TypelessBuffer& outBuffer);
+    StreamError copyTo(Stream& otherStream);
+
+    template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+    StreamError readRest(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& outBuffer);
+
+    template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readRest(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& outBuffer);
 
     StreamError readLine(std::string& outString);
     mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readLine(std::string& outString);
 
-    template<typename TChar = char>
+    template<typename TChar = char, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<char>>
-    StreamError readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString);
+    StreamError readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>& outString);
 
-    template<typename TChar = char>
+    template<typename TChar = char, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<char>>
-    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString);
+    mijin::Task<StreamError> c_readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>& outString);
 
     StreamError writeText(std::string_view str)
     {
@@ -360,8 +371,80 @@ using StreamResult = ResultBase<TSuccess, StreamError>;
 // public functions
 //
 
-template<typename TChar>
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
-StreamError Stream::readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString)
+StreamError Stream::readRest(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& outBuffer)
+{
+    // first try to allocate everything at once
+    std::size_t length = 0;
+    if (const StreamError lengthError = getTotalLength(length); lengthError == StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().tell, "How did you find the length if you cannot tell()?");
+        length -= tell();
+        outBuffer.resize(length);
+        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(outBuffer.data(), length); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+        return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    // could not determine the size, read chunk-wise
+    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
+
+    while (!isAtEnd())
+    {
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (const StreamError error = readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            return error;
+        }
+
+        outBuffer.resize(outBuffer.byteSize() + bytesRead);
+        const std::span<std::byte> bufferBytes = outBuffer.template makeSpan<std::byte>();
+        std::copy_n(chunk.begin(), bytesRead, bufferBytes.end() - static_cast<long>(bytesRead));
+    }
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+template<template<typename> typename TAllocator>
+mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readRest(BaseTypelessBuffer<TAllocator>& outBuffer)
+{
+    // first try to allocate everything at once
+    std::size_t length = 0;
+    if (StreamError lengthError = getTotalLength(length); lengthError == StreamError::SUCCESS)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(getFeatures().tell, "How did you find the length if you cannot tell()?");
+        length -= tell();
+        outBuffer.resize(length);
+        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(outBuffer.data(), length); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return error;
+        }
+        co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    // could not determine the size, read chunk-wise
+    static constexpr std::size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;
+    std::array<std::byte, CHUNK_SIZE> chunk = {};
+
+    while (!isAtEnd())
+    {
+        std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+        if (StreamError error = co_await c_readRaw(chunk, {.partial = true}, &bytesRead); error != StreamError::SUCCESS)
+        {
+            co_return error;
+        }
+
+        outBuffer.resize(outBuffer.byteSize() + bytesRead);
+        std::span<std::byte> bufferBytes = outBuffer.template makeSpan<std::byte>();
+        std::copy_n(chunk.begin(), bytesRead, bufferBytes.end() - static_cast<long>(bytesRead));
+    }
+    co_return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator>
+StreamError Stream::readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>& outString)
 {
     static_assert(sizeof(TChar) == 1, "Can only read to 8-bit character types (char, unsigned char or char8_t");
 
@@ -396,8 +479,8 @@ StreamError Stream::readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString)
     return StreamError::SUCCESS;
 }
 
-template<typename TChar>
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator>
-mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar>& outString)
+mijin::Task<StreamError> Stream::c_readAsString(std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>& outString)
 {
     static_assert(sizeof(TChar) == 1, "Can only read to 8-bit character types (char, unsigned char or char8_t");
 
@@ -463,7 +546,7 @@ inline void throwOnError(mijin::StreamError error)
     if (error == mijin::StreamError::SUCCESS) {
         return;
     }
-    throw std::runtime_error(errorName(error));
+    throw Exception(errorName(error));
 }
 
 inline void throwOnError(mijin::StreamError error, std::string message)
@@ -471,7 +554,7 @@ inline void throwOnError(mijin::StreamError error, std::string message)
     if (error == mijin::StreamError::SUCCESS) {
         return;
     }
-    throw std::runtime_error(message + ": " + errorName(error));
+    throw Exception(message + ": " + errorName(error));
 }
 
 template<typename TSuccess>

source/mijin/logging/debug_output_sink.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./formatting.hpp"
+#include "../detect.hpp"
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+#pragma comment(lib, "Kernel32.lib")
+
+extern "C" void OutputDebugStringA(const char* lpOutputString);
+extern "C" void OutputDebugStringW(const wchar_t* lpOutputString);
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMPL_ARGS_INIT>
+    requires(allocator_type<TAllocator<TChar>>)
+class BaseDebugOutputSink : public BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>;
+    using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::allocator_t;
+    using typename base_t::formatter_ptr_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+public:
+    explicit BaseDebugOutputSink(formatter_ptr_t formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
+            : base_t(std::move(formatter), std::move(allocator)) {}
+
+    void handleMessageFormatted(const message_t&, const char_t* formatted) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<char_t, char>)
+        {
+            OutputDebugStringA(formatted);
+            OutputDebugStringA("\n");
+        }
+        else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<char_t, wchar_t>)
+        {
+            OutputDebugStringW(formatted);
+            OutputDebugStringW(L"\n");
+        }
+        else if constexpr (sizeof(char_t) == sizeof(char))
+        {
+            // char8_t etc.
+            OutputDebugStringA(std::bit_cast<const char*>(formatted));
+            OutputDebugStringA("\n");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static_assert(always_false_v<char_t>, "Character type not supported.");
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+#define SINK_SET_ARGS(chr_type) chr_type, std::char_traits<chr_type>, TAllocator, TDeleter
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(DebugOutputSink, MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_COMMON_ARGS, SINK_SET_ARGS)
+
+#undef SINK_SET_ARGS
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/logging/filters.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_FILTERS_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_FILTERS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./logger.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE>
+class BaseLevelFilter : public BaseLogFilter<TChar>
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = BaseLogFilter<TChar>;
+    using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+private:
+    int mMinLevel = 0;
+    int mMaxLevel = 0;
+public:
+    explicit BaseLevelFilter(int minLevel, int maxLevel = std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+        : mMinLevel(minLevel), mMaxLevel(maxLevel) {}
+    explicit BaseLevelFilter(const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& minLevel, const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& maxLevel = {nullptr, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+        : mMinLevel(minLevel.value), mMaxLevel(maxLevel.value) {}
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    int getMinLevel() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return mMinLevel; }
+    
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    int getMaxLevel() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return mMaxLevel; }
+
+    void setMinLevel(int level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMinLevel = level; }
+
+    void setMinLevel(const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMinLevel = level.value; }
+
+    void setMaxLevel(int level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMaxLevel = level; }
+
+    void setMaxLevel(const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMaxLevel = level.value; }
+
+    bool shouldShow(const message_t& message) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    {
+        return message.level->value >= mMinLevel && message.level->value <= mMaxLevel;
+    }
+};
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LevelFilter)
+
+} // namespace mijin
+
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_STDIO_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/logging/formatting.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_FORMATTING_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_FORMATTING_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <format>
+#include <variant>
+#include "./logger.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../memory/dynamic_pointer.hpp"
+#include "../memory/memutil.hpp"
+#include "../memory/virtual_allocator.hpp"
+#include "../util/annot.hpp"
+#include "../util/ansi_colors.hpp"
+#include "../util/concepts.hpp"
+#include "../util/string.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+#define FORMATTER_COMMON_ARGS(chr_type) allocator_type_for<chr_type> TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<chr_type>
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>,
+        FORMATTER_COMMON_ARGS(TChar)>
+class BaseLogFormatter
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using allocator_t = TAllocator;
+    using string_t = std::basic_string<char_t, traits_t, allocator_t>;
+
+    virtual ~BaseLogFormatter() noexcept = default;
+
+    virtual void format(const LogMessage& message, string_t& outFormatted) = 0;
+};
+
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>,
+        FORMATTER_COMMON_ARGS(TChar)>
+class BaseSimpleLogFormatter : public BaseLogFormatter<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using allocator_t = TAllocator;
+    using base_t = BaseLogFormatter<char_t, traits_t, allocator_t>;
+    using typename base_t::string_t;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<char_t, traits_t>;
+private:
+    string_t mFormat;
+    string_t mFormatBuffer;
+public:
+    explicit BaseSimpleLogFormatter(string_t format) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : mFormat(std::move(format)), mFormatBuffer(mFormat.get_allocator()) {}
+
+    void format(const LogMessage& message, string_t& outFormatted) override;
+private:
+    void formatAnsiSequence(const LogMessage& message, string_view_t ansiName, string_t& outFormatted);
+};
+
+#define FORMATTER_SET_ARGS(chr_type) chr_type, std::char_traits<chr_type>, TAllocator
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(LogFormatter, FORMATTER_COMMON_ARGS, FORMATTER_SET_ARGS)
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(SimpleLogFormatter, FORMATTER_COMMON_ARGS, FORMATTER_SET_ARGS)
+
+#undef FORMATTER_COMMON_ARGS
+#undef FORMATTER_SET_ARGS
+
+#define MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_COMMON_ARGS(chr_type)                                               \
+    typename TTraits = std::char_traits<chr_type>,                                                \
+    template<typename> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR,                             \
+    deleter_type<BaseLogFormatter<chr_type, TTraits, TAllocator<chr_type>>> TDeleter              \
+        = AllocatorDeleter<TAllocator<BaseLogFormatter<chr_type, TTraits, TAllocator<chr_type>>>>
+
+#define MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMPL_ARGS_INIT  \
+    typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, \
+    MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_COMMON_ARGS(TChar)
+
+#define MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES TChar, TTraits, TAllocator, TDeleter
+
+template<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMPL_ARGS_INIT>
+        requires(allocator_type<TAllocator<TChar>>)
+class BaseFormattingLogSink : public BaseLogSink<TChar>
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = BaseLogSink<TChar>;
+
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using allocator_t = TAllocator<TChar>;
+    using formatter_t = BaseLogFormatter<char_t, traits_t, allocator_t>;
+    using formatter_deleter_t = TDeleter;
+    using formatter_ptr_t = DynamicPointer<formatter_t, formatter_deleter_t>;
+    using string_t = formatter_t::string_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+private:
+    formatter_ptr_t mFormatter;
+    string_t mBuffer;
+public:
+    explicit BaseFormattingLogSink(formatter_ptr_t formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
+        : mFormatter(std::move(formatter)), mBuffer(std::move(allocator))
+    {}
+
+    virtual void handleMessageFormatted(const message_t& message, const char_t* formatted) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
+
+    void handleMessage(const message_t& message) noexcept override
+    {
+        mBuffer.clear();
+        mFormatter->format(message, mBuffer);
+        handleMessageFormatted(message, mBuffer.c_str());
+    }
+};
+
+#define SINK_SET_ARGS(chr_type) chr_type, std::char_traits<chr_type>, TAllocator, TDeleter
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(FormattingLogSink, MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_COMMON_ARGS, SINK_SET_ARGS)
+
+#undef SINK_SET_ARGS
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, allocator_type_for<TChar> TAllocator>
+void BaseSimpleLogFormatter<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>::format(const LogMessage& message, string_t& outFormatted)
+{
+    mFormatBuffer.clear();
+    for (auto pos = mFormat.begin(); pos != mFormat.end(); ++pos)
+    {
+        if (*pos == MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, '{'))
+        {
+            ++pos;
+            if (*pos == MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, '{'))
+            {
+                // double {
+                outFormatted += MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, '{');
+                continue;
+            }
+            const auto argStart = pos;
+            static const string_view_t endChars = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, ":}");
+            pos = std::find_first_of(pos, mFormat.end(), endChars.begin(), endChars.end());
+            MIJIN_ASSERT(pos != mFormat.end(), "Invalid format.");
+
+            const string_view_t argName(argStart, pos);
+            string_view_t argFormat;
+            if (*pos == ':')
+            {
+                const auto formatStart = pos;
+                pos = std::find(pos, mFormat.end(), MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, '}'));
+                MIJIN_ASSERT(pos != mFormat.end(), "Invalid format.");
+                argFormat = string_view_t(formatStart, pos);
+            }
+
+            // small utility that uses the provided string buffer for storing the format string
+            auto formatInline = [&](const auto& value)
+            {
+                using type_t = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+
+                // if there is no format, just directly print the value
+                if (argFormat.empty())
+                {
+                    if constexpr (is_char_v<type_t>)
+                    {
+                        convertStringType(string_view_t(&value, 1), outFormatted);
+                    }
+                    else if constexpr (std::is_arithmetic_v<type_t>)
+                    {
+                        std::format_to(std::back_inserter(outFormatted), MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "{}"), value);
+                    }
+                    else if constexpr (is_string_v<type_t> || is_cstring_v<type_t>)
+                    {
+                        convertStringType(value, outFormatted);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        static_assert(always_false_v<type_t>);
+                        outFormatted += value;
+                    }
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // first copy the format string + braces into the buffer
+                const auto formatStart = mFormatBuffer.size();
+                mFormatBuffer += '{';
+                mFormatBuffer += argFormat;
+                mFormatBuffer += '}';
+                const auto formatEnd = mFormatBuffer.size();
+
+                auto doFormatTo = [](string_t& string, string_view_t format, const auto& value)
+                {
+                    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<char_t, char>)
+                    {
+                        std::vformat_to(std::back_inserter(string), format, std::make_format_args(value));
+                    }
+                    else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<char_t, wchar_t>)
+                    {
+                        std::vformat_to(std::back_inserter(string), format, std::make_wformat_args(value));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        static_assert(always_false_v<char_t>, "Cannot format this char type.");
+                    }
+                };
+
+                auto doFormat = [&](const auto& value)
+                {
+                    auto format = string_view_t(mFormatBuffer).substr(formatStart, formatEnd - formatStart);
+                    doFormatTo(outFormatted, format, value);
+                };
+
+                if constexpr (is_char_v<type_t> && !std::is_same_v<char_t, type_t>)
+                {
+                    static_assert(always_false_v<type_t>, "TODO...");
+                }
+                else if constexpr ((is_string_v<type_t> || is_cstring_v<type_t>) && !std::is_same_v<str_char_type_t<type_t>, char_t>)
+                {
+                    // different string type, needs to be converted
+                    const auto convertedStart = mFormatBuffer.size();
+                    convertStringType(value, mFormatBuffer);
+                    const auto convertedEnd = mFormatBuffer.size();
+
+                    // then we can format it
+                    auto converted = string_view_t(mFormatBuffer).substr(convertedStart, mFormatBuffer.size() - convertedEnd);
+                    doFormat(converted);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // nothing special
+                    doFormat(value);
+                }
+            };
+
+            if (argName == MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "text"))
+            {
+                formatInline(message.text);
+            }
+            else if (argName == MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "channel"))
+            {
+                formatInline(message.channel->name);
+            }
+            else if (argName == MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "file"))
+            {
+                formatInline(message.sourceLocation.file_name());
+            }
+            else if (argName == MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "function"))
+            {
+                formatInline(message.sourceLocation.function_name());
+            }
+            else if (argName == MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "line"))
+            {
+                formatInline(message.sourceLocation.line());
+            }
+            else if (argName == MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "column"))
+            {
+                formatInline(message.sourceLocation.column());
+            }
+            else if (argName == MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "level"))
+            {
+                formatInline(message.level->name);
+            }
+            else if (argName == MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "ansi"))
+            {
+                formatAnsiSequence(message, argFormat.substr(1), outFormatted);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                MIJIN_ERROR("Invalid format argument name.");
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            outFormatted += *pos;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits, allocator_type_for<TChar> TAllocator>
+void BaseSimpleLogFormatter<TChar, TTraits, TAllocator>::formatAnsiSequence(const LogMessage& message, string_view_t ansiName, string_t& outFormatted)
+{
+    std::size_t numParts = 0;
+    const auto formatParts = splitFixed<4>(ansiName, ",", {}, &numParts);
+
+    outFormatted += MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "\033[");
+    for (std::size_t partIdx = 0; partIdx < numParts; ++partIdx)
+    {
+        const string_view_t& part = formatParts[partIdx];
+        if (partIdx > 0)
+        {
+            outFormatted += MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, ',');
+        }
+        if (part == MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "reset"))
+        {
+            outFormatted += BaseAnsiFontEffects<char_t>::RESET;
+        }
+        else if (part == MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "level_color"))
+        {
+            const int levelValue = message.level->value;
+            if (levelValue < MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_VERBOSE)
+            {
+                outFormatted += BaseAnsiFontEffects<char_t>::FG_CYAN;
+            }
+            else if (levelValue < MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_INFO)
+            {
+                outFormatted += BaseAnsiFontEffects<char_t>::FG_WHITE;
+            }
+            else if (levelValue < MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_WARNING)
+            {
+                outFormatted += BaseAnsiFontEffects<char_t>::FG_BRIGHT_WHITE;
+            }
+            else if (levelValue < MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_ERROR)
+            {
+                outFormatted += BaseAnsiFontEffects<char_t>::FG_YELLOW;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                outFormatted += BaseAnsiFontEffects<char_t>::FG_RED;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            MIJIN_ERROR("Invalid format ansi font effect name.");
+        }
+    }
+    outFormatted += MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, 'm');
+}
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_FORMATTING_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/logging/logger.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_LOGGER_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_LOGGER_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <format>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <source_location>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../util/annot.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_DEBUG)
+#define MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_DEBUG -1000
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_VERBOSE)
+#define MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_VERBOSE -500
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_INFO)
+#define MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_INFO 0
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_WARNING)
+#define MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_WARNING 500
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_ERROR)
+#define MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_ERROR 1000
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER)
+#define MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER mijin__getLogger__
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE)
+#define MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE mijin__getMinLogLevelCompile
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_NSNAME_LOG_LEVEL)
+#define MIJIN_NSNAME_LOG_LEVEL mijin_log_level
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_NSNAME_LOG_CHANNEL)
+#define MIJIN_NSNAME_LOG_CHANNEL mijin_log_channel
+#endif
+
+
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE>
+struct BaseLogLevel
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+
+    const char_t* name;
+    int value;
+
+    explicit operator int() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return value; }
+
+    auto operator<=>(const BaseLogLevel& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return value <=> other.value; }
+};
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LogLevel)
+
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE>
+struct BaseLogChannel
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+
+    const char_t* name;
+};
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LogChannel)
+
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE>
+struct BaseLogMessage
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+
+    const char_t* text;
+    const BaseLogChannel<char_t>* channel;
+    const BaseLogLevel<char_t>* level;
+    std::source_location sourceLocation;
+};
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LogMessage)
+
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE>
+class BaseLogSink
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using message_t = BaseLogMessage<char_t>;
+
+    virtual ~BaseLogSink() noexcept = default;
+
+    virtual void handleMessage(const message_t& message) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
+};
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LogSink)
+
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE>
+class BaseLogFilter
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using message_t = BaseLogMessage<char_t>;
+
+    virtual ~BaseLogFilter() noexcept = default;
+
+    virtual bool shouldShow(const message_t& message) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = 0;
+};
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(LogFilter)
+
+#define LOGGER_COMMON_ARGS(chr_type) template<typename T> typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, LOGGER_COMMON_ARGS(TChar)>
+class BaseLogger
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using allocator_t = TAllocator<char_t>;
+
+    using sink_t = BaseLogSink<char_t>;
+    using filter_t = BaseLogFilter<char_t>;
+    using level_t = BaseLogLevel<char_t>;
+    using channel_t = BaseLogChannel<char_t>;
+    using message_t = BaseLogMessage<char_t>;
+    using string_t = std::basic_string<char_t, traits_t, allocator_t>;
+private:
+    struct SinkEntry
+    {
+        sink_t* sink;
+        filter_t* filter;
+    };
+    std::vector<SinkEntry, TAllocator<SinkEntry>> mSinks;
+    mutable std::mutex mMutex;
+public:
+    explicit BaseLogger(TAllocator<void> allocator = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<TAllocator<SinkEntry>, TAllocator<void>&&>))
+        : mSinks(TAllocator<SinkEntry>(std::move(allocator)))
+    {}
+
+    BaseLogger(const BaseLogger&) = default;
+
+    BaseLogger(BaseLogger&&) = default;
+
+    BaseLogger& operator=(const BaseLogger&) = default;
+
+    BaseLogger& operator=(BaseLogger&&) = default;
+
+    void addSink(sink_t& sink)
+    {
+        std::unique_lock _(mMutex);
+        mSinks.push_back({&sink, nullptr});
+    }
+
+    void addSink(sink_t& sink, filter_t& filter)
+    {
+        std::unique_lock _(mMutex);
+        mSinks.push_back({&sink, &filter});
+    }
+
+    void postMessage(const message_t& message) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        std::unique_lock _(mMutex);
+        for (const SinkEntry& entry : mSinks)
+        {
+            if (entry.filter != nullptr && !entry.filter->shouldShow(message)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            entry.sink->handleMessage(message);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void log(const level_t& level, const channel_t& channel, std::source_location sourceLocation, const char_t* msg) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        postMessage({
+            .text = msg,
+            .channel = &channel,
+            .level = &level,
+            .sourceLocation = std::move(sourceLocation)
+        });
+    }
+
+    template<typename... TArgs>
+    void log(const level_t& level, const channel_t& channel, std::source_location sourceLocation,
+             std::basic_format_string<char_t, std::type_identity_t<TArgs>...> fmt, TArgs&& ... args) const
+             MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(std::declval<allocator_t>().allocate(1)))
+    {
+        string_t buffer(allocator_t(mSinks.get_allocator()));
+        std::format_to(std::back_inserter(buffer), fmt, std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
+        log(level, channel, std::move(sourceLocation), buffer.c_str());
+    }
+};
+
+#define LOGGER_SET_ARGS(chr_type) chr_type, std::char_traits<chr_type>, TAllocator
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(Logger, LOGGER_COMMON_ARGS, LOGGER_SET_ARGS)
+
+#undef LOGGER_COMMON_ARGS
+#undef LOGGER_SET_ARGS
+
+#define MIJIN_DECLARE_LOG_CHANNEL_BASE(chr_type, cnlName)   \
+namespace MIJIN_NSNAME_LOG_CHANNEL                          \
+{                                                           \
+    extern const ::mijin::BaseLogChannel<chr_type> cnlName; \
+}
+#define MIJIN_DECLARE_LOG_CHANNEL(cnlName) MIJIN_DECLARE_LOG_CHANNEL_BASE(MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, cnlName)
+
+#define MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_CHANNEL_BASE(chr_type, cnlName)  \
+namespace MIJIN_NSNAME_LOG_CHANNEL                        \
+{                                                         \
+const ::mijin::BaseLogChannel<chr_type> cnlName {         \
+    .name = MIJIN_SMART_STRINGIFY(chr_type, cnlName)      \
+};                                                        \
+}
+#define MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_CHANNEL(cnlName) MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_CHANNEL_BASE(MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, cnlName)
+
+#define MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_LEVEL_BASE(chr_type, lvlName, lvlValue) \
+namespace MIJIN_NSNAME_LOG_LEVEL                                 \
+{                                                                \
+    inline constexpr ::mijin::BaseLogLevel<chr_type> lvlName{    \
+        .name = MIJIN_SMART_STRINGIFY(chr_type, lvlName),        \
+        .value = lvlValue                                        \
+    };                                                           \
+}
+#define MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_LEVEL(lvlName, lvlValue) MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_LEVEL_BASE(MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE, lvlName, lvlValue)
+
+#if defined(MIJIN_MIN_LOGLEVEL_COMPILE)
+inline constexpr int MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE = static_cast<int>(MIJIN_MIN_LOGLEVEL_COMPILE);
+#elif defined(MIJIN_DEBUG)
+inline constexpr int MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE = MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_DEBUG;
+#else
+inline constexpr int MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE = MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_VERBOSE;
+#endif
+
+#define MIJIN_DEFINE_DEFAULT_LOG_LEVELS                        \
+MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_LEVEL(DEBUG, MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_DEBUG)     \
+MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_LEVEL(VERBOSE, MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_VERBOSE) \
+MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_LEVEL(INFO, MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_INFO)       \
+MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_LEVEL(WARNING, MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_WARNING) \
+MIJIN_DEFINE_LOG_LEVEL(ERROR, MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_ERROR)
+
+#define MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level) MIJIN_NSNAME_LOG_LEVEL::level
+#define MIJIN_LOG_CHANNEL_OBJECT(channel) MIJIN_NSNAME_LOG_CHANNEL::channel
+
+#define MIJIN_LOG_ALWAYS(level, channel, ...) MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER().log(                                     \
+    MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level), MIJIN_LOG_CHANNEL_OBJECT(channel), std::source_location::current(), __VA_ARGS__ \
+)
+#define MIJIN_LOG(level, channel, ...)                                                         \
+if constexpr (MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level).value < MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE()) {} \
+else MIJIN_LOG_ALWAYS(level, channel, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define MIJIN_LOG_IF(cond, level, channel, ...)                                                \
+if constexpr (MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level).value < MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE()) {} \
+else if (cond) MIJIN_LOG_ALWAYS(level, channel, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define MIJIN_SET_CLASS_LOGGER(loggerExpr)             \
+const auto& MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER() const noexcept \
+{                                                      \
+    return loggerExpr;                                 \
+}
+#define MIJIN_SET_SCOPE_LOGGER(loggerExpr)            \
+auto MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER = [&]() -> const auto& \
+{                                                     \
+    return loggerExpr;                                \
+};
+#define MIJIN_SET_NS_LOGGER(loggerExpr)                 \
+inline const mijin::Logger& MIJIN_FUNCNAME_GET_LOGGER() \
+{                                                       \
+    return loggerExpr;                                  \
+}
+#define MIJIN_SET_CLASS_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE(level)      \
+int MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT \
+{                                                         \
+    return MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level).value;           \
+}
+#define MIJIN_SET_SCOPE_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE(level)    \
+auto MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE = []() -> int \
+{                                                       \
+    return MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_OBJECT(level).value;         \
+};
+} // namespace mijin
+
+inline constexpr int MIJIN_FUNCNAME_MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return ::mijin::MIN_LOG_LEVEL_COMPILE;
+}
+
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_LOGGER_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/logging/stdio_sink.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_STDIO_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_STDIO_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./formatting.hpp"
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMPL_ARGS_INIT>
+    requires(allocator_type<TAllocator<TChar>>)
+class BaseStdioSink : public BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>;
+    using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::allocator_t;
+    using typename base_t::formatter_ptr_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+private:
+    int mMinStderrLevel = MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_WARNING;
+public:
+    explicit BaseStdioSink(formatter_ptr_t formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
+        : base_t(std::move(formatter), std::move(allocator)) {}
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    int getMinStderrLevel() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return mMinStderrLevel; }
+
+    void setMinStderrLevel(int level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMinStderrLevel = level; }
+
+    void setMinStderrLevel(const BaseLogLevel<char_t>& level) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { mMinStderrLevel = level.value; }
+
+    void handleMessageFormatted(const message_t& message, const char_t* formatted) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    {
+        FILE* stream = (message.level->value >= mMinStderrLevel) ? stderr : stdout;
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<char_t, char>)
+        {
+            std::fputs(formatted, stream);
+            std::fputc('\n', stream);
+        }
+        else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<char_t, wchar_t>)
+        {
+            std::fputws(formatted, stream);
+            std::fputwc(L'\n', stream);
+        }
+        else if constexpr (sizeof(char_t) == sizeof(char))
+        {
+            // char8_t etc.
+            std::fputs(std::bit_cast<const char*>(formatted), stream);
+            std::fputc('\n', stream);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            static_assert(always_false_v<char_t>, "Character type not supported.");
+        }
+        std::fflush(stream);
+    }
+};
+
+#define SINK_SET_ARGS(chr_type) chr_type, std::char_traits<chr_type>, TAllocator, TDeleter
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(StdioSink, MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_COMMON_ARGS, SINK_SET_ARGS)
+
+#undef SINK_SET_ARGS
+} // namespace mijin
+
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_STDIO_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/logging/stream_sink.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_STREAM_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_LOGGING_STREAM_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "./formatting.hpp"
+#include "../io/stream.hpp"
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMPL_ARGS_INIT>
+    requires(allocator_type<TAllocator<TChar>>)
+class BaseStreamSink : public BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>
+{
+public:
+    using base_t = BaseFormattingLogSink<MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_TMP_ARG_NAMES>;
+    using typename base_t::char_t;
+    using typename base_t::allocator_t;
+    using typename base_t::formatter_ptr_t;
+    using typename base_t::message_t;
+    using stream_ptr_t = DynamicPointer<Stream>;
+private:
+    stream_ptr_t mStream;
+    int mMinStderrLevel = MIJIN_LOG_LEVEL_VALUE_WARNING;
+public:
+    explicit BaseStreamSink(not_null_t<formatter_ptr_t> formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
+        : base_t(std::move(formatter), std::move(allocator)) {}
+    explicit BaseStreamSink(not_null_t<stream_ptr_t> stream, not_null_t<formatter_ptr_t> formatter, allocator_t allocator = {})
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<allocator_t>)
+        : base_t(std::move(formatter), std::move(allocator)), mStream(std::move(stream)) {}
+
+    void setStream(not_null_t<stream_ptr_t> stream) {
+        mStream = std::move(stream).release();
+    }
+
+    void handleMessageFormatted(const message_t& /* message */, const char_t* formatted) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT override
+    {
+        if (!mStream) {
+            return;
+        }
+        (void) mStream->writeSpan(std::basic_string_view(formatted));
+        (void) mStream->write('\n');
+        mStream->flush();
+    }
+};
+
+#define SINK_SET_ARGS(chr_type) chr_type, std::char_traits<chr_type>, TAllocator, TDeleter
+
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS_TMPL(StreamSink, MIJIN_FORMATTING_SINK_COMMON_ARGS, SINK_SET_ARGS)
+
+#undef SINK_SET_ARGS
+} // namespace mijin
+
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_LOGGING_STREAM_SINK_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/memory/dynamic_pointer.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_MEMORY_DYNAMIC_POINTER_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_MEMORY_DYNAMIC_POINTER_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <bit>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../memory/memutil.hpp"
+#include "../util/concepts.hpp"
+#include "../util/flag.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+MIJIN_DEFINE_FLAG(Owning);
+
+template<typename T, deleter_type<T> TDeleter = AllocatorDeleter<MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<T>>>
+class DynamicPointer
+{
+public:
+    using pointer = T*;
+    using element_type = T;
+    using deleter_t = TDeleter;
+private:
+    std::uintptr_t mData = 0;
+    [[no_unique_address]] TDeleter mDeleter;
+public:
+    constexpr DynamicPointer(std::nullptr_t = nullptr) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {}
+    DynamicPointer(const DynamicPointer&) = delete;
+    constexpr DynamicPointer(pointer ptr, Owning owning, TDeleter deleter = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TDeleter>)
+        : mData(std::bit_cast<std::uintptr_t>(ptr) | (owning ? 1 : 0)), mDeleter(std::move(deleter))
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT((std::bit_cast<std::uintptr_t>(ptr) & 1) == 0, "Invalid address, DynamicPointer requires addresses to be divisible by two.");
+    }
+    template<typename TOther, typename TOtherDeleter> requires (std::is_assignable_v<T*&, TOther*> && std::is_constructible_v<TDeleter, TOtherDeleter&&>)
+    constexpr DynamicPointer(DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_convertible_v<TOtherDeleter, TDeleter>))
+        : DynamicPointer(other.get(), other.isOwning() ? Owning::YES : Owning::NO, TDeleter(std::move(other.mDeleter)))
+    {
+        other.mData = 0;
+    }
+    constexpr ~DynamicPointer() noexcept
+    {
+        reset();
+    }
+
+    DynamicPointer& operator=(const DynamicPointer&) = delete;
+    DynamicPointer& operator=(std::nullptr_t) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        reset();
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template<typename TOther, typename TOtherDeleter> requires(std::is_assignable_v<TDeleter, TOtherDeleter>)
+    DynamicPointer& operator=(DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_assignable_v<TDeleter, TOtherDeleter>))
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            reset();
+            mData = std::exchange(other.mData, 0);
+            mDeleter = std::move(other.mDeleter);
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // template<typename TOther, typename TOtherDeleter> requires (std::is_base_of_v<TOther, T>)
+    // constexpr operator DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>() && // MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TDeleter>>)
+    // {
+    //     const Owning owning = isOwning() ? Owning::YES : Owning::NO;
+    //     T* const ptr = release();
+    // 
+    //     return DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>(static_cast<TOther*>(ptr), owning, TOtherDeleter(std::move(mDeleter)));
+    // }
+
+    template<typename TOther, typename TOtherDeleter> requires(std::equality_comparable_with<T, TOther>)
+    auto operator<=>(const DynamicPointer<TOther, TOtherDeleter>& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return mData <=> other.mData;
+    }
+
+    constexpr bool operator==(std::nullptr_t) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return empty();
+    }
+
+    constexpr bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !empty();
+    }
+
+    constexpr operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !empty();
+    }
+
+    constexpr bool operator!() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return empty();
+    }
+
+    constexpr pointer operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return get();
+    }
+
+    constexpr element_type& operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return *get();
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    constexpr bool isOwning() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return (mData & 1) == 1;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    constexpr bool empty() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return mData == 0;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    constexpr pointer get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return std::bit_cast<pointer>(mData & ~1);
+    }
+
+    constexpr void reset(pointer ptr, Owning owning) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (isOwning())
+        {
+            mDeleter(get());
+        }
+        mData = std::bit_cast<std::uintptr_t>(ptr) | (owning ? 1 : 0);
+    }
+
+    constexpr void reset() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        reset(nullptr, Owning::NO);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    pointer release() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return std::bit_cast<pointer>(std::exchange(mData, 0) & ~1);
+    }
+
+    template<typename TOther, deleter_type<TOther> TOtherDeleter>
+    friend class DynamicPointer;
+};
+
+template<typename T, typename TDeleter>
+bool operator==(std::nullptr_t, const DynamicPointer<T, TDeleter>& pointer) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return pointer == nullptr;
+}
+
+template<typename T, typename TDeleter>
+bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t, const DynamicPointer<T, TDeleter>& pointer) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return pointer != nullptr;
+}
+
+template<typename T, typename... TArgs>
+DynamicPointer<T> makeDynamic(TArgs&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<T, TArgs...>))
+{
+    return DynamicPointer<T>(new T(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...), Owning::YES);
+}
+
+template<typename T, allocator_type_for<T> TAllocator, typename... TArgs>
+DynamicPointer<T, AllocatorDeleter<TAllocator>> makeDynamicWithAllocator(TAllocator allocator, TArgs&&... args)
+        MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<T, TArgs...> && std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TAllocator>))
+{
+    T* obj = allocator.allocate(1);
+    if (obj != nullptr)
+    {
+        ::new(obj) T(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
+    }
+    return DynamicPointer<T, AllocatorDeleter<TAllocator>>(obj, Owning::YES, AllocatorDeleter<TAllocator>(std::move(allocator)));
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+DynamicPointer<T> wrapDynamic(T* raw)
+{
+    return DynamicPointer<T>(raw, Owning::NO);
+}
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_MEMORY_DYNAMIC_POINTER_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/memory/memutil.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_MEMORY_MEMUTIL_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_MEMORY_MEMUTIL_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <memory>
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<typename TAllocator>
+class AllocatorDeleter
+{
+public:
+    using value_type = std::allocator_traits<TAllocator>::value_type;
+    using pointer = std::allocator_traits<TAllocator>::pointer;
+
+private:
+    [[no_unique_address]] TAllocator allocator_;
+
+public:
+    AllocatorDeleter() = default;
+    explicit AllocatorDeleter(TAllocator allocator) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TAllocator>)
+        : allocator_(std::move(allocator)) {}
+
+    template<typename TOtherAllocator> requires (std::is_constructible_v<TAllocator, const TOtherAllocator&>)
+    AllocatorDeleter(const AllocatorDeleter<TOtherAllocator>& other)
+            MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<TAllocator, TOtherAllocator>))
+        : allocator_(other.allocator_) {}
+
+    template<typename TOtherAllocator> requires (std::is_constructible_v<TAllocator, TOtherAllocator&&>)
+    AllocatorDeleter(AllocatorDeleter<TOtherAllocator>&& other)
+            MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<TAllocator, TOtherAllocator&&>))
+        : allocator_(std::move(other.allocator_)) {}
+
+    template<typename TOtherAllocator> requires (std::is_assignable_v<TAllocator&, const TOtherAllocator&>)
+    AllocatorDeleter& operator=(const AllocatorDeleter<TOtherAllocator>& other)
+            MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_assignable_v<TAllocator&, const TOtherAllocator&>))
+    {
+        if (this != static_cast<const void*>(&other))
+        {
+            allocator_ = other.allocator_;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template<typename TOtherAllocator> requires (std::is_assignable_v<TAllocator&, TOtherAllocator&&>)
+    AllocatorDeleter& operator=(AllocatorDeleter<TOtherAllocator>&& other)
+            MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_assignable_v<TAllocator&, TOtherAllocator&&>))
+    {
+        if (this != static_cast<const void*>(&other))
+        {
+            allocator_ = std::move(other.allocator_);
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    void operator()(pointer ptr) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(allocator_.deallocate(ptr, sizeof(value_type))))
+    {
+        allocator_.deallocate(ptr, sizeof(value_type));
+    }
+
+    template<typename TOtherAllocator>
+    friend class AllocatorDeleter;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+class AllocatorDeleter<std::allocator<T>>
+{
+public:
+    AllocatorDeleter() noexcept = default;
+
+    template<typename TOther>
+    AllocatorDeleter(std::allocator<TOther>) noexcept {}
+
+    template<typename TOther>
+    AllocatorDeleter(const AllocatorDeleter<std::allocator<TOther>>&) noexcept {}
+
+    template<typename TOther>
+    AllocatorDeleter& operator=(const AllocatorDeleter<std::allocator<TOther>>&) noexcept { return *this; }
+
+    void operator()(T* ptr) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        delete ptr;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_MEMORY_MEMUTIL_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/memory/stack_allocator.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_MEMORY_STACK_ALLOCATOR_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_MEMORY_STACK_ALLOCATOR_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../util/align.hpp"
+#include "../util/concepts.hpp"
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG)
+#if defined(MIJIN_DEBUG)
+#define MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG 1
+#else
+#define MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG 0
+#endif
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG)
+
+#if MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG > 1
+#include <print>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include "../debug/stacktrace.hpp"
+#endif
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<typename TValue, typename TStackAllocator>
+class StlStackAllocator
+{
+public:
+    using value_type = TValue;
+private:
+    TStackAllocator* base_;
+public:
+    explicit StlStackAllocator(TStackAllocator& base) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : base_(&base) {}
+    template<typename TOtherValue>
+    StlStackAllocator(const StlStackAllocator<TOtherValue, TStackAllocator>& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : base_(other.base_) {}
+
+    template<typename TOtherValue>
+    StlStackAllocator& operator=(const StlStackAllocator<TOtherValue, TStackAllocator>& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        base_ = other.base_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    auto operator<=>(const StlStackAllocator&) const noexcept = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    TValue* allocate(std::size_t count) const
+    {
+        void* result = base_->allocate(alignof(TValue), count * sizeof(TValue));
+#if MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG == 1
+        ++base_->numAllocations_;
+#elif MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG > 1
+        base_->activeAllocations_.emplace(result, captureStacktrace(1));
+#endif
+        return static_cast<TValue*>(result);
+    }
+
+    void deallocate([[maybe_unused]] TValue* ptr, std::size_t /* count */) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+#if MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG == 1
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(base_->numAllocations_ > 0, "Unbalanced allocations in stack allocators!");
+        --base_->numAllocations_;
+#elif MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG > 1
+        auto it = base_->activeAllocations_.find(ptr);
+        if (it != base_->activeAllocations_.end())
+        {
+            base_->activeAllocations_.erase(it);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            MIJIN_ERROR("Deallocating invalid pointer from StackAllocator.");
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    template<typename TOtherValue, typename TOtherAllocator>
+    friend class StlStackAllocator;
+};
+
+namespace impl
+{
+struct StackAllocatorSnapshotData
+{
+    struct ChunkSnapshot
+    {
+        std::size_t allocated;
+    };
+    std::size_t numChunks;
+#if MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG == 1
+    std::size_t numAllocations_ = 0;
+#elif MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG > 1
+    // just for debugging, so we don't care what memory this uses...
+        std::unordered_map<void*, Result<Stacktrace>> activeAllocations_;
+#endif
+    ChunkSnapshot chunks[1]; // may be bigger than that
+};
+}
+
+class StackAllocatorSnapshot
+{
+private:
+    impl::StackAllocatorSnapshotData* data = nullptr;
+
+    impl::StackAllocatorSnapshotData* operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return data; }
+
+
+    template<std::size_t chunkSize, template<typename> typename TBacking> requires (allocator_tmpl<TBacking>)
+    friend class StackAllocator;
+};
+
+template<typename TStackAllocator>
+class StackAllocatorScope
+{
+private:
+    TStackAllocator* allocator_;
+    StackAllocatorSnapshot snapshot_;
+public:
+    explicit StackAllocatorScope(TStackAllocator& allocator) : allocator_(&allocator), snapshot_(allocator_->createSnapshot()) {}
+    StackAllocatorScope(const StackAllocatorScope&) = delete;
+    StackAllocatorScope(StackAllocatorScope&&) = delete;
+    ~StackAllocatorScope() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        allocator_->restoreSnapshot(snapshot_);
+    }
+
+    StackAllocatorScope& operator=(const StackAllocatorScope&) = delete;
+    StackAllocatorScope& operator=(StackAllocatorScope&&) = delete;
+};
+
+template<std::size_t chunkSize = 4096, template<typename> typename TBacking = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR> requires (allocator_tmpl<TBacking>)
+class StackAllocator
+{
+public:
+    using backing_t = TBacking<void>;
+    static constexpr std::size_t ACTUAL_CHUNK_SIZE = chunkSize - sizeof(void*) - sizeof(std::size_t);
+
+    template<typename T>
+    using stl_allocator_t = StlStackAllocator<T, StackAllocator<chunkSize, TBacking>>;
+private:
+    struct Chunk
+    {
+        std::array<std::byte, ACTUAL_CHUNK_SIZE> data;
+        Chunk* next;
+        std::size_t allocated;
+    };
+    [[no_unique_address]] TBacking<Chunk> backing_;
+    Chunk* firstChunk_ = nullptr;
+#if MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG == 1
+    std::size_t numAllocations_ = 0;
+#elif MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG > 1
+    // just for debugging, so we don't care what memory this uses...
+    std::unordered_map<void*, Result<Stacktrace>> activeAllocations_;
+#endif
+public:
+    StackAllocator() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<backing_t>) = default;
+    explicit StackAllocator(backing_t backing) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<TBacking<Chunk>, backing_t&&>))
+        : backing_(std::move(backing)) {}
+    StackAllocator(const StackAllocator&) = delete;
+    StackAllocator(StackAllocator&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TBacking<Chunk>>)
+        : firstChunk_(std::exchange(other.firstChunk_, nullptr)) {}
+    ~StackAllocator() noexcept
+    {
+        Chunk* chunk = firstChunk_;
+        while (chunk != nullptr)
+        {
+            Chunk* nextChunk = firstChunk_->next;
+            backing_.deallocate(chunk, 1);
+            chunk = nextChunk;
+        }
+    }
+    StackAllocator& operator=(const StackAllocator&) = delete;
+    StackAllocator& operator=(StackAllocator&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<TBacking<Chunk>>)
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            backing_ = std::move(other.backing_);
+            firstChunk_ = std::exchange(other.firstChunk_, nullptr);
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    void* allocate(std::size_t alignment, std::size_t size)
+    {
+        // first check if this can ever fit
+        if (size > ACTUAL_CHUNK_SIZE)
+        {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+
+        // then try to find space in the current chunks
+        for (Chunk* chunk = firstChunk_; chunk != nullptr; chunk = chunk->next)
+        {
+            const std::size_t remaining = ACTUAL_CHUNK_SIZE - chunk->allocated;
+            if (remaining < size)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            std::byte* start = &chunk->data[chunk->allocated];
+            std::byte* pos = mijin::alignUp(start, alignment);
+
+            const std::ptrdiff_t alignmentBytes = pos - start;
+            const std::size_t combinedSize = size + alignmentBytes;
+
+            if (remaining < combinedSize)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            chunk->allocated += combinedSize;
+            return pos;
+        }
+
+        // no free space in any chunk? allocate a new one
+        Chunk* newChunk = backing_.allocate(1);
+        if (newChunk == nullptr)
+        {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        initAndAddChunk(newChunk);
+
+        // now try with the new chunk
+        std::byte* start = newChunk->data.data();
+        std::byte* pos = mijin::alignUp(start, alignment);
+
+        const std::ptrdiff_t alignmentBytes = pos - start;
+        const std::size_t combinedSize = size + alignmentBytes;
+
+        // doesn't fit (due to alignment), time to give up
+        if (ACTUAL_CHUNK_SIZE < combinedSize)
+        {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+
+        newChunk->allocated = combinedSize;
+        return pos;
+    }
+
+    void reset() noexcept
+    {
+#if MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG == 1
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(numAllocations_ == 0, "Missing deallocation in StackAllocator!");
+#elif MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG > 1
+        if (!activeAllocations_.empty())
+        {
+            std::println(stderr, "{} active allocations in StackAllocator when resetting!", activeAllocations_.size());
+            for (const auto& [ptr, stack] : activeAllocations_)
+            {
+                if (stack.isError())
+                {
+                    std::println(stderr, "at {}, no stacktrace ({})", ptr, stack.getError().message);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    std::println(stderr, "at 0x{}:\n{}", ptr, stack.getValue());
+                }
+            }
+            MIJIN_TRAP();
+        }
+#endif
+        for (Chunk* chunk = firstChunk_; chunk != nullptr; chunk = chunk->next)
+        {
+            chunk->allocated = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool createChunks(std::size_t count)
+    {
+        if (count == 0)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        Chunk* newChunks = backing_.allocate(count);
+        if (newChunks == nullptr)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // reverse so the chunks are chained from 0 to count (new chunks are inserted in front)
+        for (std::size_t pos = count; pos > 0; --pos)
+        {
+            initAndAddChunk(&newChunks[pos-1]);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    stl_allocator_t<T> makeStlAllocator() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return stl_allocator_t<T>(*this);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    std::size_t getNumChunks() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        std::size_t num = 0;
+        for (Chunk* chunk = firstChunk_; chunk != nullptr; chunk = chunk->next)
+        {
+            ++num;
+        }
+        return num;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    StackAllocatorSnapshot createSnapshot()
+    {
+        if (firstChunk_ == nullptr)
+        {
+            return {};
+        }
+
+        using impl::StackAllocatorSnapshotData;
+
+        std::size_t numChunks = getNumChunks();
+        std::size_t snapshotSize = calcSnapshotSize(numChunks);
+        Chunk* prevFirst = firstChunk_;
+        StackAllocatorSnapshotData* snapshotData = static_cast<StackAllocatorSnapshotData*>(allocate(alignof(StackAllocatorSnapshotData), snapshotSize));
+        if (snapshotData == nullptr)
+        {
+            // couldn't allocate the snapshot
+            return {};
+        }
+        ::new (snapshotData) StackAllocatorSnapshotData;
+        StackAllocatorSnapshot snapshot;
+        snapshot.data = snapshotData;
+        if (firstChunk_ != prevFirst)
+        {
+            // new chunk has been added, adjust the snapshot
+            // the snapshot must be inside the new chunk (but not necessarily at the very beginning, due to alignment)
+            MIJIN_ASSERT(static_cast<const void*>(snapshot.data) == alignUp(firstChunk_->data.data(), alignof(StackAllocatorSnapshot)), "Snapshot not where it was expected.");
+
+            // a chunk might be too small for the snapshot if we grow it (unlikely, but not impossible)
+            if (ACTUAL_CHUNK_SIZE - firstChunk_->allocated < MIJIN_STRIDEOF(StackAllocatorSnapshotData::ChunkSnapshot)) [[unlikely]]
+            {
+                firstChunk_->allocated = 0;
+                return {};
+            }
+
+            // looking good, adjust the numbers
+            ++numChunks;
+            snapshotSize += MIJIN_STRIDEOF(StackAllocatorSnapshotData::ChunkSnapshot);
+            firstChunk_->allocated += MIJIN_STRIDEOF(StackAllocatorSnapshotData::ChunkSnapshot);
+        }
+        // now fill out the struct
+        snapshot->numChunks = numChunks;
+#if MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG == 1
+        snapshot->numAllocations_ = numAllocations_;
+#elif MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG > 1
+        // just for debugging, so we don't care what memory this uses...
+        snapshot->activeAllocations_ = activeAllocations_;
+#endif
+
+        std::size_t pos = 0;
+        for (Chunk* chunk = firstChunk_; chunk != nullptr; chunk = chunk->next, ++pos)
+        {
+            snapshot->chunks[pos].allocated = chunk->allocated;
+        }
+        return snapshot;
+    }
+
+    void restoreSnapshot(StackAllocatorSnapshot snapshot) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        if (snapshot.data == nullptr)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const std::size_t numChunks = getNumChunks();
+        MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(snapshot->numChunks <= numChunks, "Snapshot contains more chunks than the allocator!");
+
+#if MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG == 1
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(snapshot->numAllocations_ >= numAllocations_, "Missing deallocation in StackAllocator!");
+#elif MIJIN_STACK_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG > 1
+        // TODO: compare and print changes
+        unsigned numMismatches = 0;
+        for (const auto& [ptr, stack] : activeAllocations_)
+        {
+            if (snapshot->activeAllocations_.contains(ptr))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            ++numMismatches;
+
+            if (stack.isError())
+            {
+                std::println(stderr, "Missing deallocation at {}, no stacktrace ({})", ptr, stack.getError().message);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                std::println(stderr, "Missing deallocation at 0x{}:\n{}", ptr, stack.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+#if 0 // deallocating more than expected shouldn't be a problem
+        for (const auto& [ptr, stack] : snapshot->activeAllocations_)
+        {
+            if (activeAllocations_.contains(ptr))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            ++numMismatches;
+
+            if (stack.isError())
+            {
+                std::println(stderr, "Unexpected deallocation at {}, no stacktrace ({})", ptr, stack.getError().message);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                std::println(stderr, "Unexpected deallocation at 0x{}:\n{}", ptr, stack.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+        if (numMismatches > 0)
+        {
+            std::println(stderr, "{} mismatched deallocations when restoring stack allocator snapshot.", numMismatches);
+            MIJIN_TRAP();
+        }
+#endif
+        // if we allocated new chunks since the snapshot, these are completely empty now
+        const std::size_t emptyChunks = numChunks - snapshot->numChunks;
+
+        Chunk* chunk = firstChunk_;
+        for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < emptyChunks; ++idx)
+        {
+            chunk->allocated = 0;
+            chunk = chunk->next;
+        }
+
+        // the other values are in the snapshot
+        for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < snapshot->numChunks; ++idx)
+        {
+            chunk->allocated = snapshot->chunks[idx].allocated;
+            chunk = chunk->next;
+        }
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(chunk == nullptr, "Something didn't add up.");
+
+        // finally free the space for the snapshot itself
+        Chunk* snapshotChunk = findChunk(snapshot.data);
+        MIJIN_ASSERT_FATAL(snapshotChunk != nullptr, "Snapshot not in chunks?");
+        snapshotChunk->allocated -= calcSnapshotSize(snapshot->numChunks); // note: this might miss the alignment bytes of the snapshot, but that should be fine
+        snapshot.data->~StackAllocatorSnapshotData();
+    }
+private:
+    void initAndAddChunk(Chunk* newChunk) noexcept
+    {
+        ::new (newChunk) Chunk();
+
+        // put it in the front
+        newChunk->next = firstChunk_;
+        firstChunk_ = newChunk;
+    }
+
+    bool isInChunk(const void* address, const Chunk& chunk) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        const std::byte* asByte = static_cast<const std::byte*>(address);
+        return asByte >= chunk.data.data() && asByte < chunk.data.data() + ACTUAL_CHUNK_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    Chunk* findChunk(const void* address) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        for (Chunk* chunk = firstChunk_; chunk != nullptr; chunk = chunk->next)
+        {
+            if (isInChunk(address, *chunk))
+            {
+                return chunk;
+            }
+        }
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    static std::size_t calcSnapshotSize(std::size_t numChunks) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return sizeof(impl::StackAllocatorSnapshotData) + ((numChunks - 1) * MIJIN_STRIDEOF(impl::StackAllocatorSnapshotData::ChunkSnapshot));
+    }
+
+    template<typename TValue, typename TStackAllocator>
+    friend class StlStackAllocator;
+};
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_MEMORY_STACK_ALLOCATOR_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/memory/virtual_allocator.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_MEMORY_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATOR_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_MEMORY_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATOR_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../util/annot.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<typename T>
+class VirtualAllocator
+{
+public:
+    virtual ~VirtualAllocator() noexcept = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    virtual owner_t<T*> allocate(std::size_t count) noexcept;
+    virtual void deallocate(owner_t<T*> ptr, std::size_t count) noexcept;
+};
+
+template<typename T, typename TImpl>
+class WrappedVirtualAllocator : public VirtualAllocator<T>
+{
+private:
+    [[no_unique_address]] TImpl mImpl;
+public:
+    explicit constexpr WrappedVirtualAllocator(TImpl impl = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TImpl>)
+            : mImpl(std::move(impl)) {}
+    constexpr WrappedVirtualAllocator(const WrappedVirtualAllocator&) = default;
+    constexpr WrappedVirtualAllocator(WrappedVirtualAllocator&&) = default;
+
+    WrappedVirtualAllocator& operator=(const WrappedVirtualAllocator&) = default;
+    WrappedVirtualAllocator& operator=(WrappedVirtualAllocator&&) = default;
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    owner_t<T*> allocate(std::size_t count) noexcept override
+    {
+        return mImpl.allocate(count);
+    }
+
+    void deallocate(owner_t<T*> ptr, std::size_t count) noexcept override
+    {
+        mImpl.deallocate(ptr, count);
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+WrappedVirtualAllocator<typename T::value_type, T> makeVirtualAllocator(T allocator) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T>)
+{
+    return WrappedVirtualAllocator<typename T::value_type, T>(std::move(allocator));
+}
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_MEMORY_VIRTUAL_ALLOCATOR_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/net/http.hpp

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ struct HTTPRequestOptions
 {
     std::string method = "GET";
     std::multimap<std::string, std::string> headers;
-    TypelessBuffer body;
+    BaseTypelessBuffer<std::allocator> body;
 };
 
 struct HTTPResponse
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ struct HTTPResponse
     unsigned status;
     std::string statusMessage;
     std::multimap<std::string, std::string> headers;
-    TypelessBuffer body;
+    BaseTypelessBuffer<std::allocator> body;
 };
 
 class HTTPStream

source/mijin/net/url.hpp

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 namespace mijin
 {
-template<typename TChar, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, typename TAllocator = std::allocator<TChar>>
+template<typename TChar, typename TTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, typename TAllocator = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<TChar>>
 class URLBase
 {
 public:
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ public:
     constexpr URLBase(const URLBase&) = default;
     constexpr URLBase(URLBase&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
     constexpr URLBase(string_t base) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : base_(std::move(base)) { parse(); }
-    constexpr URLBase(string_view_t base) : URLBase(string_t(base.begin(), base.end())) {}
+    constexpr URLBase(string_view_t base, TAllocator allocator = {}) : URLBase(string_t(base.begin(), base.end(), std::move(allocator))) {}
-    constexpr URLBase(const TChar* base) : URLBase(string_t(base)) {}
+    constexpr URLBase(const TChar* base, TAllocator allocator = {}) : URLBase(string_t(base, std::move(allocator))) {}
 
     constexpr URLBase& operator=(const URLBase&) = default;
     constexpr URLBase& operator=(URLBase&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;

source/mijin/types/result.hpp

@@ -60,6 +60,32 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] const TError& getError() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::get<TError>(state_); }
 };
 
+namespace impl
+{
+struct ResultSuccess {};
+}
+
+template<typename TError>
+class ResultBase<void, TError> : public ResultBase<impl::ResultSuccess, TError>
+{
+public:
+    ResultBase() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : ResultBase<impl::ResultSuccess, TError>(impl::ResultSuccess{}) {}
+    ResultBase(const ResultBase&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ResultBase(ResultBase&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
+    ResultBase(TError errorValue) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT : ResultBase<impl::ResultSuccess, TError>(std::move(errorValue)) {}
+
+    ResultBase& operator=(const ResultBase&) = default;
+    ResultBase& operator=(ResultBase&&) = default;
+    
+    impl::ResultSuccess& operator*() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+    const impl::ResultSuccess& operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+    impl::ResultSuccess* operator->() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+    const impl::ResultSuccess* operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] impl::ResultSuccess& getValue() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+    [[nodiscard]] const impl::ResultSuccess& getValue() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = delete;
+};
+
 struct ResultError
 {
     std::string message;
@@ -73,7 +99,7 @@ struct ResultError
     ResultError& operator=(ResultError&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT = default;
 };
 
-template<typename TSuccess>
+template<typename TSuccess = void>
 using Result = ResultBase<TSuccess, ResultError>;
 
 //

source/mijin/util/align.hpp

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 #if !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_ALIGN_HPP_INCLUDED)
 #define MIJIN_UTIL_ALIGN_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#include <bit>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include "../internal/common.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
@@ -18,6 +20,12 @@ constexpr T alignUp(T value, T alignTo) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
     return value;
 }
 
+template<typename T>
+T* alignUp(T* pointer, std::uintptr_t alignTo) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return std::bit_cast<T*>(alignUp(std::bit_cast<std::uintptr_t>(pointer), alignTo));
+}
+
 #define MIJIN_STRIDEOF(T) mijin::alignUp(sizeof(T), alignof(T))
 } // namespace mijin
 

source/mijin/util/annot.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_ANNOT_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_UTIL_ANNOT_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <utility>
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+
+#if !defined(__has_include)
+    #define __has_include(x) (false)
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_USE_GSL)
+#if __has_include(<gsl/gsl>)
+    #define MIJIN_USE_GSL 1
+#else
+    #define MIJIN_USE_GSL 0
+#endif
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_USE_GSL)
+
+#include <concepts>
+#include "./concepts.hpp"
+
+#if MIJIN_USE_GSL
+    #include <gsl/gsl>
+#endif
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<typename T>
+concept nullable_type = !std::is_same_v<T, std::nullptr_t> && requires(T t) { t == nullptr; };
+
+template<nullable_type T>
+class NotNullable
+{
+private:
+    T base_;
+public:
+    template<typename U> requires(std::is_same_v<T, U> && std::is_copy_constructible_v<T>)
+    constexpr NotNullable(U base) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<T>)
+        : base_(base)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(base_ != nullptr, "Constructed non-nullable type with nullptr.");
+    }
+
+    // some compilers apparently need this since they are unable to do proper pattern matching ...
+    NotNullable(const NotNullable&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<T>) = default;
+    NotNullable(NotNullable&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T>) = default;
+
+    template<typename TOther> requires(std::is_constructible_v<T, const TOther&>)
+    constexpr NotNullable(const NotNullable<TOther>& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<T, const TOther&>))
+            : base_(other.base_)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(base_ != nullptr, "Constructed non-nullable type with nullptr.");
+    }
+    template<typename TOther> requires(std::is_constructible_v<T, TOther&&>)
+    constexpr NotNullable(NotNullable<TOther>&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<T, TOther&&>))
+            : base_(std::exchange(other.base_, nullptr))
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(base_ != nullptr, "Constructed non-nullable type with nullptr.");
+    }
+    template<typename TArg, typename... TArgs> requires(!std::is_same_v<TArg, std::nullptr_t>
+                                                      && (!std::is_same_v<TArg, T> && sizeof...(TArgs) == 0)
+                                                      && std::is_constructible_v<T, TArg&&, TArgs&&...>)
+    constexpr NotNullable(TArg&& arg, TArgs&&... args) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF((std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<T, TArg&&, TArgs&&...>))
+        : base_(std::forward<TArg>(arg), std::forward<TArgs>(args)...)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(base_ != nullptr, "Constructed non-nullable type with nullptr.");
+    }
+    constexpr NotNullable(T&& base) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T>)
+                                    requires(std::is_move_constructible_v<T>)
+        : base_(std::move(base))
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(base_ != nullptr, "Constructed non-nullable type with nullptr.");
+    }
+    constexpr NotNullable(NotNullable&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<T>)
+                                               requires(std::is_copy_constructible_v<T>)
+        : base_(other.base_)
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(base_ != nullptr, "Constructed non-nullable type with nullptr.");
+    }
+    constexpr NotNullable(NotNullable&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T>)
+                                               requires(std::is_move_constructible_v<T>)
+        : base_(std::exchange(other.base_, nullptr))
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(base_ != nullptr, "Constructed non-nullable type with nullptr.");
+    }
+    constexpr NotNullable(std::nullptr_t) MIJIN_DELETE("Type is not nullable.");
+
+    // some compilers apparently need this since they are unable to do proper pattern matching ...
+    NotNullable& operator=(const NotNullable&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<T>) = default;
+    NotNullable& operator=(NotNullable&&) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T>) = default;
+
+    constexpr NotNullable& operator=(const NotNullable& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<T>)
+                                                               requires(std::is_copy_assignable_v<T>)
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            this->base_ = other.base_;
+        }
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(base_ != nullptr, "Assigned nullptr to non-nullable type."); // might still happen if the other type was moved from
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr NotNullable& operator=(NotNullable&& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<T>)
+                                                          requires(std::is_move_assignable_v<T>)
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            this->base_ = std::exchange(other.base_, nullptr);
+        }
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(base_ != nullptr, "Assigned nullptr to non-nullable type."); // might still happen if the other type was moved from
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr NotNullable& operator=(std::nullptr_t) MIJIN_DELETE("Type is not nullable.");
+
+    template<std::equality_comparable_with<T> TOther>
+    bool operator==(const NotNullable<TOther>& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(std::declval<T>() == std::declval<TOther>()))
+    {
+        return base_ == other.base_;
+    }
+
+    template<std::equality_comparable_with<T> TOther>
+    bool operator!=(const NotNullable<TOther>& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(std::declval<T>() != std::declval<TOther>()))
+    {
+        return base_ != other.base_;
+    }
+
+    template<nullable_type TOther> requires(std::equality_comparable_with<T, TOther> && !std::is_same_v<TOther, std::nullptr_t>)
+    bool operator==(const TOther& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(std::declval<T>() == std::declval<TOther>()))
+    {
+        return base_ == other;
+    }
+
+    template<nullable_type TOther> requires(std::equality_comparable_with<T, TOther> && !std::is_same_v<TOther, std::nullptr_t>)
+    bool operator!=(const TOther& other) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(std::declval<T>() != std::declval<TOther>()))
+    {
+        return base_ != other;
+    }
+
+    bool operator==(std::nullptr_t) MIJIN_DELETE("Type is not nullable.");
+    bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t) MIJIN_DELETE("Type is not nullable.");
+
+    constexpr operator const T&() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return get(); }
+    constexpr operator std::nullptr_t() const MIJIN_DELETE("Type is not nullable.");
+    constexpr const T& operator->() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return get(); }
+    constexpr decltype(auto) operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(*get())) { return *get(); }
+
+    NotNullable& operator++() MIJIN_DELETE("Operator disabled for non-nullable types.");
+    NotNullable& operator--() MIJIN_DELETE("Operator disabled for non-nullable types.");
+    NotNullable operator++(int) MIJIN_DELETE("Operator disabled for non-nullable types.");
+    NotNullable operator--(int) MIJIN_DELETE("Operator disabled for non-nullable types.");
+    NotNullable& operator+=(std::ptrdiff_t) MIJIN_DELETE("Operator disabled for non-nullable types.");
+    NotNullable& operator-=(std::ptrdiff_t) MIJIN_DELETE("Operator disabled for non-nullable types.");
+    void operator[](std::ptrdiff_t) const MIJIN_DELETE("Operator disabled for non-nullable types.");
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    constexpr const T& get() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    constexpr T release() && MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return std::exchange(base_, nullptr); }
+
+    template<nullable_type TOther>
+    friend class NotNullable;
+};
+
+#if MIJIN_USE_GSL
+template<mijin::pointer_type T>
+using owner_t = gsl::owner<T>;
+#else
+template<mijin::pointer_type T>
+using owner_t = T;
+#endif
+
+template<typename T>
+using not_null_t = NotNullable<T>;
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_ANNOT_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/ansi_colors.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_ANSI_COLORS_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_UTIL_ANSI_COLORS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include "../internal/common.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+template<typename TChar = MIJIN_DEFAULT_CHAR_TYPE>
+struct BaseAnsiFontEffects
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+
+    static constexpr const char_t* RESET = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "0");
+
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_BLACK = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "30");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_RED = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "31");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_GREEN = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "32");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_YELLOW = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "33");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_BLUE = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "34");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_MAGENTA = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "35");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_CYAN = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "36");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_WHITE = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "37");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_BRIGHT_BLACK = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "90");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_BRIGHT_RED = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "91");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_BRIGHT_GREEN = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "92");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_BRIGHT_YELLOW = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "93");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_BRIGHT_BLUE = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "94");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_BRIGHT_MAGENTA = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "95");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_BRIGHT_CYAN = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "96");
+    static constexpr const char_t* FG_BRIGHT_WHITE = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "97");
+
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_BLACK = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "40");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_RED = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "41");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_GREEN = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "42");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_YELLOW = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "43");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_BLUE = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "44");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_MAGENTA = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "45");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_CYAN = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "46");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_WHITE = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "47");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_BRIGHT_BLACK = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "100");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_BRIGHT_RED = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "101");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_BRIGHT_GREEN = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "102");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_BRIGHT_YELLOW = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "103");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_BRIGHT_BLUE = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "104");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_BRIGHT_MAGENTA = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "105");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_BRIGHT_CYAN = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "106");
+    static constexpr const char_t* BG_BRIGHT_WHITE = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "107");
+};
+MIJIN_DEFINE_CHAR_VERSIONS(AnsiFontEffects)
+}
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_ANSI_COLORS_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/bitarray.hpp

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cstddef>
 
+#include "../debug/assert.hpp"
+
 namespace mijin
 {
 

source/mijin/util/bitflags.hpp

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ template<typename TBits>
 struct BitFlags
 {
     using bits_t = TBits;
+    static constexpr bool ENABLE_TO_INT = false;
 
     constexpr TBits& operator |=(const BitFlags& other) {
         for (std::size_t idx = 0; idx < sizeof(TBits); ++idx) {
@@ -103,6 +104,11 @@ concept BitFlagsType = is_bitflags_v<T>;
 template<std::integral TInt, BitFlagsType T>
 TInt bitFlagsToInt(const BitFlags<T>& flags) noexcept
 {
+    // If a BitFlags object contains padding (number of defined bits < number of bits in type), the bits in the padding might not be 0.
+    // In that case bit_casting will produce an incorrect value.
+    // Filling the gaps with padding bits fixes this, but is unfortunately quite error prone :/.
+    static_assert(T::ENABLE_TO_INT, "bitFlagsToInt not enabled for this type. Make sure the number of bits defined is the same as the number of bits in the type and define ENABLE_TO_INT to true.");
+
     static constexpr std::size_t BYTES = std::min(sizeof(T), sizeof(TInt));
     TInt result = 0;
 

source/mijin/util/concepts.hpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #define MIJIN_UTIL_CONCEPTS_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
 #include <type_traits>
+#include "./traits.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -39,6 +40,32 @@ concept pointer_type = std::is_pointer_v<T>;
 template<typename T>
 concept reference_type = std::is_reference_v<T>;
 
+namespace impl
+{
+template<typename T>
+using pointer_t = typename T::pointer;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+concept allocator_type = requires(T alloc, typename T::value_type value, detect_or_t<typename T::value_type*, impl::pointer_t, T> pointer, int count)
+{
+    typename T::value_type;
+    { alloc.allocate(count) } -> std::same_as<decltype(pointer)>;
+    { alloc.deallocate(pointer, count) } -> std::same_as<void>;
+} && !std::is_const_v<typename T::value_type> && !std::is_volatile_v<typename T::value_type>;
+
+template<typename T, typename TOther>
+concept allocator_type_for = allocator_type<T> && std::is_same_v<typename T::value_type, TOther>;
+
+template<template<typename> typename T>
+concept allocator_tmpl = allocator_type<T<int>>;
+
+template<typename T, typename TData>
+concept deleter_type = requires(T deleter, TData* ptr)
+{
+    deleter(ptr);
+};
+
 //
 // public functions
 //

source/mijin/util/exception.hpp

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@
 #ifndef MIJIN_UTIL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED
 #define MIJIN_UTIL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
+#include <format>
 #include <stdexcept>
+#include <typeinfo>
 
+#include "../detect.hpp"
 #include "../debug/stacktrace.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
@@ -73,5 +76,76 @@ void walkExceptionCause(const std::exception_ptr& cause, TFunc func)
         }
     }
 }
+
+template<typename TFunc>
+void walkException(const std::exception& exc, TFunc func)
+{
+    func(exc);
+}
+
+template<typename TFunc>
+void walkException(const mijin::Exception& exc, TFunc func)
+{
+    func(exc);
+    walkExceptionCause(exc.getCause(), func);
+}
 } // namespace mijin
+
+template<typename TChar>
+struct std::formatter<mijin::Exception, TChar>
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+
+    template<class TContext>
+    constexpr TContext::iterator parse(TContext& ctx)
+    {
+        auto it = ctx.begin();
+        auto end = ctx.end();
+
+        if (it != end && *it != MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, '}'))
+        {
+            throw std::format_error("invalid format");
+        }
+
+        return it;
+    }
+
+    template<typename TContext>
+    TContext::iterator format(const mijin::Exception& exception, TContext& ctx) const
+    {
+        using namespace std::literals;
+
+        auto it = ctx.out();
+        bool first = true;
+        mijin::walkException(exception, [&]<typename T>(const T& exc)
+        {
+            if constexpr (!std::is_same_v<T, std::nullptr_t>)
+            {
+                if (!first) {
+                    it = std::ranges::copy(MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "\nCaused by:\n"sv), it).out;
+                }
+                first = false;
+#if MIJIN_RTTI
+                it = std::ranges::copy(std::basic_string_view(typeid(exc).name()), it).out;
+                it = std::ranges::copy(MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, ": "sv), it).out;
+#endif
+                it = std::ranges::copy(std::basic_string_view(exc.what()), it).out;
+                if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, mijin::Exception>)
+                {
+                    if (const mijin::Result<mijin::Stacktrace>& trace = exc.getStacktrace(); trace.isSuccess())
+                    {
+                        *it = MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, '\n');
+                        ++it;
+                        it = std::format_to(it, MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "{}"), trace.getValue());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                it = std::ranges::copy(MIJIN_SMART_QUOTE(char_t, "<unknown exception>"sv), it).out;
+            }
+        });
+        return it;
+    }
+};
 #endif // MIJIN_UTIL_EXCEPTION_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/util/hash.hpp

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 #define MIJIN_UTIL_HASH_HPP_INCLUDED 1
 
 #include <functional>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <utility>
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -16,4 +18,21 @@ inline void hashCombine(std::size_t& seed, const T& value, const THasher& hasher
 }
 }
 
+template<typename... T>
+struct std::hash<std::tuple<T...>>
+{
+    std::size_t operator()(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple) const noexcept
+    {
+        return hashImpl(tuple, std::index_sequence_for<T...>());
+    }
+
+    template<std::size_t... indices>
+    std::size_t hashImpl(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple, std::index_sequence<indices...>) const noexcept
+    {
+        std::size_t result = 0;
+        (mijin::hashCombine(result, std::get<indices>(tuple)), ...);
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+
 #endif // MIJIN_UTIL_HASH_HPP_INCLUDED

source/mijin/util/misc.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_MISC_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_UTIL_MISC_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <array>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+
+//
+// public functions
+//
+
+template<auto V, typename T>
+constexpr decltype(auto) idValue(T&& value)
+{
+    return std::forward<T>(value);
+}
+
+namespace impl
+{
+template<typename T, typename... TArgs>
+struct ConstructArrayHelper
+{
+    template<std::size_t... I>
+    static constexpr std::array<T, sizeof...(I)> construct(const TArgs&... args, std::index_sequence<I...>)
+    {
+        return {idValue<I>(T(args...))...};
+    }
+};
+}
+
+template<typename T, std::size_t count, typename... TArgs>
+constexpr std::array<T, count> constructArray(const TArgs&... args)
+{
+    return impl::ConstructArrayHelper<T, TArgs...>::construct(args..., std::make_index_sequence<count>());
+}
+}
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_MISC_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/os.cpp

@@ -5,11 +5,14 @@
 #include "../debug/assert.hpp"
 
 #if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_LINUX
+    #include <bit>
+    #include <cstring>
     #include <mutex>
     #include <dlfcn.h>
     #include <pthread.h>
 #elif MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
     #include <array>
+    #include <malloc.h>
     #include <windows.h>
     #include "../util/winundef.hpp"
 #endif
@@ -139,4 +142,40 @@ std::string getExecutablePath() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 #endif
 }
 
+void* alignedAlloc(std::size_t alignment, std::size_t size) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+    return _aligned_malloc(size, alignment);
+#else
+    return std::aligned_alloc(alignment, size);
+#endif
+}
+
+void* alignedRealloc(void* ptr, std::size_t alignment, std::size_t size) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+    return _aligned_realloc(ptr, size, alignment);
+#else
+    void* newPtr = std::realloc(ptr, size);
+    if (newPtr == ptr || (std::bit_cast<std::uintptr_t>(newPtr) % alignment) == 0)
+    {
+        return newPtr;
+    }
+    // bad luck, have to copy a second time
+    void* newPtr2 = std::aligned_alloc(alignment, size);
+    std::memcpy(newPtr2, newPtr, size);
+    std::free(newPtr);
+    return newPtr2;
+#endif
+}
+
+void alignedFree(void* ptr)
+{
+#if MIJIN_TARGET_OS == MIJIN_OS_WINDOWS
+    _aligned_free(ptr);
+#else
+    std::free(ptr);
+#endif
+}
+
 } // namespace mijin

source/mijin/util/os.hpp

@@ -81,6 +81,10 @@ void setCurrentThreadName(const char* threadName) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
 [[nodiscard]] std::string makeLibraryFilename(std::string_view libraryName) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
 
+[[nodiscard]] void* alignedAlloc(std::size_t alignment, std::size_t size) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+[[nodiscard]] void* alignedRealloc(void* ptr, std::size_t alignment, std::size_t size) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+void alignedFree(void* ptr);
+
 SharedLibrary::~SharedLibrary() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
 {
     close();

source/mijin/util/string.hpp

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
 #include <charconv>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <limits>
 #include <locale>
@@ -17,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include "./iterators.hpp"
 #include "../internal/common.hpp"
+#include "../util/traits.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -29,12 +33,70 @@ namespace mijin
 // public constants
 //
 
+namespace detail
+{
+template<typename TChar>
+static constexpr std::array DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA = {TChar(' '), TChar('\t'), TChar('\r'), TChar('\n')};
+}
+
+template<typename TChar>
+static const std::basic_string_view<TChar, std::char_traits<TChar>> DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS
+    = {detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.begin(), detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.end()};
+
 //
 // public traits
 //
 
-template<typename TString>
+template<typename T>
-using char_type_t = decltype(std::string_view(std::declval<TString>()))::value_type;
+inline constexpr bool is_string_v = is_template_instance_v<std::basic_string, std::remove_cvref_t<T>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept std_string_type = is_string_v<T>;
+
+template<typename T>
+inline constexpr bool is_string_view_v = is_template_instance_v<std::basic_string_view, std::remove_cvref_t<T>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept std_string_view_type = is_string_view_v<T>;
+
+template<typename T>
+inline constexpr bool is_char_v = is_any_type_v<std::remove_cvref_t<T>, char, wchar_t, char8_t, char16_t, char32_t>;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept char_type = is_char_v<T>;
+
+template<typename T>
+inline constexpr bool is_cstring_v = std::is_pointer_v<T> && is_char_v<std::remove_pointer_t<T>>;
+
+template<typename T>
+concept cstring_type = is_cstring_v<T>;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct str_char_type
+{
+    using type = void;
+};
+
+template<char_type T>
+struct str_char_type<T*>
+{
+    using type = std::remove_cvref_t<T>;
+};
+
+template<std_string_view_type T>
+struct str_char_type<T>
+{
+    using type = typename std::remove_cvref_t<T>::value_type;
+};
+
+template<std_string_type T>
+struct str_char_type<T>
+{
+    using type = typename std::remove_cvref_t<T>::value_type;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+using str_char_type_t = str_char_type<T>::type;
 
 //
 // public types
@@ -46,6 +108,361 @@ struct SplitOptions
     bool ignoreEmpty = true;
 };
 
+struct [[nodiscard]] ConvertCharTypeResult
+{
+    unsigned numRead = 0;
+    unsigned numWritten = 0;
+
+    constexpr operator bool() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return numRead != 0 || numWritten != 0;
+    }
+    constexpr bool operator !() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !static_cast<bool>(*this);
+    }
+};
+
+struct SplitViewOptions
+{
+    bool ignoreEmpty = true;
+    bool trim = false;
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, TChar splitAt, SplitViewOptions options = SplitViewOptions(), typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+struct SplitStringTraitsCT
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>;
+
+    static constexpr char_t getSplitAt() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return splitAt; }
+    static constexpr bool getIgnoreEmpty() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return options.ignoreEmpty; }
+    static constexpr bool getTrim() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return options.trim; }
+    static constexpr auto getTrimChars() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<char_t>; }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+struct SplitStringTraitsRT
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>;
+
+    char_t splitAt;
+    bool ignoreEmpty;
+    string_view_t trimChars = {};
+
+    constexpr char_t getSplitAt() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return splitAt; }
+    constexpr bool getIgnoreEmpty() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return ignoreEmpty; }
+    constexpr bool getTrim() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !trimChars.empty(); }
+    constexpr string_view_t getTrimChars() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return trimChars; }
+};
+
+template<typename T, typename TChar>
+concept SplitStringTraitsType = std::is_copy_constructible_v<T> && requires(const T& object)
+{
+    typename T::char_t;
+    typename T::string_view_t;
+    { object.getSplitAt() } -> std::convertible_to<TChar>;
+    { object.getIgnoreEmpty() } -> std::convertible_to<bool>;
+    { object.getTrim() } -> std::convertible_to<bool>;
+    { object.getTrimChars() } -> std::convertible_to<typename T::string_view_t>;
+};
+static_assert(SplitStringTraitsType<SplitStringTraitsCT<char, ' '>, char>);
+static_assert(SplitStringTraitsType<SplitStringTraitsRT<char>, char>);
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TLine, SplitViewOptions options = SplitViewOptions(), typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+struct SplitLineTraitsCT : SplitStringTraitsCT<TChar, '\n', options, TCharTraits>
+{
+    using base_t = SplitStringTraitsCT<TChar, '\n', options, TCharTraits>;
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using line_t = TLine;
+
+    line_t line = 1;
+
+    using base_t::getSplitAt;
+    using base_t::getIgnoreEmpty;
+    using base_t::getTrim;
+    using base_t::getTrimChars;
+    constexpr void onNext() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
+        ++line;
+    }
+    constexpr line_t getLine() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return line; }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TLine, typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+struct SplitLineTraitsRT
+{
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using line_t = TLine;
+    using string_view_t = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>;
+    
+    line_t line = 1;
+    bool ignoreEmpty;
+    string_view_t trimChars = {};
+
+    constexpr char_t getSplitAt() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return '\n'; }
+    constexpr bool getIgnoreEmpty() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return ignoreEmpty; }
+    constexpr bool getTrim() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return !trimChars.empty(); }
+    constexpr string_view_t getTrimChars() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return trimChars; }
+    constexpr line_t getLine() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return line; }
+    constexpr void onNext() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT {
+        ++line;
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename T, typename TChar, typename TLine>
+concept SplitLineTraitsType = SplitStringTraitsType<T, TChar> && requires (const T& object)
+{
+    { object.getLine() } -> std::convertible_to<TLine>;
+};
+static_assert(SplitLineTraitsType<SplitLineTraitsCT<char, unsigned>, char, unsigned>);
+static_assert(SplitLineTraitsType<SplitLineTraitsRT<char, unsigned>, char, unsigned>);
+
+template<typename TString, typename TChars>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto trim(TString&& string, TChars&& chars);
+
+template<typename TChar, SplitStringTraitsType<TChar> TTraits>
+class SplitStringIterator
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using string_view_t = traits_t::string_view_t;
+    using base_t = string_view_t::iterator;
+    using value_type = string_view_t;
+private:
+    [[no_unique_address]] traits_t traits_;
+
+    string_view_t full_;
+    string_view_t::iterator pos_;
+    string_view_t::iterator next_;
+    
+public:
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator(string_view_t full, base_t pos, traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+            : full_(full), pos_(pos), traits_(std::move(traits))
+    {
+        findNext();
+    }
+    constexpr explicit SplitStringIterator(traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : traits_(std::move(traits)) {}
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator(const SplitStringIterator&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator(SplitStringIterator&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator& operator=(const SplitStringIterator&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator& operator=(SplitStringIterator&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+
+    constexpr bool operator==(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ == other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator!=(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ != other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator<(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ < other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator<=(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ <= other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator>(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ > other.pos_; }
+    constexpr bool operator>=(const SplitStringIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { MIJIN_ASSERT(full_ == other.full_, "Comparing unrelated iterators."); return pos_ >= other.pos_; }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    traits_t& getTraits() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return traits_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]]
+    const traits_t& getTraits() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return traits_;
+    }
+
+    constexpr value_type operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(pos_ != full_.end(), "Dereferencing an invalid iterator.");
+        string_view_t result{pos_, next_};
+        if (traits_.getTrim())
+        {
+            result = trim(result, traits_.getTrimChars());
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        MIJIN_ASSERT(pos_ != full_.end(), "Iterating past end.");
+        if (next_ == full_.end()) {
+            pos_ = full_.end();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            pos_ = std::next(next_);
+            findNext();
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr SplitStringIterator operator++(int) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        SplitStringIterator copy(*this);
+        ++copy;
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    // TODO
+    // SplitStringIterator& operator--() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    // {
+    //     MIJIN_ASSERT(pos_ != full_.begin(), "Iterating past begin.");
+    //     next_ = std::prev(pos_);
+    //     pos_ = std::find(std::reverse_iterator(next_), std::reverse_iterator(full_.begin()), separator).base();
+    // }
+private:
+    constexpr void findNext()
+    {
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if constexpr (requires{{ traits_.onNext() };}) {
+                traits_.onNext();
+            }
+            next_ = std::find(pos_, full_.end(), traits_.getSplitAt());
+
+            if (!traits_.getIgnoreEmpty() || pos_ == full_.end()) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if (traits_.getTrim())
+            {
+                const string_view_t trimChars = traits_.getTrimChars();
+                typename string_view_t::iterator trimmedPos = std::find_if(pos_, next_, [&](char_t chr)
+                {
+                    return !trimChars.contains(chr);
+                });
+                if (trimmedPos == next_)
+                {
+                    pos_ = next_; // skip this part
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (pos_ != next_) {
+                break;
+            }
+            pos_ = std::next(pos_);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, SplitStringTraitsType<TChar> TTraits>
+class SplitStringRange
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using string_view_t = traits_t::string_view_t;
+    using iterator = SplitStringIterator<char_t, traits_t>;
+private:
+    [[no_unique_address]] traits_t traits_;
+    string_view_t stringView_;
+public:
+    constexpr explicit SplitStringRange(string_view_t stringView, traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : stringView_(stringView), traits_(std::move(traits)) {}
+    constexpr SplitStringRange(const SplitStringRange&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringRange(SplitStringRange&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringRange& operator=(const SplitStringRange&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr SplitStringRange& operator=(SplitStringRange&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr auto operator<=>(const SplitStringRange&) const noexcept = default;
+
+    constexpr iterator begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+    {
+        return iterator(stringView_, stringView_.begin(), traits_);
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+    {
+        return iterator(stringView_, stringView_.end(), traits_);
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TLine = unsigned, SplitLineTraitsType<TChar, TLine> TTraits = SplitLineTraitsCT<TChar, TLine>>
+class LineIterator
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using line_t = TLine;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using base_t = SplitStringIterator<TChar, traits_t>;
+    using string_view_t = base_t::string_view_t;
+    using value_type = std::pair<string_view_t, line_t>;
+private:
+    base_t base_ = {};
+public:
+    constexpr LineIterator(string_view_t full, string_view_t::iterator pos, traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : base_(full, pos, std::move(traits)) {}
+    constexpr explicit LineIterator(traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : base_(std::move(traits)) {}
+    LineIterator(const LineIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    LineIterator(LineIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+
+    LineIterator& operator=(const LineIterator&) noexcept = default;
+    LineIterator& operator=(LineIterator&&) noexcept = default;
+    
+    bool operator==(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ == other.base_; }
+    bool operator!=(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ != other.base_; }
+    bool operator<(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ < other.base_; }
+    bool operator>(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ > other.base_; }
+    bool operator<=(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ <= other.base_; }
+    bool operator>=(const LineIterator& other) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT { return base_ >= other.base_; }
+    
+    constexpr value_type operator*() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        string_view_t stringView = *base_;
+        if (!base_.getTraits().getTrim())
+        {
+            // always split \r, even if not trimming other whitespace
+            if (stringView.ends_with('\r')) {
+                stringView = stringView.substr(0, stringView.size() - 1);
+            }
+        }
+        return {stringView, base_.getTraits().line};
+    }
+
+    constexpr LineIterator& operator++() MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        ++base_;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr LineIterator operator++(int) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        SplitStringIterator copy(*this);
+        ++copy;
+        return copy;
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename TChar, typename TLine = unsigned, SplitLineTraitsType<TChar, TLine> TTraits = SplitLineTraitsCT<TChar, TLine>>
+class LineRange
+{
+public:
+    using char_t = TChar;
+    using line_t = TLine;
+    using traits_t = TTraits;
+    using iterator = LineIterator<char_t, line_t, traits_t>;
+    using string_view_t = iterator::string_view_t;
+private:
+    [[no_unique_address]] traits_t traits_;
+    string_view_t stringView_;
+public:
+    constexpr explicit LineRange(string_view_t stringView, traits_t traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>)
+        : traits_(std::move(traits)), stringView_(stringView) {}
+    constexpr LineRange(const LineRange&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr LineRange(LineRange&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr LineRange& operator=(const LineRange&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr LineRange& operator=(LineRange&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<traits_t>) = default;
+    constexpr auto operator<=>(const LineRange&) const noexcept = default;
+
+    constexpr iterator begin() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return iterator(stringView_, stringView_.begin(), traits_);
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator end() const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return iterator(stringView_, stringView_.end(), traits_);
+    }
+};
+
 //
 // public functions
 //
@@ -221,13 +638,6 @@ std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> trimImpl(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TT
 {
     return trimPrefixImpl(trimSuffixImpl(stringView, charsToTrim), charsToTrim);
 }
-
-template<typename TChar>
-static const std::array DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA = {TChar(' '), TChar('\t'), TChar('\r'), TChar('\n')};
-
-template<typename TChar>
-static const std::basic_string_view<TChar, std::char_traits<TChar>> DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS
-    = {DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.begin(), DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS_DATA<TChar>.end()};
 }
 
 template<typename TLeft, typename TRight>
@@ -244,6 +654,61 @@ template<std::size_t count, typename TLeft, typename TRight>
                                          std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TRight>(separator)), options, outNumResults);
 }
 
+template<typename TTraits, typename TChar> requires (SplitStringTraitsType<TTraits, TChar>)
+[[nodiscard]] SplitStringRange<TChar, TTraits> splitView(typename TTraits::string_view_t stringView, TTraits traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TTraits>)
+{
+    return SplitStringRange<TChar, TTraits>(stringView, std::move(traits));
+}
+
+template<auto splitAt, SplitViewOptions options = SplitViewOptions(), typename TStringView, typename TChar = decltype(splitAt), typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>>
+[[nodiscard]] SplitStringRange<TChar, SplitStringTraitsCT<TChar, splitAt, options, TCharTraits>> splitView(TStringView&& stringView) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return splitView<SplitStringTraitsCT<TChar, splitAt, options, TCharTraits>>(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>(std::forward<TStringView>(stringView)));
+}
+
+template<typename TStringView, typename TChar, typename TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar>, typename TTrimChars = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>>
+[[nodiscard]] auto splitView(TStringView&& stringView, TChar splitAt, bool ignoreEmpty = true, TTrimChars trimChars = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return splitView(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>(std::forward<TStringView>(stringView)), SplitStringTraitsRT<TChar, TCharTraits>{
+        .splitAt = splitAt,
+        .ignoreEmpty = ignoreEmpty,
+        .trimChars = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>(std::forward<TTrimChars>(trimChars))
+    });
+}
+
+template<typename TTraits, typename TChar, typename TLine = unsigned> requires(SplitLineTraitsType<TTraits, TChar, TLine>)
+[[nodiscard]] LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits> splitLines(typename TTraits::string_view_t stringView, TTraits traits = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT_IF(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<TTraits>)
+{
+    return LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>(stringView, std::move(traits));
+}
+
+template<typename TLine = unsigned, SplitViewOptions options = SplitViewOptions{.ignoreEmpty=false},
+    typename TParam,
+    typename TStringView = decltype(std::basic_string_view(std::declval<TParam&&>())),
+    typename TChar = typename TStringView::value_type,
+    typename TCharTraits = typename TStringView::traits_type,
+    typename TTraits = SplitLineTraitsCT<TChar, TLine, options, TCharTraits>>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto splitLines(TParam&& stringView) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>
+{
+    return LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>(std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TParam>(stringView)));
+}
+
+template<typename TParam, typename TLine = unsigned,
+         typename TStringView = decltype(std::basic_string_view(std::declval<TParam&&>())),
+         typename TChar = typename TStringView::value_type,
+         typename TCharTraits = typename TStringView::traits_type,
+         typename TTraits = SplitLineTraitsRT<TChar, TLine, TCharTraits>,
+         typename TTrimChars = TStringView>
+[[nodiscard]]
+auto splitLines(TParam&& stringView, bool ignoreEmpty, TTrimChars&& trimChars = {}) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT -> LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>
+{
+    return LineRange<TChar, TLine, TTraits>(std::basic_string_view(std::forward<TParam>(stringView)), TTraits{
+        .ignoreEmpty = ignoreEmpty,
+        .trimChars = std::basic_string_view<TChar, TCharTraits>(std::forward<TTrimChars>(trimChars))
+    });
+}
+
 template<typename TString, typename TChars>
 [[nodiscard]]
 auto trimPrefix(TString&& string, TChars&& chars)
@@ -255,7 +720,7 @@ template<typename TString>
 [[nodiscard]]
 auto trimPrefix(TString&& string)
 {
-    return trimPrefix(string, detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<char_type_t<TString>>);
+    return trimPrefix(string, DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
 }
 
 template<typename TString, typename TChars>
@@ -269,7 +734,7 @@ template<typename TString>
 [[nodiscard]]
 auto trimSuffix(TString&& string)
 {
-    return trimSuffix(string, detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<char_type_t<TString>>);
+    return trimSuffix(string, DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
 }
 
 template<typename TString, typename TChars>
@@ -283,7 +748,7 @@ template<typename TString>
 [[nodiscard]]
 auto trim(TString&& string)
 {
-    return trim(string, detail::DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<char_type_t<TString>>);
+    return trim(string, DEFAULT_TRIM_CHARS<str_char_type_t<TString>>);
 }
 
 template<typename TLeft, typename TRight>
@@ -387,6 +852,38 @@ constexpr bool isHexadecimalChar(TChar chr) noexcept
         || (chr >= TChar('a') && chr <= TChar('f'));
 }
 
+template<typename TChar>
+bool compareIgnoreCase(TChar left, TChar right) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return std::tolower(left) == std::tolower(right);
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+inline auto findIgnoreCase(std::string_view haystack, std::string_view needle)
+{
+    return std::ranges::search(haystack, needle, &compareIgnoreCase<char>);
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+inline bool startsWithIgnoreCase(std::string_view string, std::string_view part)
+{
+    if (part.size() > string.size())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return std::ranges::equal(string.substr(0, part.size()), part, &compareIgnoreCase<char>);
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]]
+inline bool endsWithIgnoreCase(std::string_view string, std::string_view part)
+{
+    if (part.size() > string.size())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return std::ranges::equal(string.substr(string.size() - part.size()), part, &compareIgnoreCase<char>);
+}
+
 namespace pipe
 {
 struct Join
@@ -401,6 +898,175 @@ auto operator|(TIterable&& iterable, const Join& joiner)
 {
     return join(std::forward<TIterable>(iterable), joiner.delimiter);
 }
+} // namespace pipe
+
+template<typename TFrom, typename TTo>
+ConvertCharTypeResult convertCharType(const TFrom* chrFrom, std::size_t numFrom, TTo* outTo, std::size_t numTo, std::mbstate_t& mbstate) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TFrom, char>)
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TTo, wchar_t>)
+        {
+            const std::size_t result = std::mbrtowc(outTo, chrFrom, numFrom, &mbstate);
+            if (result == static_cast<std::size_t>(-1))
+            {
+                return {};
+            }
+            return {
+                .numRead = static_cast<unsigned>(result),
+                .numWritten = 1
+            };
+        }
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TTo, char8_t>)
+        {
+
+        }
+    }
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TFrom, wchar_t>)
+    {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TTo, char>)
+        {
+            if (numTo < MB_CUR_MAX)
+            {
+                char tmpBuf[MB_LEN_MAX];
+                const ConvertCharTypeResult result = convertCharType(chrFrom, numFrom, tmpBuf, MB_LEN_MAX, mbstate);
+                if (result && result.numWritten <= numTo)
+                {
+                    std::memcpy(outTo, tmpBuf, result.numWritten);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+            const std::size_t result = std::wcrtomb(outTo, *chrFrom, &mbstate);
+            if (result == static_cast<std::size_t>(-1))
+            {
+                return {};
+            }
+            return {
+                .numRead = 1,
+                .numWritten = static_cast<unsigned>(result)
+            };
+        }
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TTo, char8_t>)
+        {
+
+        }
+    }
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TFrom, char8_t>)
+    {
+
+    }
+}
+template<typename TFrom, typename TTo>
+ConvertCharTypeResult convertCharType(const TFrom* chrFrom, std::size_t numFrom, TTo* outTo, std::size_t numTo) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    std::mbstate_t mbstate;
+    return convertCharType(chrFrom, numFrom, outTo, numTo, mbstate);
+}
+
+template<typename TIterator>
+struct [[nodiscard]] ConvertStringTypeResult
+{
+    TIterator iterator;
+    bool success;
+};
+
+template<typename TTo, typename TFrom, typename TFromTraits, std::output_iterator<TTo> TIterator>
+ConvertStringTypeResult<TIterator> convertStringType(std::basic_string_view<TFrom, TFromTraits> strFrom, TIterator outIterator)
+{
+    TTo outBuffer[MB_LEN_MAX];
+
+    std::mbstate_t mbstate = {};
+    for (auto it = strFrom.begin(); it != strFrom.end();)
+    {
+        const std::size_t remaining = std::distance(it, strFrom.end());
+        const ConvertCharTypeResult result = convertCharType(&*it, remaining, outBuffer, MB_LEN_MAX, mbstate);
+        if (!result)
+        {
+            return {
+                .iterator = outIterator,
+                .success = false
+            };
+        }
+        for (unsigned pos = 0; pos < result.numWritten; ++pos)
+        {
+            *outIterator = outBuffer[pos];
+            ++outIterator;
+        }
+        it = std::next(it, result.numRead);
+    }
+
+    return {
+        .iterator = outIterator,
+        .success = true
+    };
+}
+
+template<typename TFrom, typename TFromTraits, typename TTo, typename TToTraits, typename TToAllocator>
+bool convertStringType(std::basic_string_view<TFrom, TFromTraits> strFrom, std::basic_string<TTo, TToTraits, TToAllocator>& outString)
+{
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<TTo, TFrom>)
+    {
+        outString += strFrom;
+        return true;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return convertStringType<TTo>(strFrom, std::back_inserter(outString)).success;
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename TFrom, typename TTo, typename TToTraits, typename TToAllocator>
+bool convertStringType(const TFrom* strFrom, std::basic_string<TTo, TToTraits, TToAllocator>& outString)
+{
+    return convertStringType(std::basic_string_view<TFrom>(strFrom), outString);
+}
+
+struct StringQuoteOptions
+{
+    bool replaceNewlines = false;
+};
+
+template<StringQuoteOptions options = {}, typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAlloc = MIJIN_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<TChar>>
+std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAlloc> quoted(std::basic_string_view<TChar, TTraits> input)
+{
+    std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits> result;
+    result.reserve(input.size() + 2);
+    result.push_back(TChar('"'));
+    for (const TChar chr : input)
+    {
+        switch (chr)
+        {
+        case TChar('"'):
+        case TChar('\\'):
+            result.push_back(TChar('\\'));
+            break;
+        case TChar('\n'):
+            if constexpr (options.replaceNewlines)
+            {
+                result.push_back(TChar('\\'));
+                result.push_back(TChar('n'));
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
+        case TChar('\r'):
+            if constexpr (options.replaceNewlines)
+            {
+                result.push_back(TChar('\\'));
+                result.push_back(TChar('r'));
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        result.push_back(chr);
+    }
+    result.push_back(TChar('"'));
+    return result;
+}
+
+template<StringQuoteOptions options = {}, typename TChar, typename TTraits, typename TAlloc>
+std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAlloc> quoted(const std::basic_string<TChar, TTraits, TAlloc>& input)
+{
+    return quoted<options, TChar, TTraits, TAlloc>(std::basic_string_view(input));
 }
 } // namespace mijin
 

source/mijin/util/traits.hpp

@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ namespace mijin
 // public types
 //
 
+struct Type_; // use as typevar
+struct Any_; // use as placeholder in templates
+
 template<typename T>
 struct always_false
 {
@@ -95,11 +98,88 @@ struct map_template {
     using type_t = TTemplate<TPredicate<T>>;
 };
 
-template<typename T, typename... Types>
+template<template<typename...> typename TTemplate, typename TType>
-struct is_any_type : std::disjunction<std::is_same<T, Types>...> {};
+struct is_template_instance : std::false_type {};
+
+template<template<typename...> typename TTemplate, typename... TArgs>
+struct is_template_instance<TTemplate, TTemplate<TArgs...>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template<template<typename...> typename TTemplate, typename TType>
+constexpr bool is_template_instance_v = is_template_instance<TTemplate, TType>::value;
+
+namespace impl
+{
+template<template<typename...> typename TTemplate, typename... TArgsTTmpl>
+struct tmpl_param_comparator
+{
+    template<typename TTmpl, typename TInstance>
+    static constexpr bool compare_single = std::is_same_v<TTmpl, TInstance> or std::is_same_v<TTmpl, Any_>;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    struct matches : std::false_type {};
+
+    // original (which MSVC didn't like for some reason :/)
+    // template<typename... TArgsInstance>
+    // struct matches<TTemplate<TArgsInstance...>> : std::bool_constant<(compare_single<TArgsTTmpl, TArgsInstance> && ...)> {};
+
+    template<template<typename...> typename TOtherTemplate, typename... TArgsInstance> requires(is_template_instance_v<TTemplate, TOtherTemplate<TArgsInstance...>>)
+    struct matches<TOtherTemplate<TArgsInstance...>> : std::bool_constant<(compare_single<TArgsTTmpl, TArgsInstance> && ...)> {};
+
+    template<typename T>
+    using matches_t = matches<T>;
+};
+}
+
+template<typename TTemplate, typename TType>
+struct match_template_type : std::false_type {};
+
+template<template<typename...> typename TTemplate, typename TType, typename... TArgs>
+struct match_template_type<TTemplate<TArgs...>, TType> : impl::tmpl_param_comparator<TTemplate, TArgs...>::template matches_t<TType> {};
+
+template<typename TTemplate, typename TType>
+constexpr bool match_template_type_v = match_template_type<TTemplate, TType>::value;
+
+// similar to std::is_same, but allows placeholders
+//   - is_type_or_impl<some_tmpl<Type_>, some_type> resolves to some_tmpl<some_type>
+//   - is_type_or_impl<some_tmpl<Any_, int>, some_type> checks if some_type is an instance of some_tmpl with int as 2nd parameter
+template<typename TMatch, typename TConcrete>
+struct type_matches
+{
+    using type = std::is_same<TMatch, TConcrete>;
+};
+
+template<template<typename> typename TTmplMatch, typename TConcrete>
+struct type_matches<TTmplMatch<Type_>, TConcrete>
+{
+    using type = TTmplMatch<TConcrete>;
+};
+
+template<template<typename...> typename TTmplMatch, typename TConcrete, typename... TArgs>
+struct type_matches<TTmplMatch<TArgs...>, TConcrete>
+{
+    using type = match_template_type<TTmplMatch<TArgs...>, TConcrete>;
+};
+
+template<typename TMatch, typename TConcrete>
+using type_matches_t = type_matches<TMatch, TConcrete>::type;
+
+template<typename TMatch, typename TConcrete>
+inline constexpr bool type_matches_v = type_matches_t<TMatch, TConcrete>::value;
+
+template<typename TConcrete, typename... TMatches>
+struct is_any_type : std::disjunction<std::is_same<TConcrete, TMatches>...> {};
+
+template<typename TConcrete, typename... TMatches>
+static constexpr bool is_any_type_v = is_any_type<TConcrete, TMatches...>::value;
+
+template<typename TConcrete, typename... TMatches>
+struct match_any_type : std::disjunction<type_matches_t<TMatches, TConcrete>...> {};
+
+template<typename TConcrete, typename... TMatches>
+static constexpr bool match_any_type_v = match_any_type<TConcrete, TMatches...>::value;
 
 template<typename T, typename... Types>
-static constexpr bool is_any_type_v = is_any_type<T, Types...>::value;
+concept union_type = match_any_type_v<T, Types...>;
 
 template<typename TElement, typename TCollection>
 struct is_type_member;
@@ -112,6 +192,18 @@ struct is_type_member<TElement, TCollection<Ts...>>
 template<typename TElement, typename TCollection>
 constexpr bool is_type_member_v = is_type_member<TElement, TCollection>::value;
 
+template<typename T, typename TObject>
+struct is_member_object_pointer_of : std::false_type {};
+
+template<typename TMember, typename TObject>
+struct is_member_object_pointer_of<TMember (TObject::*), TObject> : std::true_type {};
+
+template<typename T, typename TObject>
+inline constexpr bool is_member_object_pointer_of_v = is_member_object_pointer_of<T, TObject>::value;
+
+template<typename T, typename TObject>
+concept member_object_pointer_of = is_member_object_pointer_of_v<T, TObject>;
+
 template<typename TFrom, typename TTo>
 using copy_const_t = std::conditional_t<std::is_const_v<TFrom>, std::add_const_t<TTo>, std::remove_const_t<TTo>>;
 
@@ -139,14 +231,39 @@ struct TypeAtHelper<0, TArg, TArgs...>
 template<std::size_t I, typename... TArgs>
 using type_at_t = TypeAtHelper<I, TArgs...>::type_t;
 
-template<template<typename...> typename TTemplate, typename TType>
+template<typename TDefault, template<typename...> typename TOper, typename... TArgs>
-struct is_template_instance : std::false_type {};
+struct detect_or
+{
+    using type = TDefault;
+    static constexpr bool detected = false;
+};
 
-template<template<typename...> typename TTemplate, typename... TArgs>
+template<typename TDefault, template<typename...> typename TOper, typename... TArgs>
-struct is_template_instance<TTemplate, TTemplate<TArgs...>> : std::true_type {};
+    requires requires { typename TOper<TArgs...>; }
+struct detect_or<TDefault, TOper, TArgs...>
+{
+    using type = TOper<TArgs...>;
+    static constexpr bool detected = true;
+};
+template<typename TDefault, template<typename...> typename TOper, typename... TArgs>
+using detect_or_t = detect_or<TDefault, TOper, TArgs...>::type;
 
-template<template<typename...> typename TTemplate, typename TType>
+struct empty_type {};
-constexpr bool is_template_instance_v = is_template_instance<TTemplate, TType>::value; 
+
+template<typename T, bool enable>
+struct optional_base
+{
+    using type = T;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct optional_base<T, false>
+{
+    using type = empty_type;
+};
+
+template<typename T, bool enable>
+using optional_base_t = optional_base<T, enable>::type;
 
 //
 // public functions
@@ -158,6 +275,34 @@ decltype(auto) delayEvaluation(TType&& value)
     return static_cast<TType&&>(value);
 }
 
+#define MIJIN_STATIC_TESTS 1
+#if MIJIN_STATIC_TESTS
+namespace test
+{
+template<typename T, typename U>
+struct MyTemplate {};
+
+static_assert(match_template_type_v<MyTemplate<Any_, int>, MyTemplate<int, int>>);
+static_assert(match_template_type_v<MyTemplate<Any_, Any_>, MyTemplate<int, int>>);
+static_assert(type_matches_v<MyTemplate<Any_, int>, MyTemplate<int, int>>);
+static_assert(type_matches_v<MyTemplate<Any_, Any_>, MyTemplate<int, int>>);
+static_assert(!type_matches_v<MyTemplate<double, int>, MyTemplate<int, int>>);
+static_assert(type_matches_v<MyTemplate<Any_, Any_>, MyTemplate<int, double>>);
+static_assert(type_matches_v<std::is_pointer<Type_>, void*>);
+
+static_assert(union_type<int, int>);
+static_assert(!union_type<int>);
+static_assert(!union_type<int, double>);
+static_assert(union_type<MyTemplate<int, int>, MyTemplate<int, int>>);
+static_assert(union_type<MyTemplate<int, int>, MyTemplate<Any_, int>>);
+static_assert(union_type<MyTemplate<int, int>, MyTemplate<Any_, Any_>>);
+static_assert(union_type<MyTemplate<int, int>, MyTemplate<double, double>, MyTemplate<Any_, Any_>>);
+static_assert(!union_type<int*, int>);
+static_assert(union_type<int*, std::is_pointer<Type_>>);
+static_assert(!union_type<int, std::is_pointer<Type_>>);
+}
+#endif
+
 } // namespace mijin
 
 #endif // !defined(MIJIN_UTIL_TRAITS_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/util/winundef.hpp

@@ -22,3 +22,7 @@
 #if defined(RELATIVE)
 #undef RELATIVE
 #endif
+
+#if defined(DEBUG)
+#undef DEBUG
+#endif

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/filesystem.hpp

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ namespace mijin
 struct FileInfo
 {
     fs::path path;
+    /// either file size in bytes, or number of entries if folder
     std::size_t size = 0;
     bool exists : 1 = false;
     bool isFolder : 1 = false;
@@ -79,7 +80,8 @@ class FileSystemAdapter
 public:
     virtual ~FileSystemAdapter() = default;
 
-    [[nodiscard]] virtual fs::path getHomeFolder() = 0;
+    [[deprecated("Will be removed ASAP, use getKnownFolder(KnownFolder::USER_HOME) from platform/folders.hpp instead.")]]
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual fs::path getHomeFolder() { return {}; } // TODO: get rid of this ...
     [[nodiscard]] virtual std::vector<FileInfo> listFiles(const fs::path& folder) = 0;
     [[nodiscard]] virtual FileInfo getFileInfo(const fs::path& file) = 0;
     [[nodiscard]] virtual Optional<fs::path> getNativePath(const fs::path& /* file */) { return NULL_OPTIONAL; }

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/memory.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+
+#include "./memory.hpp"
+
+#include "../io/stream.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+std::vector<FileInfo> MemoryFileSystemAdapter::listFiles(const fs::path& folder)
+{
+    const detail::MemoryFolder* folderObj = findFolder(folder);
+    if (folderObj == nullptr)
+    {
+        return {};
+    }
+    std::vector<FileInfo> result;
+    result.reserve(folderObj->folders.size() + folderObj->files.size());
+
+    for (const auto& [name, subFolder] : folderObj->folders)
+    {
+        result.push_back(folderInfo(folder / name, subFolder));
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& [name, file] : folderObj->files)
+    {
+        result.push_back(fileInfo(folder / name, file));
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+FileInfo MemoryFileSystemAdapter::getFileInfo(const fs::path& file)
+{
+#if 0 // shouldn't be necessary
+    // empty means root
+    if (file.empty())
+    {
+        return {
+            .path = {},
+            .size = root_.folders.size() + root_.files.size(),
+            .exists = true,
+            .isFolder = true
+        };
+    }
+#endif
+
+    const detail::MemoryFolder* folderObj = findFolder(file.parent_path());
+    if (folderObj == nullptr)
+    {
+        return {};
+    }
+    const std::string filename = file.filename().generic_string();
+
+    if (auto itFolder = folderObj->folders.find(filename); itFolder != folderObj->folders.end())
+    {
+        return folderInfo(file, itFolder->second);
+    }
+    if (auto itFile = folderObj->files.find(filename); itFile != folderObj->files.end())
+    {
+        return fileInfo(file, itFile->second);
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+StreamError MemoryFileSystemAdapter::open(const fs::path& path, FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream)
+{
+    if (mode != FileOpenMode::READ)
+    {
+        return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    const detail::MemoryFolder* folderObj = findFolder(path.parent_path());
+    if (folderObj == nullptr)
+    {
+        return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    auto itFile = folderObj->files.find(path.filename().generic_string());
+    if (itFile == folderObj->files.end())
+    {
+        return StreamError::IO_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryStream> stream = std::make_unique<MemoryStream>();
+    stream->openRO(itFile->second.data);
+    outStream = std::move(stream);
+
+    return StreamError::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+bool MemoryFileSystemAdapter::addFile(const fs::path& path, std::span<const std::uint8_t> data, Overwrite overwrite, CopyData copyData)
+{
+    detail::MemoryFolder& folder = *findFolder(path.parent_path(), true);
+    std::string filename = path.filename().generic_string();
+
+    if (folder.folders.contains(filename))
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!overwrite && folder.files.contains(filename))
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (copyData)
+    {
+        data = fileData_.emplace_back(data.begin(), data.end());
+    }
+
+    folder.files.emplace(std::move(filename), detail::MemoryFile{.data = data});
+    return true;
+}
+
+void MemoryFileSystemAdapter::addFolder(const fs::path& path)
+{
+    (void) findFolder(path, true);
+}
+
+detail::MemoryFolder* MemoryFileSystemAdapter::findFolder(const fs::path& path, bool create) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    detail::MemoryFolder* folder = &root_;
+    for (const fs::path& part : path)
+    {
+        std::string partname = part.generic_string();
+        auto it = folder->folders.find(partname);
+        if (it == folder->folders.end())
+        {
+            if (!create)
+            {
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            folder = &folder->folders[std::move(partname)];
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            folder = &it->second;
+        }
+    }
+    return folder;
+}
+
+FileInfo MemoryFileSystemAdapter::folderInfo(const fs::path& path, const detail::MemoryFolder& folder) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return {
+        .path = path,
+        .size = folder.folders.size() + folder.files.size(),
+        .exists = true,
+        .isFolder = true
+    };
+}
+
+FileInfo MemoryFileSystemAdapter::fileInfo(const fs::path& path, const detail::MemoryFile& file) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return {
+        .path = path,
+        .size = file.data.size(),
+        .exists = true
+    };
+}
+}

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/memory.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+
+#pragma once
+
+#if !defined(MIJIN_SOURCE_MIJIN_VIRTUAL_FILESYSTEM_MEMORY_HPP_INCLUDED)
+#define MIJIN_SOURCE_MIJIN_VIRTUAL_FILESYSTEM_MEMORY_HPP_INCLUDED 1
+
+#include <variant>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../container/vector_map.hpp"
+#include "../util/flag.hpp"
+#include "../virtual_filesystem/filesystem.hpp"
+
+namespace mijin
+{
+namespace detail
+{
+struct MemoryFile
+{
+    std::span<const std::uint8_t> data;
+};
+struct MemoryFolder
+{
+    VectorMap<std::string, MemoryFile, std::allocator<std::string>, std::allocator<MemoryFile>> files; // TODO: make the FS library allocator aware
+    VectorMap<std::string, MemoryFolder, std::allocator<std::string>, std::allocator<MemoryFolder>> folders;
+};
+}
+
+class MemoryFileSystemAdapter : public FileSystemAdapter
+{
+public:
+    MIJIN_DEFINE_FLAG(Overwrite);
+    MIJIN_DEFINE_FLAG(CopyData);
+private:
+    detail::MemoryFolder root_;
+    std::vector<std::vector<std::uint8_t>> fileData_;
+public:
+    [[nodiscard]] std::vector<FileInfo> listFiles(const fs::path& folder) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] FileInfo getFileInfo(const fs::path& file) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] StreamError open(const fs::path& path, FileOpenMode mode, std::unique_ptr<Stream>& outStream) override;
+
+    bool addFile(const fs::path& path, std::span<const std::uint8_t> data, Overwrite overwrite = Overwrite::NO, CopyData copyData = CopyData::NO);
+    bool addFile(const fs::path& path, std::span<const std::uint8_t> data, CopyData copyData)
+    {
+        return addFile(path, data, Overwrite::NO, copyData);
+    }
+    void addFolder(const fs::path& path);
+private:
+    detail::MemoryFolder* findFolder(const fs::path& path, bool create = false) MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    FileInfo folderInfo(const fs::path& path, const detail::MemoryFolder& folder) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+    FileInfo fileInfo(const fs::path& path, const detail::MemoryFile& file) const MIJIN_NOEXCEPT;
+};
+} // namespace mijin
+
+#endif // !defined(MIJIN_SOURCE_MIJIN_VIRTUAL_FILESYSTEM_MEMORY_HPP_INCLUDED)

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/relative.hpp

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fs::path RelativeFileSystemAdapter<TWrapped>::appendPath(const fs::path& other)
     else {
         combinedPath /= other;
     }
-    return combinedPath;
+    return combinedPath.lexically_normal();
 }
 
 namespace vfs_pipe

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/stacked.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include "./stacked.hpp"
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include "../detect.hpp"
 
 namespace mijin
 {
@@ -35,7 +36,19 @@ fs::path StackedFileSystemAdapter::getHomeFolder()
     if (adapters_.empty()) {
         return fs::path();
     }
+#if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_MSVC
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4996) // yeah, we're using a deprecated function here, in order to implement another deprecated function ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
+#elif MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_GCC || MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+#endif
     return adapters_.front()->getHomeFolder();
+#if MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_MSVC
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#elif MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_GCC || MIJIN_COMPILER == MIJIN_COMPILER_CLANG
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
 }
 
 std::vector<FileInfo> StackedFileSystemAdapter::listFiles(const fs::path& folder)

source/mijin/virtual_filesystem/stacked.hpp

@@ -36,12 +36,13 @@ public:
     void getAllPaths(const fs::path &path, std::vector<PathReference> &outPaths) override;
     using FileSystemAdapter::getAllPaths;
 
-    inline void addAdapter(std::unique_ptr<FileSystemAdapter>&& adapter) {
+    inline FileSystemAdapter* addAdapter(std::unique_ptr<FileSystemAdapter>&& adapter) {
         adapters_.push_back(std::move(adapter));
+        return adapters_.back().get();
     }
     template<typename TAdapter, typename... TArgs>
-    inline void emplaceAdapter(TArgs&&... args) {
+    inline TAdapter* emplaceAdapter(TArgs&&... args) {
-        addAdapter(std::make_unique<TAdapter>(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...));
+        return static_cast<TAdapter*>(addAdapter(std::make_unique<TAdapter>(std::forward<TArgs>(args)...)));
     }
 };