diff --git a/include/nana/gui/detail/inner_fwd_implement.hpp b/include/nana/gui/detail/inner_fwd_implement.hpp
index 4b7d958a..68937148 100644
--- a/include/nana/gui/detail/inner_fwd_implement.hpp
+++ b/include/nana/gui/detail/inner_fwd_implement.hpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  *	Implementations of Inner Forward Declaration
  *	Nana C++ Library(http://www.nanapro.org)
- *	Copyright(C) 2003-2015 Jinhao(cnjinhao@hotmail.com)
+ *	Copyright(C) 2003-2016 Jinhao(cnjinhao@hotmail.com)
  *
  *	Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
  *	(See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
@@ -26,87 +26,32 @@ namespace nana{
 	{
 		class shortkey_container
 		{
-			struct item_type
-			{
-				window handle;
-				std::vector<unsigned long> keys;
-			};
+			struct item_type;
+
+			//Noncopyable
+			shortkey_container(const shortkey_container&) = delete;
+			shortkey_container& operator=(const shortkey_container&) = delete;
+
+			shortkey_container& operator=(shortkey_container&&) = delete;
 		public:
-			void clear()
-			{
-				keybase_.clear();
-			}
+			shortkey_container();
 
-			bool make(window wd, unsigned long key)
-			{
-				if (wd == nullptr) return false;
-				if (key < 0x61) key += (0x61 - 0x41);
+			shortkey_container(shortkey_container&&);
 
-				for (auto & m : keybase_)
-				{
-					if (m.handle == wd)
-					{
-						m.keys.push_back(key);
-						return true;
-					}
-				}
+			~shortkey_container();
 
-				item_type m;
-				m.handle = wd;
-				m.keys.push_back(key);
-				keybase_.push_back(m);
+			void clear();
 
-				return true;
-			}
+			bool make(window wd, unsigned long key);
 
-			void umake(window wd)
-			{
-				if (wd == nullptr) return;
+			void umake(window wd);
 
-				for (auto i = keybase_.begin(), end = keybase_.end(); i != end; ++i)
-				{
-					if (i->handle == wd)
-					{
-						keybase_.erase(i);
-						break;
-					}
-				}
-			}
+			std::vector<unsigned long> keys(window wd) const;
 
-			std::vector<unsigned long> keys(window wd) const
-			{
-				std::vector<unsigned long> v;
-				if (wd)
-				{
-					for (auto & m : keybase_)
-					{
-						if (m.handle == wd)
-						{
-							v = m.keys;
-							break;
-						}
-					}
-				}
-				return v;
-
-			}
-
-			window find(unsigned long key) const
-			{
-				if (key < 0x61) key += (0x61 - 0x41);
-
-				for (auto & m : keybase_)
-				{
-					for (auto n : m.keys)
-					{
-						if (key == n)
-							return m.handle;
-					}
-				}
-				return nullptr;
-			}
+			window find(unsigned long key) const;
 		private:
-			std::vector<item_type> keybase_;
+			struct implementation;
+			implementation * impl_;
 		};
 
 
@@ -118,57 +63,39 @@ namespace nana{
 
 			struct condition_rep
 			{
-				bool			ignore_tab{ false };			//ignore tab when the focus is changed by TAB key.
-				basic_window*	pressed{ nullptr };				//The handle to a window which has been pressed by mouse left button.
-				basic_window*	pressed_by_space{ nullptr };	//The handle to a window which has been pressed by SPACEBAR key.
-				basic_window*	hovered{ nullptr };				//the latest window that mouse moved
+				bool			ignore_tab;			//ignore tab when the focus is changed by TAB key.
+				basic_window*	pressed;			//The handle to a window which has been pressed by mouse left button.
+				basic_window*	pressed_by_space;	//The handle to a window which has been pressed by SPACEBAR key.
+				basic_window*	hovered;			//the latest window that mouse moved
 			}condition;
 
-			root_misc(basic_window * wd, unsigned width, unsigned height)
-				:	window(wd),
-				root_graph({ width, height })
-			{}
+			root_misc(root_misc&&);
+			root_misc(basic_window * wd, unsigned width, unsigned height);
 		};//end struct root_misc
 
+
+
 		class root_register
 		{
+			//Noncopyable
+			root_register(const root_register&) = delete;
+			root_register& operator=(const root_register&) = delete;
+
+			//Nonmovable
+			root_register(root_register&&) = delete;
+			root_register& operator=(root_register&&) = delete;
 		public:
-			root_misc* insert(native_window_type wd, root_misc&& misc)
-			{
-				recent_ = wd;
-				auto ret = table_.emplace(wd, std::move(misc));
-				misc_ptr_ = &(ret.first->second);
-				return misc_ptr_;
-			}
+			root_register();
+			~root_register();
 
-			root_misc * find(native_window_type wd)
-			{
-				if (wd == recent_)
-					return misc_ptr_;
+			root_misc* insert(native_window_type, root_misc&&);
 
-				recent_ = wd;
-				
-				auto i = table_.find(wd);
-				if (i != table_.end())
-					misc_ptr_ = &(i->second);
-				else
-					misc_ptr_ = nullptr;
+			root_misc * find(native_window_type);
 
-				return misc_ptr_;
-			}
-
-			void erase(native_window_type wd)
-			{
-				table_.erase(wd);
-				recent_ = wd;
-				misc_ptr_ = nullptr;
-			}
+			void erase(native_window_type);
 		private:
-			//Cached
-			mutable native_window_type	recent_{nullptr};
-			mutable root_misc *			misc_ptr_{nullptr};
-
-			std::map<native_window_type, root_misc> table_;
+			struct implementation;
+			implementation * const impl_;
 		};
 	}
 }//end namespace nana
diff --git a/source/detail/platform_spec_posix.cpp b/source/detail/platform_spec_posix.cpp
index 97ce8d19..c737cdf6 100644
--- a/source/detail/platform_spec_posix.cpp
+++ b/source/detail/platform_spec_posix.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <nana/gui/detail/basic_window.hpp>
 #include <nana/gui/detail/window_manager.hpp>
 #include <nana/system/platform.hpp>
+#include <nana/paint/pixel_buffer.hpp>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <sstream>
 
diff --git a/source/gui/detail/bedrock_pi.cpp b/source/gui/detail/bedrock_pi.cpp
index 64db05cd..c6617bd7 100644
--- a/source/gui/detail/bedrock_pi.cpp
+++ b/source/gui/detail/bedrock_pi.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <nana/system/timepiece.hpp>
 #include <nana/gui/wvl.hpp>
-#include <nana/gui/detail/inner_fwd_implement.hpp>
+#include <nana/gui/detail/basic_window.hpp>
 #include <nana/gui/detail/native_window_interface.hpp>
 #include <nana/gui/layout_utility.hpp>
 #include <nana/gui/detail/element_store.hpp>
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 
 namespace nana
 {
+
 	//class internal_scope_guard
 		internal_scope_guard::internal_scope_guard()
 		{
diff --git a/source/gui/detail/drawer.cpp b/source/gui/detail/drawer.cpp
index e3b7b2fe..0ab725aa 100644
--- a/source/gui/detail/drawer.cpp
+++ b/source/gui/detail/drawer.cpp
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 #include <nana/config.hpp>
 #include <nana/gui/detail/bedrock.hpp>
 #include <nana/gui/detail/drawer.hpp>
-#include <nana/gui/detail/dynamic_drawing_object.hpp>
 #include <nana/gui/detail/effects_renderer.hpp>
 #include <nana/gui/detail/basic_window.hpp>
+#include "dynamic_drawing_object.hpp"
 
 #if defined(NANA_X11)
 	#include <nana/detail/linux_X11/platform_spec.hpp>
diff --git a/include/nana/gui/detail/dynamic_drawing_object.hpp b/source/gui/detail/dynamic_drawing_object.hpp
similarity index 100%
rename from include/nana/gui/detail/dynamic_drawing_object.hpp
rename to source/gui/detail/dynamic_drawing_object.hpp
diff --git a/source/gui/detail/window_manager.cpp b/source/gui/detail/window_manager.cpp
index 3e5d1d23..eb4efaf9 100644
--- a/source/gui/detail/window_manager.cpp
+++ b/source/gui/detail/window_manager.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,178 @@
 namespace nana
 {
 
+	namespace detail
+	{
+		//class shortkey_container
+		struct shortkey_rep
+		{
+			window handle;
+			std::vector<unsigned long> keys;
+		};
+
+		struct shortkey_container::implementation
+		{
+			std::vector<shortkey_rep> base;
+		};
+
+		shortkey_container::shortkey_container()
+			:impl_(new implementation)
+		{}
+
+		shortkey_container::shortkey_container(shortkey_container&& other)
+			: impl_(other.impl_)
+		{
+			other.impl_ = nullptr;
+		}
+
+		shortkey_container::~shortkey_container()
+		{
+			delete impl_;
+		}
+
+		void shortkey_container::clear()
+		{
+			impl_->base.clear();
+		}
+
+		bool shortkey_container::make(window wd, unsigned long key)
+		{
+			if (wd == nullptr) return false;
+			if (key < 0x61) key += (0x61 - 0x41);
+
+			for (auto & m : impl_->base)
+			{
+				if (m.handle == wd)
+				{
+					m.keys.emplace_back(key);
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+
+			impl_->base.emplace_back();
+			auto & rep = impl_->base.back();
+			rep.handle = wd;
+			rep.keys.emplace_back(key);
+
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		void shortkey_container::umake(window wd)
+		{
+			if (wd == nullptr) return;
+
+			for (auto i = impl_->base.begin(); i != impl_->base.end(); ++i)
+			{
+				if (i->handle == wd)
+				{
+					impl_->base.erase(i);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		std::vector<unsigned long> shortkey_container::keys(window wd) const
+		{
+			if (wd)
+			{
+				for (auto & m : impl_->base)
+				{
+					if (m.handle == wd)
+						return m.keys;
+				}
+			}
+			return{};
+		}
+
+		window shortkey_container::find(unsigned long key) const
+		{
+			if (key < 0x61) key += (0x61 - 0x41);
+
+			for (auto & m : impl_->base)
+			{
+				for (auto n : m.keys)
+				{
+					if (key == n)
+						return m.handle;
+				}
+			}
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+		//end class shortkey_container
+
+
+		//struct root_misc
+		root_misc::root_misc(root_misc&& other):
+			window(other.window),
+			root_graph(std::move(other.root_graph)),
+			shortkeys(std::move(other.shortkeys)),
+			condition(std::move(other.condition))
+		{
+		}
+
+		root_misc::root_misc(basic_window * wd, unsigned width, unsigned height)
+			: window(wd),
+			root_graph({ width, height })
+		{
+			condition.ignore_tab = false;
+			condition.pressed = nullptr;
+			condition.pressed_by_space = nullptr;
+			condition.hovered = nullptr;
+		}
+		//end struct root_misc
+
+		//class root_register
+		struct root_register::implementation
+		{
+			//Cached
+			native_window_type	recent_access{ nullptr };
+			root_misc *			misc_ptr{ nullptr };
+
+			std::map<native_window_type, root_misc> table;
+		};
+
+		root_register::root_register()
+			: impl_(new implementation)
+		{}
+
+		root_register::~root_register()
+		{
+			delete impl_;
+		}
+
+		root_misc* root_register::insert(native_window_type wd, root_misc&& misc)
+		{
+			impl_->recent_access = wd;
+			auto ret = impl_->table.emplace(wd, std::move(misc));
+			impl_->misc_ptr = &(ret.first->second);
+			return impl_->misc_ptr;
+		}
+
+		root_misc * root_register::find(native_window_type wd)
+		{
+			if (wd == impl_->recent_access)
+				return impl_->misc_ptr;
+
+			impl_->recent_access = wd;
+
+			auto i = impl_->table.find(wd);
+			if (i != impl_->table.end())
+				impl_->misc_ptr = &(i->second);
+			else
+				impl_->misc_ptr = nullptr;
+
+			return impl_->misc_ptr;
+		}
+
+		void root_register::erase(native_window_type wd)
+		{
+			impl_->table.erase(wd);
+			impl_->recent_access = wd;
+			impl_->misc_ptr = nullptr;
+		}
+		//end class root_register
+	}
+
 namespace detail
 {
 	template<typename Key, typename Value>
diff --git a/source/gui/element.cpp b/source/gui/element.cpp
index 3886e1f4..8d31a447 100644
--- a/source/gui/element.cpp
+++ b/source/gui/element.cpp
@@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@ namespace nana
 		}
 
 		bground::bground(const bground& rhs)
-			: impl_{ new implementation }
+			: impl_{ new implementation(*rhs.impl_) }
 		{
 			if (impl_->method)
 				impl_->method = impl_->method->clone();
diff --git a/source/gui/widgets/menu.cpp b/source/gui/widgets/menu.cpp
index 91493d8a..bae7ab51 100644
--- a/source/gui/widgets/menu.cpp
+++ b/source/gui/widgets/menu.cpp
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ namespace nana
 						if(item.sub_menu == nullptr)
 						{
 							item.sub_menu = &sub;
-							sub.owner.push_back(&root_);
+							sub.owner.emplace_back(&root_);
 							return true;
 						}
 					}
diff --git a/source/gui/widgets/menubar.cpp b/source/gui/widgets/menubar.cpp
index 10bf8814..9d40d9ec 100644
--- a/source/gui/widgets/menubar.cpp
+++ b/source/gui/widgets/menubar.cpp
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ namespace nana
 				void append(const native_string_type& text, unsigned long shortkey)
 				{
 					if(shortkey && shortkey < 0x61) shortkey += (0x61 - 0x41);
-					cont_.push_back(new item_type(text, shortkey));
+					cont_.emplace_back(new item_type(text, shortkey));
 				}
 
 				std::size_t find(unsigned long shortkey) const
diff --git a/source/gui/widgets/tabbar.cpp b/source/gui/widgets/tabbar.cpp
index e731b3ad..61150e9f 100644
--- a/source/gui/widgets/tabbar.cpp
+++ b/source/gui/widgets/tabbar.cpp
@@ -748,14 +748,13 @@ namespace nana
 
 				bool _m_add_tab(std::size_t pos)
 				{
-					item_t m;
 					if((pos == npos) || (pos >= list_.size()))
 					{
-						this->list_.push_back(m);
+						this->list_.emplace_back();
 						pos = static_cast<unsigned>(list_.size() - 1);
 					}
 					else
-						list_.insert(iterator_at(pos), m);
+						list_.emplace(iterator_at(pos));
 
 					basis_.active = pos;
 					if(evt_agent_)
@@ -1505,7 +1504,7 @@ namespace nana
 						for (auto & m : items)
 						{
 							auto ts = graph.bidi_extent_size(m.text);
-							pxs.push_back(ts.width + 12);
+							pxs.emplace_back(ts.width + 12);
 							pixels += ts.width + 12;
 						}
 
diff --git a/source/paint/graphics.cpp b/source/paint/graphics.cpp
index 4eea00c7..2496a295 100644
--- a/source/paint/graphics.cpp
+++ b/source/paint/graphics.cpp
@@ -973,7 +973,7 @@ namespace paint
 #elif defined(NANA_X11)
 				Display* disp = nana::detail::platform_spec::instance().open_display();
 				impl_->handle->update_color();
-				::XDrawPoint(disp, impl_->handle->pixmap, handle_->context, x, y);
+				::XDrawPoint(disp, impl_->handle->pixmap, impl_->handle->context, x, y);
 #endif
 				if (impl_->changed == false) impl_->changed = true;
 			}
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ namespace paint
 				auto const end = str + len;
 				auto i = std::find(str, end, '\t');
 #if defined(NANA_LINUX) || defined(NANA_MACOS)
-				handle_->update_text_color();
+				impl_->handle->update_text_color();
 #endif
 				if (i != end)
 				{
@@ -1177,7 +1177,7 @@ namespace paint
 				impl_->pxbuf.paste(impl_->handle, point{});
 			}
 #elif defined(NANA_X11)
-			if (nullptr == handle_) return;
+			if (nullptr == impl_->handle) return;
 
 			double deltapx = double(vertical ? rct.height : rct.width);
 			double r, g, b;