diff --git a/include/nana/deploy.hpp b/include/nana/deploy.hpp
index e59e0d85..0862a7a3 100644
--- a/include/nana/deploy.hpp
+++ b/include/nana/deploy.hpp
@@ -21,6 +21,56 @@
 #undef NANA_WINDOWS
 #endif
 
+//Implement workarounds for MinGW
+#if defined(NANA_MINGW)
+namespace std
+{
+	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::stoi in MinGW.
+	int stoi(const std::string&, std::size_t * pos = nullptr, int base = 10);
+	int stoi(const std::wstring&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr, int base = 10);
+
+	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::stof in MinGW.
+	float stof(const std::string&, std::size_t * pos = nullptr);
+	float stof(const std::wstring&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr);
+
+	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::stod in MinGW.
+	double stod(const std::string&, std::size_t * pos = nullptr);
+	double stod(const std::wstring&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr);
+
+	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::stold in MinGW.
+	long double stold(const std::string&, std::size_t * pos = nullptr);
+	long double stold(const std::wstring&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr);
+
+	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::stol in MinGW.
+	long stol(const std::string&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr, int base = 10);
+	long stol(const std::wstring&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr, int base = 10);
+
+	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::stoll in MinGW.
+	long long stoll(const std::string&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr, int base = 10);
+	long long stoll(const std::wstring&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr, int base = 10);
+
+	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::stoul in MinGW.
+	unsigned long stoul(const std::string&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr, int base = 10);
+	unsigned long stoul(const std::wstring&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr, int base = 10);
+
+	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::stoull in MinGW.
+	unsigned long long stoull(const std::string&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr, int base = 10);
+	unsigned long long stoull(const std::wstring&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr, int base = 10);
+
+	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::to_wstring in MinGW.
+	std::wstring to_wstring(long double);
+	std::wstring to_wstring(double);
+	std::wstring to_wstring(unsigned);
+	std::wstring to_wstring(int);
+	std::wstring to_wstring(long);
+	std::wstring to_wstring(unsigned long);
+	std::wstring to_wstring(long long);
+	std::wstring to_wstring(unsigned long long);
+	std::wstring to_wstring(float);
+}
+#endif
+
+
 #ifndef NANA_UNICODE
 	namespace nana
 	{
@@ -40,28 +90,7 @@
 namespace nana
 {
 	std::size_t strlen(const char_t* str);
-	double strtod(const char_t* str, char_t** endptr);
 	char_t* strcpy(char_t* dest, const char_t* source);
-
-	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::stoi in MinGW.
-	int stoi(const std::string&, std::size_t * pos = nullptr, int base = 10);
-	int stoi(const std::wstring&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr, int base = 10);
-
-	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::stod in MinGW.
-	double stod(const std::string&, std::size_t * pos = nullptr);
-	double stod(const std::wstring&, std::size_t* pos = nullptr);
-
-	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::to_wstring in MinGW.
-	std::wstring to_wstring(long double);
-	std::wstring to_wstring(double);
-	std::wstring to_wstring(unsigned);
-	std::wstring to_wstring(int);
-	std::wstring to_wstring(long);
-	std::wstring to_wstring(unsigned long);
-	std::wstring to_wstring(long long);
-	std::wstring to_wstring(unsigned long long);
-	std::wstring to_wstring(float);
-
 }
 
 #if defined(NANA_WINDOWS)
diff --git a/include/nana/gui/widgets/listbox.hpp b/include/nana/gui/widgets/listbox.hpp
index 8274d3e3..1bc087be 100644
--- a/include/nana/gui/widgets/listbox.hpp
+++ b/include/nana/gui/widgets/listbox.hpp
@@ -558,7 +558,6 @@ By \a clicking on a header the list get \a reordered, first up, and then down al
 	private:
 		drawerbase::listbox::essence_t & _m_ess() const;
 		nana::any* _m_anyobj(size_type cat, size_type index, bool allocate_if_empty) const;
-		size_type _m_headers() const;
 		drawerbase::listbox::category_t* _m_at_key(std::shared_ptr<nana::detail::key_interface>);
 		void _m_ease_key(nana::detail::key_interface*);
 	};
diff --git a/source/basic_types.cpp b/source/basic_types.cpp
index d02d497f..b49dc0bb 100644
--- a/source/basic_types.cpp
+++ b/source/basic_types.cpp
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ namespace nana
 			if ((endpos - pos != 4) && (endpos - pos != 7))
 				throw std::invalid_argument(excpt_what);
 
-			auto n = ::nana::stoi(css_color.substr(pos + 1, endpos - pos - 1), nullptr, 16);
+			auto n = std::stoi(css_color.substr(pos + 1, endpos - pos - 1), nullptr, 16);
 
 			if (endpos - pos == 4)
 			{
@@ -301,24 +301,24 @@ namespace nana
 
 			if (is_real)
 			{
-				auto pr = ::nana::stod(rgb[0].substr(0, rgb[0].size() - 1));
+				auto pr = std::stod(rgb[0].substr(0, rgb[0].size() - 1));
 				r_ = (pr > 100 ? 255.0 : 2.55 * pr);
 
-				pr = ::nana::stod(rgb[1].substr(0, rgb[1].size() - 1));
+				pr = std::stod(rgb[1].substr(0, rgb[1].size() - 1));
 				g_ = (pr > 100 ? 255.0 : 2.55 * pr);
 
-				pr = ::nana::stod(rgb[2].substr(0, rgb[2].size() - 1));
+				pr = std::stod(rgb[2].substr(0, rgb[2].size() - 1));
 				b_ = (pr > 100 ? 255.0 : 2.55 * pr);
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				r_ = ::nana::stod(rgb[0]);
+				r_ = std::stod(rgb[0]);
 				if (r_ > 255.0)	r_ = 255;
 
-				g_ = ::nana::stod(rgb[1]);
+				g_ = std::stod(rgb[1]);
 				if (g_ > 255.0)	g_ = 255;
 
-				b_ = ::nana::stod(rgb[2]);
+				b_ = std::stod(rgb[2]);
 				if (b_ > 255.0)	b_ = 255;
 			}
 		}
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ namespace nana
 			if (str.back() == '%')
 				throw std::invalid_argument(excpt_what);
 
-			auto h = ::nana::stod(str);
+			auto h = std::stod(str);
 
 			pos = css_color.find_first_not_of(' ', pos);
 			if (pos == css_color.npos || css_color[pos] != ',')
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ namespace nana
 			if (str.empty() || str.back() != '%')
 				throw std::invalid_argument(excpt_what);
 
-			auto s = ::nana::stod(str.substr(0, str.size() - 1));
+			auto s = std::stod(str.substr(0, str.size() - 1));
 
 			pos = css_color.find_first_not_of(' ', pos);
 			if (pos == css_color.npos || css_color[pos] != ',')
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ namespace nana
 			if (str.empty() || str.back() != '%')
 				throw std::invalid_argument(excpt_what);
 
-			auto l = ::nana::stod(str.substr(0, str.size() - 1));
+			auto l = std::stod(str.substr(0, str.size() - 1));
 
 			from_hsl(h, s / 100, l / 100);
 		}
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ namespace nana
 			if (str.empty() || str.back() == '%')
 				throw std::invalid_argument(excpt_what); //invalid alpha value
 
-			a_ = ::nana::stod(str);
+			a_ = std::stod(str);
 		}
 #endif
 	}
diff --git a/source/deploy.cpp b/source/deploy.cpp
index e9e0d5d2..b2d053f4 100644
--- a/source/deploy.cpp
+++ b/source/deploy.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <nana/deploy.hpp>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <stdexcept>
+
 #if defined(NANA_WINDOWS)
 	#include <windows.h>
 #elif defined(NANA_LINUX)
@@ -22,38 +23,12 @@
 	#include PLATFORM_SPEC_HPP
 #endif
 
-namespace nana
+#if defined(NANA_MINGW)
+#include <sstream>
+namespace std
 {
-	std::size_t strlen(const char_t* str)
-	{
-#if defined(NANA_UNICODE)
-		return ::wcslen(str);
-#else
-		return ::strlen(str);
-#endif
-	}
-
-	double strtod(const char_t* str, char_t** endptr)
-	{
-#if defined(NANA_UNICODE)
-		return ::wcstod(str, endptr);
-#else
-		return ::strtod(str, endptr);
-#endif
-	}
-
-	char_t* strcpy(char_t* dest, const char_t* source)
-	{
-#if defined(NANA_UNICODE)
-		return ::wcscpy(dest, source);
-#else
-		return ::strcpy(dest, source);
-#endif
-	}
-
 	int stoi(const std::string& str, std::size_t * pos, int base)
 	{
-#if defined(NANA_MINGW)
 		auto sptr = str.c_str();
 		char *end;
 		errno = 0;
@@ -67,14 +42,10 @@ namespace nana
 		if (pos)
 			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - sptr);
 		return ((int)result);
-#else
-		return std::stoi(str, pos, base);
-#endif
 	}
 
 	int stoi(const std::wstring& str, std::size_t* pos, int base)
 	{
-#if defined(NANA_MINGW)
 		auto sptr = str.data();
 		wchar_t *end;
 		errno = 0;
@@ -88,14 +59,42 @@ namespace nana
 		if (pos)
 			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - sptr);
 		return ((int)result);
-#else
-		return std::stoi(str, pos, base);
-#endif
+	}
+
+	float stof(const std::string& str, std::size_t * pos)
+	{
+		auto *ptr = str.data();
+		errno = 0;
+		char *end;
+		auto result = std::strtof(ptr, &end);
+
+		if (ptr == end)
+			throw std::invalid_argument("invalid stod argument");
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			throw std::out_of_range("stof argument out of range");
+		if (pos)
+			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	float stof(const std::wstring& str, std::size_t* pos)
+	{
+		auto *ptr = str.data();
+		errno = 0;
+		wchar_t *end;
+		auto result = std::wcstof(ptr, &end);
+
+		if (ptr == end)
+			throw std::invalid_argument("invalid stod argument");
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			throw std::out_of_range("stof argument out of range");
+		if (pos)
+			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
+		return result;
 	}
 
 	double stod(const std::string& str, std::size_t * pos)
 	{
-#ifdef NANA_MINGW
 		auto *ptr = str.data();
 		errno = 0;
 		char *end;
@@ -108,14 +107,10 @@ namespace nana
 		if (pos)
 			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
 		return result;
-#else
-		return std::stod(str, pos);
-#endif
 	}
 
 	double stod(const std::wstring& str, std::size_t* pos)
 	{
-#ifdef NANA_MINGW
 		auto *ptr = str.data();
 		errno = 0;
 		wchar_t *end;
@@ -128,110 +123,258 @@ namespace nana
 		if (pos)
 			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
 		return result;
-#else
-		return std::stod(str, pos);
-#endif
+	}
+
+	long double stold(const std::string& str, std::size_t * pos)
+	{
+		auto *ptr = str.data();
+		errno = 0;
+		char *end;
+		auto result = std::strtold(ptr, &end);
+
+		if (ptr == end)
+			throw std::invalid_argument("invalid stod argument");
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			throw std::out_of_range("stold argument out of range");
+		if (pos)
+			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	long double stold(const std::wstring& str, std::size_t* pos)
+	{
+		auto *ptr = str.data();
+		errno = 0;
+		wchar_t *end;
+		auto result = std::wcstold(ptr, &end);
+
+		if (ptr == end)
+			throw std::invalid_argument("invalid stod argument");
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			throw std::out_of_range("stold argument out of range");
+		if (pos)
+			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	long stol(const std::string& str, std::size_t* pos, int base)
+	{
+		auto *ptr = str.data();
+		errno = 0;
+		char *end;
+		auto result = std::strtol(ptr, &end, base);
+
+		if (ptr == end)
+			throw std::invalid_argument("invalid stod argument");
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			throw std::out_of_range("stol argument out of range");
+		if (pos)
+			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	long stol(const std::wstring& str, std::size_t* pos, int base)
+	{
+		auto *ptr = str.data();
+		errno = 0;
+		wchar_t *end;
+		auto result = std::wcstol(ptr, &end, base);
+
+		if (ptr == end)
+			throw std::invalid_argument("invalid stod argument");
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			throw std::out_of_range("stol argument out of range");
+		if (pos)
+			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::stoll in MinGW.
+	long long stoll(const std::string& str, std::size_t* pos, int base)
+	{
+		auto *ptr = str.data();
+		errno = 0;
+		char* end;
+		auto result = std::strtoll(ptr, &end, base);
+
+		if (ptr == end)
+			throw std::invalid_argument("invalid stod argument");
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			throw std::out_of_range("stoll argument out of range");
+		if (pos)
+			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	long long stoll(const std::wstring& str, std::size_t* pos, int base)
+	{
+		auto *ptr = str.data();
+		errno = 0;
+		wchar_t* end;
+		auto result = std::wcstoll(ptr, &end, base);
+
+		if (ptr == end)
+			throw std::invalid_argument("invalid stod argument");
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			throw std::out_of_range("stoll argument out of range");
+		if (pos)
+			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	unsigned long long stoull(const std::string& str, std::size_t* pos, int base)
+	{
+		auto *ptr = str.data();
+		errno = 0;
+		char* end;
+		auto result = std::strtoull(ptr, &end, base);
+
+		if (ptr == end)
+			throw std::invalid_argument("invalid stod argument");
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			throw std::out_of_range("stoull argument out of range");
+		if (pos)
+			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	unsigned long long stoull(const std::wstring& str, std::size_t* pos, int base)
+	{
+		auto *ptr = str.data();
+		errno = 0;
+		wchar_t* end;
+		auto result = std::wcstoull(ptr, &end, base);
+
+		if (ptr == end)
+			throw std::invalid_argument("invalid stod argument");
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			throw std::out_of_range("stoull argument out of range");
+		if (pos)
+			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	//Workaround for no implemenation of std::stoul in MinGW.
+	unsigned long stoul(const std::string& str, std::size_t* pos, int base)
+	{
+		auto *ptr = str.data();
+		errno = 0;
+		char* end;
+		auto result = std::strtoul(ptr, &end, base);
+
+		if (ptr == end)
+			throw std::invalid_argument("invalid stod argument");
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			throw std::out_of_range("stoul argument out of range");
+		if (pos)
+			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	unsigned long stoul(const std::wstring& str, std::size_t* pos, int base)
+	{
+		auto *ptr = str.data();
+		errno = 0;
+		wchar_t* end;
+		auto result = std::wcstoul(ptr, &end, base);
+
+		if (ptr == end)
+			throw std::invalid_argument("invalid stod argument");
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			throw std::out_of_range("stoul argument out of range");
+		if (pos)
+			*pos = (std::size_t)(end - ptr);
+		return result;
 	}
 
 	std::wstring to_wstring(double v)
 	{
-#ifdef NANA_MINGW
 		std::wstringstream ss;
 		ss << v;
 		return ss.str();
-#else
-		return std::to_wstring(v);
-#endif	
 	}
 
 	std::wstring to_wstring(long double v)
 	{
-#ifdef NANA_MINGW
 		std::wstringstream ss;
 		ss << v;
 		return ss.str();
-#else
-		return std::to_wstring(v);
-#endif		
 	}
 
 	std::wstring to_wstring(unsigned v)
 	{
-#ifdef NANA_MINGW
 		std::wstringstream ss;
 		ss << v;
 		return ss.str();
-#else
-		return std::to_wstring(v);
-#endif	
 	}
 
 	std::wstring to_wstring(int v)
 	{
-#ifdef NANA_MINGW
 		std::wstringstream ss;
 		ss << v;
 		return ss.str();
-#else
-		return std::to_wstring(v);
-#endif	
 	}
 
 	std::wstring to_wstring(long v)
 	{
-#ifdef NANA_MINGW
 		std::wstringstream ss;
 		ss << v;
 		return ss.str();
-#else
-		return std::to_wstring(v);
-#endif		
 	}
 
 	std::wstring to_wstring(unsigned long v)
 	{
-#ifdef NANA_MINGW
 		std::wstringstream ss;
 		ss << v;
 		return ss.str();
-#else
-		return std::to_wstring(v);
-#endif	
 	}
 
 	std::wstring to_wstring(long long v)
 	{
-#ifdef NANA_MINGW
 		std::wstringstream ss;
 		ss << v;
 		return ss.str();
-#else
-		return std::to_wstring(v);
-#endif		
 	}
 
 	std::wstring to_wstring(unsigned long long v)
 	{
-#ifdef NANA_MINGW
 		std::wstringstream ss;
 		ss << v;
 		return ss.str();
-#else
-		return std::to_wstring(v);
-#endif	
 	}
 
 	std::wstring to_wstring(float v)
 	{
-#ifdef NANA_MINGW
 		std::wstringstream ss;
 		ss << v;
 		return ss.str();
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+namespace nana
+{
+	std::size_t strlen(const char_t* str)
+	{
+#if defined(NANA_UNICODE)
+		return ::wcslen(str);
 #else
-		return std::to_wstring(v);
-#endif		
+		return ::strlen(str);
+#endif
 	}
 
+	char_t* strcpy(char_t* dest, const char_t* source)
+	{
+#if defined(NANA_UNICODE)
+		return ::wcscpy(dest, source);
+#else
+		return ::strcpy(dest, source);
+#endif
+	}
+}
+
+namespace nana
+{
 	bool is_incomplete(const nana::string& str, unsigned pos)
 	{
 #ifndef NANA_UNICODE
diff --git a/source/gui/msgbox.cpp b/source/gui/msgbox.cpp
index 7f71376b..e43a5ee7 100644
--- a/source/gui/msgbox.cpp
+++ b/source/gui/msgbox.cpp
@@ -701,12 +701,12 @@ namespace nana
 		//get the longest value
 		int longest = (std::abs((impl->begin < 0 ? impl->begin * 10 : impl->begin)) < std::abs(impl->last < 0 ? impl->last * 10 : impl->last) ? impl->last : impl->begin);
 		paint::graphics graph{ ::nana::size{ 10, 10 } };
-		auto value_px = graph.text_extent_size(::nana::to_wstring(longest)).width + 34;
+		auto value_px = graph.text_extent_size(std::to_wstring(longest)).width + 34;
 
 		impl->spinbox.create(impl->dock, rectangle{ static_cast<int>(label_px + 10), 0, value_px, 0 });
 		impl->spinbox.range(impl->begin, impl->last, impl->step);
 
-		impl->spinbox.value(::nana::to_wstring(impl->value));
+		impl->spinbox.value(std::to_wstring(impl->value));
 
 		impl->dock.events().resized.connect_unignorable([impl, label_px, value_px](const ::nana::arg_resized& arg)
 		{
@@ -779,12 +779,12 @@ namespace nana
 		//get the longest value
 		auto longest = (std::abs((impl->begin < 0 ? impl->begin * 10 : impl->begin)) < std::abs(impl->last < 0 ? impl->last * 10 : impl->last) ? impl->last : impl->begin);
 		paint::graphics graph{ ::nana::size{ 10, 10 } };
-		auto value_px = graph.text_extent_size(::nana::to_wstring(longest)).width + 34;
+		auto value_px = graph.text_extent_size(std::to_wstring(longest)).width + 34;
 
 		impl->spinbox.create(impl->dock, rectangle{ static_cast<int>(label_px + 10), 0, value_px, 0 });
 		impl->spinbox.range(impl->begin, impl->last, impl->step);
 
-		impl->spinbox.value(::nana::to_wstring(impl->value));
+		impl->spinbox.value(std::to_wstring(impl->value));
 
 		impl->dock.events().resized.connect_unignorable([impl, label_px, value_px](const ::nana::arg_resized& arg)
 		{
@@ -947,7 +947,7 @@ namespace nana
 
 	::nana::string inputbox::date::value() const
 	{
-		return nana::to_wstring(impl_->month) + L'-' + nana::to_wstring(impl_->day) + L", " + nana::to_wstring(impl_->year);
+		return std::to_wstring(impl_->month) + L'-' + std::to_wstring(impl_->day) + L", " + std::to_wstring(impl_->year);
 	}
 
 	int inputbox::date::year() const
@@ -1008,8 +1008,8 @@ namespace nana
 
 		impl->wdg_month.option(today.month - 1);
 
-		impl->wdg_day.value(::nana::to_wstring(today.day));
-		impl->wdg_year.value(::nana::to_wstring(today.year));
+		impl->wdg_day.value(std::to_wstring(today.day));
+		impl->wdg_year.value(std::to_wstring(today.year));
 
 		impl->dock.events().resized.connect_unignorable([impl, label_px](const ::nana::arg_resized& arg)
 		{
@@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ namespace nana
 			if (day > days)
 				day = days;
 
-			impl->wdg_day.value(::nana::to_wstring(day));
+			impl->wdg_day.value(std::to_wstring(day));
 		};
 
 		impl->wdg_year.events().text_changed.connect_unignorable(make_days);
diff --git a/source/gui/widgets/date_chooser.cpp b/source/gui/widgets/date_chooser.cpp
index 16b493c3..3f1818ca 100644
--- a/source/gui/widgets/date_chooser.cpp
+++ b/source/gui/widgets/date_chooser.cpp
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ namespace nana
 							str = ::nana::internationalization()(monthstr[chmonth_.month - 1]);
 							str += STR("  ");
 						}
-						str += ::nana::to_wstring(chmonth_.year);
+						str += std::to_wstring(chmonth_.year);
 
 						nana::size txt_s = graph.text_extent_size(str);
 
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ namespace nana
 
 				void trigger::_m_draw_pos(drawing_basis & dbasis, graph_reference graph, int x, int y, int number, bool primary, bool sel)
 				{
-					_m_draw_pos(dbasis, graph, x, y, ::nana::to_wstring(number), primary, sel);
+					_m_draw_pos(dbasis, graph, x, y, std::to_wstring(number), primary, sel);
 				}
 
 				void trigger::_m_draw_ex_days(drawing_basis & dbasis, graph_reference graph, int begx, int begy, bool before)
diff --git a/source/gui/widgets/listbox.cpp b/source/gui/widgets/listbox.cpp
index 8d3ab0c4..7d1bec1b 100644
--- a/source/gui/widgets/listbox.cpp
+++ b/source/gui/widgets/listbox.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #include <list>
 #include <deque>
 #include <stdexcept>
-#include <sstream>
 #include <algorithm>
 
 namespace nana
@@ -87,66 +86,66 @@ namespace nana
 			}
 			oresolver& oresolver::operator<<(short n)
 			{
-				cells_.emplace_back(::nana::to_wstring(n));
+				cells_.emplace_back(std::to_wstring(n));
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			oresolver& oresolver::operator<<(unsigned short n)
 			{
-				cells_.emplace_back(::nana::to_wstring(n));
+				cells_.emplace_back(std::to_wstring(n));
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			oresolver& oresolver::operator<<(int n)
 			{
-				cells_.emplace_back(::nana::to_wstring(n));
+				cells_.emplace_back(std::to_wstring(n));
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			oresolver& oresolver::operator<<(unsigned int n)
 			{
-				cells_.emplace_back(::nana::to_wstring(n));
+				cells_.emplace_back(std::to_wstring(n));
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			oresolver& oresolver::operator<<(long n)
 			{
-				cells_.emplace_back(::nana::to_wstring(n));
+				cells_.emplace_back(std::to_wstring(n));
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			oresolver& oresolver::operator<<(unsigned long n)
 			{
-				cells_.emplace_back(::nana::to_wstring(n));
+				cells_.emplace_back(std::to_wstring(n));
 				return *this;
 			}
 			oresolver& oresolver::operator<<(long long n)
 			{
-				cells_.emplace_back(::nana::to_wstring(n));
+				cells_.emplace_back(std::to_wstring(n));
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			oresolver& oresolver::operator<<(unsigned long long n)
 			{
-				cells_.emplace_back(::nana::to_wstring(n));
+				cells_.emplace_back(std::to_wstring(n));
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			oresolver& oresolver::operator<<(float f)
 			{
-				cells_.emplace_back(::nana::to_wstring(f));
+				cells_.emplace_back(std::to_wstring(f));
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			oresolver& oresolver::operator<<(double f)
 			{
-				cells_.emplace_back(::nana::to_wstring(f));
+				cells_.emplace_back(std::to_wstring(f));
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			oresolver& oresolver::operator<<(long double f)
 			{
-				cells_.emplace_back(::nana::to_wstring(f));
+				cells_.emplace_back(std::to_wstring(f));
 				return *this;
 			}
 
@@ -201,117 +200,82 @@ namespace nana
 			iresolver& iresolver::operator>>(bool& n)
 			{
 				if (pos_ < cells_.size())
-				{
-					std::wstringstream ss(cells_[pos_++].text);
-					ss >> n;
-				}
+					n = (std::stoi(cells_[pos_++].text) == 0);
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			iresolver& iresolver::operator>>(short& n)
 			{
 				if (pos_ < cells_.size())
-				{
-					std::wstringstream ss(cells_[pos_++].text);
-					ss >> n;
-				}
+					n = std::stoi(cells_[pos_++].text);
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			iresolver& iresolver::operator>>(unsigned short& n)
 			{
 				if (pos_ < cells_.size())
-				{
-					std::wstringstream ss(cells_[pos_++].text);
-					ss >> n;
-				}
+					n = static_cast<unsigned short>(std::stoul(cells_[pos_++].text));
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			iresolver& iresolver::operator>>(int& n)
 			{
 				if (pos_ < cells_.size())
-				{
-					std::wstringstream ss(cells_[pos_++].text);
-					ss >> n;
-				}
+					n = std::stoi(cells_[pos_++].text);
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			iresolver& iresolver::operator>>(unsigned int& n)
 			{
 				if (pos_ < cells_.size())
-				{
-					std::wstringstream ss(cells_[pos_++].text);
-					ss >> n;
-				}
+					n = std::stoul(cells_[pos_++].text);
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			iresolver& iresolver::operator>>(long& n)
 			{
 				if (pos_ < cells_.size())
-				{
-					std::wstringstream ss(cells_[pos_++].text);
-					ss >> n;
-				}
+					n = std::stol(cells_[pos_++].text);
 				return *this;
 			}
+
 			iresolver& iresolver::operator>>(unsigned long& n)
 			{
 				if (pos_ < cells_.size())
-				{
-					std::wstringstream ss(cells_[pos_++].text);
-					ss >> n;
-				}
+					n = std::stoul(cells_[pos_++].text);
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			iresolver& iresolver::operator>>(long long& n)
 			{
 				if (pos_ < cells_.size())
-				{
-					std::wstringstream ss(cells_[pos_++].text);
-					ss >> n;
-				}
+					n = std::stoll(cells_[pos_++].text);
 				return *this;
 			}
 			iresolver& iresolver::operator>>(unsigned long long& n)
 			{
 				if (pos_ < cells_.size())
-				{
-					std::wstringstream ss(cells_[pos_++].text);
-					ss >> n;
-				}
+					n = std::stoull(cells_[pos_++].text);
 				return *this;
 			}
 			iresolver& iresolver::operator>>(float& f)
 			{
 				if (pos_ < cells_.size())
-				{
-					std::wstringstream ss(cells_[pos_++].text);
-					ss >> f;
-				}
+					f = std::stof(cells_[pos_++].text);
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			iresolver& iresolver::operator>>(double& f)
 			{
 				if (pos_ < cells_.size())
-				{
-					std::wstringstream ss(cells_[pos_++].text);
-					ss >> f;
-				}
+					f = std::stod(cells_[pos_++].text);
 				return *this;
 			}
 
 			iresolver& iresolver::operator>>(long double& f)
 			{
 				if (pos_ < cells_.size())
-				{
-					std::wstringstream ss(cells_[pos_++].text);
-					ss >> f;
-				}
+					f = std::stold(cells_[pos_++].text);
 				return *this;
 			}
 
@@ -1183,8 +1147,9 @@ namespace nana
 					}
 				}
 
-				void item_checked(selection& vec) const
+				selection item_checked() const
 				{
+					selection vec;
 					index_pair id;
 					for(auto & cat : list_)
 					{
@@ -1197,6 +1162,7 @@ namespace nana
 						}
 						++id.cat;
 					}
+					return vec;
 				}
 
 				void select_range(index_pair fr, index_pair to, bool sel)
@@ -2595,7 +2561,7 @@ namespace nana
 
 					graph->string({ x + 20, y + txtoff }, categ.text, txt_color);
 
-					::nana::string str = L'(' + ::nana::to_wstring(categ.items.size()) + L')';
+					::nana::string str = L'(' + std::to_wstring(categ.items.size()) + L')';
 
 					unsigned str_w = graph->text_extent_size(str).width;
 
@@ -3699,8 +3665,7 @@ namespace nana
 			auto & ess = _m_ess();
 			if (ess.lister.insert(pos, std::move(text)))
 			{
-				window wd = handle();
-				if (false == API::empty_window(wd))
+				if (! empty())
 				{
 					auto & item = ess.lister.at(pos);
 					item.bgcolor = bgcolor();
@@ -3722,9 +3687,7 @@ namespace nana
 
 		auto listbox::checked() const -> selection
 		{
-			selection s;
-			_m_ess().lister.item_checked(s);
-			return std::move(s);
+			return _m_ess().lister.item_checked();
 		}
 
 		void listbox::clear(size_type cat)
@@ -3891,11 +3854,6 @@ namespace nana
 			return _m_ess().lister.anyobj(index_pair{cat, index}, allocate_if_empty);
 		}
 
-		auto listbox::_m_headers() const -> size_type
-		{
-			return _m_ess().header.cont().size();
-		}
-
 		drawerbase::listbox::category_t* listbox::_m_at_key(std::shared_ptr<nana::detail::key_interface> ptr)
 		{
 			auto & ess = _m_ess();
diff --git a/source/gui/widgets/spinbox.cpp b/source/gui/widgets/spinbox.cpp
index a662d294..c99367ae 100644
--- a/source/gui/widgets/spinbox.cpp
+++ b/source/gui/widgets/spinbox.cpp
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ namespace nana
 
 				std::wstring value() const override
 				{
-					return ::nana::to_wstring(value_);
+					return std::to_wstring(value_);
 				}
 
 				bool value(const std::wstring& value_str, bool & diff) override
@@ -663,12 +663,12 @@ namespace nana
 
 	int spinbox::to_int() const
 	{
-		return ::nana::stoi(value());
+		return std::stoi(value());
 	}
 
 	double spinbox::to_double() const
 	{
-		return ::nana::stod(value());
+		return std::stod(value());
 	}
 
 	void spinbox::modifier(std::wstring prefix, std::wstring suffix)
diff --git a/source/gui/widgets/textbox.cpp b/source/gui/widgets/textbox.cpp
index ffbacb05..cd30dafe 100644
--- a/source/gui/widgets/textbox.cpp
+++ b/source/gui/widgets/textbox.cpp
@@ -456,13 +456,13 @@ namespace drawerbase {
 
 		textbox& textbox::from(int n)
 		{
-			_m_caption(::nana::to_wstring(n));
+			_m_caption(std::to_wstring(n));
 			return *this;
 		}
 
 		textbox& textbox::from(double d)
 		{
-			_m_caption(::nana::to_wstring(d));
+			_m_caption(std::to_wstring(d));
 			return *this;
 		}
 
diff --git a/source/internationalization.cpp b/source/internationalization.cpp
index 30908ce7..fd8a9b9c 100644
--- a/source/internationalization.cpp
+++ b/source/internationalization.cpp
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ namespace nana
 					erase_n = str.size() - offset;
 
 				//If there is not a parameter for %argNNN, the %argNNN will be erased.
-				std::size_t arg = static_cast<std::size_t>(::nana::stoi(str.substr(offset + 4, arg_n)));
+				std::size_t arg = static_cast<std::size_t>(std::stoi(str.substr(offset + 4, arg_n)));
 
 				if (arg_strs && arg < arg_strs->size())
 					str.replace(offset, erase_n, (*arg_strs)[arg]);