diff --git a/build/codeblocks/nana.cbp b/build/codeblocks/nana.cbp
index 49f61ad7..e0d020a6 100644
--- a/build/codeblocks/nana.cbp
+++ b/build/codeblocks/nana.cbp
@@ -119,7 +119,6 @@
 		<Unit filename="../../source/system/shared_wrapper.cpp" />
 		<Unit filename="../../source/system/timepiece.cpp" />
 		<Unit filename="../../source/threads/pool.cpp" />
-		<Unit filename="../../source/traits.cpp" />
 		<Unit filename="../../source/unicode_bidi.cpp" />
 		<Extensions>
 			<code_completion />
diff --git a/build/vc2013/nana.vcxproj b/build/vc2013/nana.vcxproj
index 01db0e79..82ed86e6 100644
--- a/build/vc2013/nana.vcxproj
+++ b/build/vc2013/nana.vcxproj
@@ -256,7 +256,6 @@
     <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\system\shared_wrapper.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\system\timepiece.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\threads\pool.cpp" />
-    <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\traits.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\unicode_bidi.cpp" />
   </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
diff --git a/build/vc2013/nana.vcxproj.filters b/build/vc2013/nana.vcxproj.filters
index d2c700e8..1d5d8d11 100644
--- a/build/vc2013/nana.vcxproj.filters
+++ b/build/vc2013/nana.vcxproj.filters
@@ -291,9 +291,6 @@
     <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\deploy.cpp">
       <Filter>Source Files\nana</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
-    <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\traits.cpp">
-      <Filter>Source Files\nana</Filter>
-    </ClCompile>
     <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\unicode_bidi.cpp">
       <Filter>Source Files\nana</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
diff --git a/build/vc2015/nana.vcxproj b/build/vc2015/nana.vcxproj
index 89ceaaa3..139797f3 100644
--- a/build/vc2015/nana.vcxproj
+++ b/build/vc2015/nana.vcxproj
@@ -249,7 +249,6 @@
     <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\system\platform.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\system\timepiece.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\threads\pool.cpp" />
-    <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\traits.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\unicode_bidi.cpp" />
   </ItemGroup>
   <Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.targets" />
diff --git a/build/vc2015/nana.vcxproj.filters b/build/vc2015/nana.vcxproj.filters
index 8130c2bc..9781e955 100644
--- a/build/vc2015/nana.vcxproj.filters
+++ b/build/vc2015/nana.vcxproj.filters
@@ -69,9 +69,6 @@
     <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\internationalization.cpp">
       <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
-    <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\traits.cpp">
-      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
-    </ClCompile>
     <ClCompile Include="..\..\source\unicode_bidi.cpp">
       <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
diff --git a/include/nana/filesystem/filesystem.hpp b/include/nana/filesystem/filesystem.hpp
index 4cea3916..6425f922 100644
--- a/include/nana/filesystem/filesystem.hpp
+++ b/include/nana/filesystem/filesystem.hpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  *	A ISO C++ filesystem Implementation
  *	Nana C++ Library(http://www.nanapro.org)
- *	Copyright(C) 2003-2015 Jinhao(cnjinhao@hotmail.com)
+ *	Copyright(C) 2003-2016 Jinhao(cnjinhao@hotmail.com)
  *
  *	Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
  *	(See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
diff --git a/include/nana/traits.hpp b/include/nana/traits.hpp
index d1c5c56e..ae27f9ff 100644
--- a/include/nana/traits.hpp
+++ b/include/nana/traits.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  *	Traits Implementation
- *	Copyright(C) 2003-2013 Jinhao(cnjinhao@hotmail.com)
+ *	Copyright(C) 2003-2016 Jinhao(cnjinhao@hotmail.com)
  *
  *	@file: nana/traits.hpp
  */
@@ -13,502 +13,24 @@ namespace nana
 {
 	class null_type{};
 
-	//The class noncopyable and nonmovable will be deprecated while the compiler
-	//supports the deleted functions
-	struct noncopyable
+	/// Prevent a class to be copyable
+	class noncopyable
 	{
 		noncopyable(const noncopyable&) = delete;
 		noncopyable& operator=(const noncopyable&) = delete;
-		noncopyable();
+	protected:
+		noncopyable() = default;
 	};
 
-	struct nonmovable
+	/// Prevent a class to be movable
+	class nonmovable
 	{
 		nonmovable(nonmovable&&) = delete;
 		nonmovable& operator=(nonmovable&&) = delete;
-		nonmovable();
+	protected:
+		nonmovable() = default;
 	};
 
-	namespace traits
-	{
-		//traits types for const-volatile specifier
-		
-		struct no_specifier{};
-		struct const_specifier{};
-		struct volatile_specifier{};
-		struct const_volatile_specifier{};
-		
-		template<typename T>
-		struct cv_specifier
-		{
-			typedef no_specifier value_type;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename T>
-		struct cv_specifier<const T>
-		{
-			typedef const_specifier value_type;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename T>
-		struct cv_specifier<volatile T>
-		{
-			typedef volatile_specifier value_type;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename T>
-		struct cv_specifier<const volatile T>
-		{
-			typedef const_volatile_specifier value_type;
-		};
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct is_function_pointer
-			: public std::integral_constant<bool, std::is_pointer<T>::value && std::is_function<typename std::remove_pointer<T>::type>::value>
-		{};
-
-		//The traits of pointer to member function
-		template<typename MF>
-		struct mfptr_traits
-		{
-			typedef void function();
-			typedef void return_type;
-			typedef void concept_type;
-			enum{parameter = 0};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)()>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef return_type function();
-			enum{parameter = 0};	
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)() const>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef return_type function();
-			enum{parameter = 0};	
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)() volatile>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef return_type function();
-			enum{parameter = 0};	
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)() const volatile>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef return_type function();
-			enum{parameter = 0};	
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P)>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P param0_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type);	
-			enum{parameter = 1};	
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P) const>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P param0_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type);	
-			enum{parameter = 1};	
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P) const volatile>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P param0_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type);	
-			enum{parameter = 1};	
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1)>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type);
-			enum{parameter = 2};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1) const>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type);
-			enum{parameter = 2};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1) const volatile>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type);
-			enum{parameter = 2};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1, P2)>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef P2 param2_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type, param2_type);
-			enum{parameter =3};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1, P2) const>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef P2 param2_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type, param2_type);
-			enum{parameter =3};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1, P2) volatile>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef P2 param2_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type, param2_type);
-			enum{parameter =3};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1, P2) const volatile>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef P2 param2_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type, param2_type);
-			enum{parameter =3};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1, P2, P3)>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef P2 param2_type;
-			typedef P3 param3_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type, param2_type, param3_type);
-			enum{parameter = 4};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1, P2, P3) const>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef P2 param2_type;
-			typedef P3 param3_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type, param2_type, param3_type);
-			enum{parameter = 4};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1, P2, P3) volatile>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef P2 param2_type;
-			typedef P3 param3_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type, param2_type, param3_type);
-			enum{parameter = 4};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1, P2, P3) const volatile>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef P2 param2_type;
-			typedef P3 param3_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type, param2_type, param3_type);
-			enum{parameter = 4};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename P4>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4)>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef P2 param2_type;
-			typedef P3 param3_type;
-			typedef P4 param4_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type, param2_type, param3_type, param4_type);
-			enum{parameter = 5};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename P4>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4) const>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef P2 param2_type;
-			typedef P3 param3_type;
-			typedef P4 param4_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type, param2_type, param3_type, param4_type);
-			enum{parameter = 5};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename P4>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4) volatile>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef P2 param2_type;
-			typedef P3 param3_type;
-			typedef P4 param4_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type, param2_type, param3_type, param4_type);
-			enum{parameter = 5};
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename P4>
-		struct mfptr_traits<R(Concept::*)(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4) const volatile>
-		{
-			typedef Concept concept_type;
-			typedef R return_type;
-			typedef P0 param0_type;
-			typedef P1 param1_type;
-			typedef P2 param2_type;
-			typedef P3 param3_type;
-			typedef P4 param4_type;
-			typedef return_type function(param0_type, param1_type, param2_type, param3_type, param4_type);
-			enum{parameter = 5};
-		};
-		
-		
-
-		template<typename Function, typename Concept, typename CVSpecifier>
-		struct make_mf
-		{
-			typedef int type;
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(), Concept, no_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)();
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(), Concept, const_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)() const;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(), Concept, volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)() volatile;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(), Concept, const_volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)() const volatile;
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0), Concept, no_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0);
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0), Concept, const_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0) const;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0), Concept, volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0) volatile;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0), Concept, const_volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0) const volatile;
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1), Concept, no_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1);
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1), Concept, const_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1) const;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1), Concept, volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1) volatile;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1), Concept, const_volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1) const volatile;
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2), Concept, no_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2);
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2), Concept, const_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2) const;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2), Concept, volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2) volatile;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2), Concept, const_volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2) const volatile;
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2, P3), Concept, no_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2, P3);
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2, P3), Concept, const_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2, P3) const;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2, P3), Concept, volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2, P3) volatile;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2, P3), Concept, const_volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2, P3) const volatile;
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename P4, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4), Concept, no_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4);
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename P4, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4), Concept, const_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4) const;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename P4, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4), Concept, volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4) volatile;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename P4, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4), Concept, const_volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4) const volatile;
-		};
-
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename P4, typename P5, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5), Concept, no_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5);
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename P4, typename P5, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5), Concept, const_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5) const;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename P4, typename P5, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5), Concept, volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5) volatile;
-		};
-		
-		template<typename R, typename P0, typename P1, typename P2, typename P3, typename P4, typename P5, typename Concept>
-		struct make_mf<R(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5), Concept, const_volatile_specifier>
-		{
-			typedef R(Concept::*type)(P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5) const volatile;
-		};
-	}//end namespace traits
-
 	namespace meta
 	{
 		template<	typename Param0 = null_type, typename Param1 = null_type,
diff --git a/source/filesystem/filesystem.cpp b/source/filesystem/filesystem.cpp
index af9f11ea..471c718e 100644
--- a/source/filesystem/filesystem.cpp
+++ b/source/filesystem/filesystem.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  *	A ISO C++ FileSystem Implementation
- *	Copyright(C) 2003-2015 Jinhao(cnjinhao@hotmail.com)
+ *	Copyright(C) 2003-2016 Jinhao(cnjinhao@hotmail.com)
  *
  *	Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
  *	(See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
diff --git a/source/traits.cpp b/source/traits.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 591d4f76..00000000
--- a/source/traits.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-/*
- *	Traits Implementation
- *	Copyright(C) 2003-2013 Jinhao(cnjinhao@hotmail.com)
- *
- *	@file: source/traits.cpp
- */
-
-#include <nana/traits.hpp>
-
-namespace nana
-{
-	//class noncopyable
-		noncopyable::noncopyable(){}
-	//end class noncopyable
-
-	//class nonmovable
-		nonmovable::nonmovable(){}
-	//end class nonmovable
-
-}//end namespace nana